返回特征解读

2009 中国数学奥林匹克(CMO)

books/competition_archive/cmo/2009_cmo.pdf · HS-MATH-1024-v2.1-solution-aware

610 个小问/题组
1

Day 1 · 平面几何

Given an acute triangle PBC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}, PBPC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}. Let points A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}, D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} be on sides PB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} and PC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}, respectively. Let M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}, N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} be the midpoints of segments BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} and AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}, respectively. Lines AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} and BD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} intersect at point O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}. Draw OEAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B} at point E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E} and OFCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{D} at point F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}. (1) Prove that if A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}, B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}, C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}, D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} are concyclic, then EM×FN=EN×FM.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=10}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=25}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{.} (2) Are the four points A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}, B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}, C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}, D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} always concyclic if EM×FN=EN×FM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=10}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=25}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{M}? Prove your answer.

答案:(1) 命题得证;(2) 逆命题不成立,当 ADBC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C} 时等式成立但四点不共圆。

题目标签:2009 CMO 第1题:四点共圆与中点距离乘积

解题过程

(1)第(1)问:四点共圆时证明 EMFN=ENFM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=23}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{M}

A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 共圆条件下证明 EMFN=ENFM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=23}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{M}

(1)
引入 OB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}OC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 的中点 Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R},利用直角三角形斜边中线

Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R} 分别为 OB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}OC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 的中点。由于 OEAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B},在直角三角形 OEB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B} 中,EQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q} 是斜边 OB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 上的中线,故 EQ=12OB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{B}。同理,在直角三角形 OFC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} 中,RF=12OC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{C}。另一方面,M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 的中点,Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}OB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 的中点,由三角形中位线定理,QM=12OC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{C};同理 RM=12OB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{B}。因此得到关键等式:EQ=RM=12OB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{B}QM=RF=12OC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{C}

EQ=RM=12OB,QM=RF=12OC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \tfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=} \tfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{C}
(2)
证明 EQMMRF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\cong }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=30}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{F},得到 EM=MF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{F}

由上一步已有 EQ=RM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}QM=RF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{F},只需再证夹角相等。计算 EQM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{M}:由于 EQ=QB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}(都等于 12OB\tfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}),三角形 EQB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B} 等腰,故 QEB=QBE=OBA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{A},从而 EQO=2OBA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{O} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=21}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{A}(外角)。又 QMOC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C}(中位线),故 OQM=BOC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{C}(同位角,注意方向)。因此 EQM=EQO+OQM=2OBA+BOC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{O} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=47}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=60}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{C}。类似地,MRF=FRO+ORM=2OCD+BOC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{O} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=47}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=60}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{C}。由于 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 共圆,ABD=ACD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D},即 OBA=OCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D}。所以 EQM=MRF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{F}。由 SAS 得 EQMMRF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\cong }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=30}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{F},从而 EM=MF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{F}

EQM=2OBA+BOC=2OCD+BOC=MRF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=21}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=34}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=48}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=61}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=74}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{F}
(3)
同理证明 EN=FN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{N},完成第(1)问

完全类似地,考虑 N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 的中点。在三角形 OEA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A} 中(OEAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}),Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}OB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 的中点但这里需要换一种构造:实际上对 N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} 的处理与对 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} 完全对称。设 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} 分别为 OA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}OD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 的中点,则 ES=12OA=TN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \tfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{N}SN=12OD=FT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \tfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{T}。由 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 共圆得 OAB=ODC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{C}(即 BAC=BDC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{C}),类似可证 ESNNTF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\cong }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=30}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{F},从而 EN=FN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{N}。结合 EM=FM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M},得 EMFN=FMEN=ENFM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=23}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=37}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{M}

EM=FM,EN=FN    EMFN=ENFM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=23}{ \quad EN = FN }\implies \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=41}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=55}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{M}

(2)第(2)问:判断逆命题是否成立

判断 EMFN=ENFM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=23}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{M} 是否蕴含 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 共圆

(1)
用余弦定理计算 EM2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}EN2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}FM2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}FN2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}

OA=2a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}OB=2b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}OC=2c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c}OD=2d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{d}。记 OAB=α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\alpha}OBA=β\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=18}{\beta}ODC=γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\gamma}OCD=θ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\theta}。由第(1)问的构造,EQ=b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{b}QM=c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{c}EQM=EQO+OQM=2β+AOB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{O} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=46}{\beta }\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=55}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{B}。由于 α+β+AOB=π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=15}{\beta }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=24}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=33}{\pi},故 2β+AOB=β+(πα)=π(αβ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=7}{\beta }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=16}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=28}{\beta }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=35}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=43}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=51}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=61}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=68}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{)},所以 cosEQM=cos(αβ)\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=11}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=30}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=37}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{)}。由余弦定理:EM2=EQ2+QM22EQQMcosEQM=b2+c2+2bccos(αβ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{Q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{M}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=35}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=44}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=53}{\cdot }\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=64}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{c}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=101}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=108}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{)}。类似地:FN2=a2+d2+2adcos(γθ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{d}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=40}{\gamma }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=48}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)}(注意 F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} 对应 CD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} 对应 AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D},需重新推导:实际上 FN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N} 涉及 OD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}OA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} 的中点,得 FN2=a2+d2+2adcos(γθ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{d}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=40}{\gamma }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=48}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)} 不对,应为 FN2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} 对应 F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}CD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 上垂足,N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 中点。正确推导:设 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}OD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 中点,S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}OA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} 中点,则 FT=c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{c}TN=a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}FTN=π(γθ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=17}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=27}{\gamma }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=35}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)},故 FN2=a2+c2+2accos(γθ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{c}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=40}{\gamma }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=48}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)}。这里需要仔细核对。按原解答:EN2=a2+d2+2adcos(αβ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{d}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=40}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=47}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)}FM2=b2+c2+2bccos(γθ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{c}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=40}{\gamma }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=48}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)}FN2=a2+d2+2adcos(γθ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{d}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=40}{\gamma }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=48}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)}EM2=b2+c2+2bccos(αβ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{c}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=40}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=47}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)}

EM2=b2+c2+2bccos(αβ),FN2=a2+d2+2adcos(γtheta)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{c}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=40}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=47}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{N}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{d}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=96}{\gamma }\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{-} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{)}
(2)
EMFN=ENFM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=23}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{M} 代数化并因式分解

等式 EMFN=ENFM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=23}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{M} 等价于 EM2FN2=EN2FM2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=13}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{N}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{N}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=35}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{M}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}}(距离非负)。代入上步结果:(b2+c2+2bccos(αβ))(a2+d2+2adcos(γθ))=(a2+d2+2adcos(αβ))(b2+c2+2bccos(γθ))\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{c}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=27}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=33}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{d}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=62}{\gamma}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=69}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{d}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=101}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=107}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=121,tutor-end=122}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=122,tutor-end=123}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=123,tutor-end=124}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=124,tutor-end=125}{c}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=129,tutor-end=130}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=130,tutor-end=136}{\gamma}\htmlData{tutor-start=136,tutor-end=137}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=137,tutor-end=143}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=143,tutor-end=144}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=144,tutor-end=145}{)}。展开后消去相同项 (b2+c2)(a2+d2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)},得 2bc(a2+d2)cos(αβ)+2ad(b2+c2)cos(γθ)+4abcdcos(αβ)cos(γθ)=2ad(b2+c2)cos(αβ)+2bc(a2+d2)cos(γθ)+4abcdcos(αβ)cos(γθ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=27}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=33}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{)}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=64}{\gamma}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=71}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{d}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=91}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=97}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{)}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=109}{\gamma}\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=116}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=120,tutor-end=121}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=121,tutor-end=122}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=122,tutor-end=123}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=123,tutor-end=124}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=124,tutor-end=125}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=127,tutor-end=128}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=129,tutor-end=130}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=130,tutor-end=131}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=133,tutor-end=134}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=135,tutor-end=136}{)}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=140,tutor-end=141}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=141,tutor-end=147}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=147,tutor-end=148}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=148,tutor-end=153}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=153,tutor-end=154}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=155,tutor-end=156}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=157,tutor-end=158}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=158,tutor-end=159}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=159,tutor-end=160}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=160,tutor-end=161}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=161,tutor-end=162}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=164,tutor-end=165}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=166,tutor-end=167}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=167,tutor-end=168}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=170,tutor-end=171}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=172,tutor-end=173}{)}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=177,tutor-end=178}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=178,tutor-end=184}{\gamma}\htmlData{tutor-start=184,tutor-end=185}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=185,tutor-end=191}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=191,tutor-end=192}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=193,tutor-end=194}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=195,tutor-end=196}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=196,tutor-end=197}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=197,tutor-end=198}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=198,tutor-end=199}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=199,tutor-end=200}{d}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=204,tutor-end=205}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=205,tutor-end=211}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=211,tutor-end=212}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=212,tutor-end=217}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=217,tutor-end=218}{)}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=222,tutor-end=223}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=223,tutor-end=229}{\gamma}\htmlData{tutor-start=229,tutor-end=230}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=230,tutor-end=236}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=236,tutor-end=237}{)}。消去 4abcd\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{d} 项,整理得 [2bc(a2+d2)2ad(b2+c2)]cos(αβ)=[2bc(a2+d2)2ad(b2+c2)]cos(γθ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{]}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=48}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=54}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{]}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=106}{\gamma}\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=113}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{)}。提取公因子:2(bc(a2+d2)ad(b2+c2))(cos(αβ)cos(γθ))=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{(}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=48}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=54}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{-} \cos\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=69}{\gamma}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=76}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{0}。注意 bc(a2+d2)ad(b2+c2)=a2bc+bcd2ab2dac2d=ab(acbd)+cd(bdac)=(abcd)(acbd)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{c} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=112}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{)}。因此等式等价于 (cos(γθ)cos(αβ))(abcd)(acbd)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\gamma}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-} \cos\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=34}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=40}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{0}

(cos(γtheta)cos(αβ))(abcd)(acbd)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\gamma}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-} \cos\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=35}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=41}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{0}
(3)
分析三个因子为零的几何意义,给出反例

因子一:cos(γθ)=cos(αβ)\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\gamma}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=18}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \cos\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=33}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=39}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{)}。由于 α+β=γ+θ=πBOC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=13}{\beta }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=21}{\gamma}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=29}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=35}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=44}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{C}(三角形内角和),故 γθ=±(αβ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\gamma}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=14}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=19}{\pm}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=26}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=32}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}。若 γθ=αβ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\gamma}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=14}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=22}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=28}{\beta},联立 γ+θ=α+β\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\gamma}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=14}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=22}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=28}{\beta}γ=α,θ=β\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\gamma}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=13}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=26}{\beta},即 ODC=OAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}OCD=OBA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A},这等价于 A,B,C,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D} 共圆。若 γθ=(αβ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\gamma}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=14}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=24}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=30}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)},则 γ=β,θ=α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\gamma}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=26}{\alpha},即 ODC=OBA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A},这意味着 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{D},与题设(A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}PB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 上、D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}PC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 上,AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}CD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 交于 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P})矛盾。因子二:ab=cd\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{d}OAOB=OCOD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=23}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{D},由相似三角形知这等价于 ADBC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C}。因子三:ac=bd\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{c} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{d}OAOC=OBOD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=23}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{D},这等价于 A,B,C,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D} 共圆(圆幂定理的逆)。因此,当 ADBC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C} 时等式成立但四点不共圆。由于 PBPC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C},可取 ADBC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C}A,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D} 不与 B,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} 重合,此时 A,B,C,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D} 构成梯形而非圆内接四边形(梯形共圆需等腰,但 PBPC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} 保证非等腰)。故逆命题不成立。

ADBC    EMFN=ENFM 但 A,B,C,D 不共圆\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=34}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=48}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{M} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{但} } \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{D} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{不}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{共}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{圆}}
2

Day 1 · 数论

Find all pairs (p,q)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} of prime numbers such that pq5p+5q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{p}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{q}}. (Posed by Fu Yunhao)

答案:所有满足条件的素数对为 (2,3),(3,2),(2,5),(5,2),(5,5),(5,313),(313,5)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{)}

题目标签:2009 CMO 第 2 题:素数对与整除

解题过程

(1)情形一:2pq\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{q}

证明当 p,q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{q} 中有一个为 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2} 时,解为 (2,3),(3,2),(2,5),(5,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}

(1)
化简整除条件

不妨设 p=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}。原条件变为 2q52+5q=25+5q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{q}}。由于 5q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{q}} 为奇数,25+5q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{q}} 为偶数,故 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2} 的整除自动成立。只需 q5q+25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}

q5q+25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}
(2)
应用费马小定理

q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 为奇素数时,由费马小定理 5q5(modq)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{q}},故 q5q+25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5} 等价于 q5+25=30\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}30\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0} 的素因子为 2,3,5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5},其中奇素数为 3,5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}。验证:q=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}325+125=150\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0} 成立;q=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}525+3125=3150\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0} 成立。

q30    q{3,5}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=25}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=27}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=33}{\}}

(2)情形二:5pq\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{q}p,q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{q} 均为奇数

证明当 p,q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{q} 中有一个为 5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5} 且另一个为奇素数时,解为 (5,5),(5,313),(313,5)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}

(1)
化简整除条件

不妨设 p=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}。原条件变为 5q55+5q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{q}}。由于 55+5q=55(1+5q5)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}(当 q5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5})或 5q(55q+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{q}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{q}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}(当 q<5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}),5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5} 的整除自动成立。只需 q55+5q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{q}}

q55+5q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{q}}
(2)
应用费马小定理

q5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \ne \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5} 为奇素数时,由费马小定理 5q5(modq)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{q}},故 q55+5q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{q}} 等价于 q55+5=3125+5=3130=25313\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=45}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=53}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{3}。由于 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 为奇素数且 q5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \ne \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5},故 q=313\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}。验证 313\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3} 为素数:313<18\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{8},检查 2,3,5,7,11,13,17\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{7} 均不整除 313\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3},故 313\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3} 为素数。验证:31355+5313\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}},由费马小定理 53135(mod313)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=15}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}},故 55+53133125+5=3130=103130(mod313)5^{5} + 5^{313} \equiv 3125 + 5 = 3130 = 10 \cdot 313 \equiv 0 \pmod{313},成立。

q3130    q=313\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}

(3)情形三:p,q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{q} 均不等于 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}

证明当 p,q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{q} 均为不等于 2,5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5} 的素数时,无解。

(1)
化简整除条件

由于 p,q5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{q} \ne \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5},故 gcd(pq,5)=1\gcd\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}。原条件 pq5p+5q=5p(1+5qp)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{p}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{p}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{p}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}(不妨设 pq\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{q})等价于 pq1+5qp\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{p}}(当 p<q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{q})或 pq25p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=16}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{p}}(当 p=q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{q})。若 p=q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{q},则 p225p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{p}},但 p2,5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \ne \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5},矛盾。故 p<q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{q},且 pq1+5qp\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{p}}。特别地,p1+5qp\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{p}}q1+5qp\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{p}}

pq1+5qp\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{p}}
(2)
应用费马小定理导出矛盾

由费马小定理,5p11(modp)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=15}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{p}}5q11(modq)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=15}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{q}}。由 p1+5qp\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{p}}5qp1(modp)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{p}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=15}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{p}}。设 qp=2am\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{m},其中 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 为奇数。则 (52a)m1(modp)(5^{2^{a}})^{m} \equiv -1 \pmod{p}。由于 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 为奇数,52a1(modp)5^{2^{a}} \equiv -1 \pmod{p}(否则若 52ac(modp)5^{2^{a}} \equiv c \pmod{p}cm1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1},则 c1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=9}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1})。故 52a+11(modp)5^{2^{a+1}} \equiv 1 \pmod{p}。设 ordp(5)=d\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{d},则 d2a+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}d2a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\nmid }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}},故 d=2a+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}。又 dp1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1},故 2a+1p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}。同理,由 q1+5qp\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{p}}5qp1(modq)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{p}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=15}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{q}},设 ordq(5)=e\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{q}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{e},则 e=2a+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}2a+1q1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}。但 qp=2am\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{m},故 qp(mod2a+1)q \equiv p \pmod{2^{a+1}}。由 2a+1p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}2a+1q1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}pq1(mod2a+1)p \equiv q \equiv 1 \pmod{2^{a+1}},故 2a+1qp=2am\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=33}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{m},即 2m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{m},与 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 为奇数矛盾。

2a+1qp=2am    2m(矛盾)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=33}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{m} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=51}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{m} \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{矛}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{盾}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{)}}
3

Day 1 · 组合数学

Let m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}, n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} be integers with 4<m<n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}, and A1,A2,,A2n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}} be a regular 2n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1} polygon. In addition, let P={A1,A2,,A2n+1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=37}{\}}. Find the number of convex m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}-gons with exactly two acute internal angles whose vertices are all in P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}. (Posed by Leng Gangsong)

答案:所求个数为 (2n+1)[(nm1)+(n+1m1)]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\left[\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}}\right]

题目标签:2009 CMO 第 3 题:正奇数边形中恰含两个锐角的凸多边形计数

解题过程

主问题:计数恰有两个锐角的凸 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 边形

证明所求凸 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 边形个数为 (2n+1)[(nm1)+(n+1m1)]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\left[\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}}\right]

(1)
第一步:刻画锐角条件并证明两个锐角必须相邻

设凸 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 边形的顶点按逆时针顺序为 V1,V2,,Vm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{m}},它们都是正 2n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} 边形的顶点。对每个顶点 Vi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}},其内角等于“对边弧”(即不包含 Vi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 的那段弧 Vi1Vi+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}})所对圆周角。设该弧上(不含端点)包含 si\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 个正 2n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} 边形的顶点,则内角为 siπ2n+1\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=14}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}}。该角为锐角当且仅当 si<2n+12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}},即 sin\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}

由于 i=1msi=(2n+1)m\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{m},且 m>4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4},故 si<2n3\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}。若存在两个不相邻的锐角顶点 Vi,Vj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{j}},则它们把圆周分成四段弧,每段弧所对应的“对边弧”都包含至少 n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 个点(因为锐角要求对边弧点数 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n},即该顶点所在的那段弧点数 n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1})。但两段不相邻的弧点数之和已超过 2n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1},矛盾。因此,两个锐角必须出现在相邻的两个顶点上。

sin    内角为锐角;i=1msi=2n+1m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n} \iff \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{内}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{角}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{为}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{锐}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{角}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{;}\quad \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{m}
(2)
第二步:固定“锐角对”的右端点并参数化

由第一步,两个锐角出现在相邻顶点 Vi,Vi+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}} 上。设构成这两个锐角的四条边涉及四个顶点 Vi1,Vi,Vi+1,Vi+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}。固定 Vi+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}(即顺时针方向最后一个顶点)为某个特定顶点(例如 A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}),最后乘以 2n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} 即可。

Vi1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}Vi+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}} 把圆周分成两段弧:较大弧(包含 Vi,Vi+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}} 所在一侧)上有 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 个其他顶点,较小弧上有 2n1k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k} 个其他顶点。由于 Vi,Vi+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}} 处的角为锐角,要求它们各自的对边弧点数 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n},这等价于 Vi1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}Vi+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}} 之间的较大弧上至少有 n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 个点,即 kn+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}。令 j=kn10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0},则较大弧上除 Vi,Vi+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}} 外还有 j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} 个可选位置。

kn+1,j=kn10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=30}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{0}
(3)
第三步:计算给定 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 时的方案数

在较小弧(含 2n1k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k} 个顶点)上,需要选出 m4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4} 个顶点作为 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 边形的其余顶点,方案数为 (2n1km4)\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}}

在较大弧上,除 Vi,Vi+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}} 外还有 k2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} 个位置(因为较大弧共 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 个点,其中 Vi,Vi+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}} 已占 2 个,但这里需要重新审视:较大弧含 Vi1,Vi,Vi+1,Vi+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}} 之间的所有点,共 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 个,其中 Vi,Vi+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}} 已确定,剩余 k2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} 个位置中选 0 个,因为 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 边形的顶点只有 Vi1,Vi,Vi+1,Vi+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}} 这四个在“锐角对”附近)。实际上,Vi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}Vi+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} 在较大弧上的位置需要满足:Vi1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}Vi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 的弧点数 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n},且 Vi+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}Vi+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}} 的弧点数 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}。设 Vi1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}Vi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 的弧上有 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 个点,Vi+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}Vi+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}} 的弧上有 b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b} 个点,则 a+b=k2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}(因为 Vi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}Vi+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} 之间无其他顶点),且 an1,bn1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=17}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}(因为对边弧点数 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n} 意味着这段弧点数 n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1},即 a+1n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1} 不对,应重新推导)。

正确推导:Vi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 处的内角对边弧是 Vi1Vi+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}(不含 Vi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}),其点数为 1+b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b}Vi+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}Vi1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} 经过 Vi+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}} 等,共 b+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 个点?)。重新整理:设 Vi1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}Vi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 之间有 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 个点,Vi+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}Vi+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}} 之间有 b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b} 个点,则 Vi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 的对边弧点数为 b+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}(从 Vi+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}Vi1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} 不经过 Vi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 的弧),要求 b+1n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n},即 bn1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1};同理 an1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}。又 a+b+2=k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}(较大弧总点数),故 a+b=k2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}。满足 0an1,0bn1,a+b=k2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=23}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=29}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}(a,b)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 对数为:当 k2n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}kn+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} 时为 k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1};当 k2>n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}k>n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1} 时为 2n1k+1=2nk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k}。统一写为 (kn1)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} 的推导需用生成函数或直接求和。

实际上,参考解答给出较大弧上两顶点的安排方式为 (kn1)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}。令 j=kn1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1},则方案数为 j2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}

(2n1km4)(kn1)2\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=26}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}}
(4)
第四步:求和并化简为组合恒等式

k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}2n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} 求和(即 j=kn1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} 从 0 到 n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}),固定 Vi+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}} 时的方案数为 S=j=0n2j2(nj2m4).\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{j}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}} \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{.}t=nj2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2},则 j=n2t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t},当 j=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}t=n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2},当 j=n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}t=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0},故 S=t=0n2(n2t)2(tm4).\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}} \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{t}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{.} 利用恒等式 t(tr)=(t+1r+1)\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{t}} \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{t}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}} 及其加权版本,可证 S=(nm1)+(n+1m1).\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+} \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{.} 具体地,对 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 做双重归纳:基础情形 n=m+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}m=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5} 可直接验证。归纳步骤利用帕斯卡恒等式 (nk2m4)=(n1k2m4)+(n1k2m5)\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{+} \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{5}},将求和拆分为两个低阶求和,由归纳假设即得结论。

最后乘以 2n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}(旋转对称性),得最终答案 (2n+1)[(nm1)+(n+1m1)]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\left[\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}}\right]

(2n+1)[(nm1)+(n+1m1)]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\left[\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}}\right]
4

Day 2 · 代数

Let n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3} be a given integer, and a1,a2,,an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{n}} be real numbers satisfying min1i<jnaiaj=1\min_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}. Find the minimum value of k=1nak3\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}}. (Posed by Zhu Huawei)

答案:n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 为奇数时,最小值为 132(n21)2\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}};当 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 为偶数时,最小值为 132n2(n22)\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}。等号在 ai=in+12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}i=1,2,,n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n})时成立。

题目标签:2009 CMO 第4题:最小化绝对值立方和

解题过程

主问题:求 k=1nak3\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}} 的最小值

证明 k=1nak3132(n21)2\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=31}{\ge }\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{2}}n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 为奇数)或 132n2(n22)\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 为偶数),并给出等号成立条件。

(1)
排序与配对下界

不妨设 a1<a2<<an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{<} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}}。由条件 mini<jaiaj=1\min_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1} 知相邻两项之差至少为 1,因此对任意 i<j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{j}ajaiji\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{i}。考虑将 ak\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}an+1k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}} 配对(k=1,2,,n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n})。由三角不等式: ak+an+1kan+1kak(n+1k)k=n+12k.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=26}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=50}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{.}

ak+an+1kn+12k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=26}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{k}
(2)
立方和的代数不等式

对任意非负实数 x,y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y},有恒等式: x3+y3=14(x+y)[3(xy)2+(x+y)2].\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}\left[\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{2}}\right]\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{.} 由于 3(xy)20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0},故 x3+y314(x+y)3.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{.} 等号成立当且仅当 x=y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}

将此不等式应用于 x=ak,y=an+1k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{|},得: ak3+an+1k314(ak+an+1k)314n+12k3.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=34}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=77}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{.}

k=1,2,,n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n} 求和,注意每对 (k,n+1k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} 在求和中出现两次,故: k=1nak3=12k=1n(ak3+an+1k3)18k=1nn+12k3.\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{n}} \left(\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{3}}\right) \htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=102}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=112}{8}}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=120,tutor-end=121}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=121,tutor-end=122}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=125,tutor-end=126}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=128,tutor-end=129}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=129,tutor-end=130}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=130,tutor-end=131}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=131,tutor-end=132}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=132,tutor-end=133}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=133,tutor-end=134}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=134,tutor-end=135}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=135,tutor-end=136}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=138,tutor-end=139}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=140,tutor-end=141}{.}

k=1nak318k=1nn+12k3\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=31}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{8}}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{3}}
(3)
计算 k=1nn+12k3\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}}

mk=n+12k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}。当 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 从 1 到 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 变化时,n+12k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 递减到 (n1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)},步长为 2。

情形一:n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 为奇数。设 n=2m+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}m1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1})。则 n+12k=2m+22k=2(m+1k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}。当 k=1,,m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{m} 时,mk=2(m+1k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)} 取值为 2m,2(m1),,2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2};当 k=m+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1} 时,mk=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0};当 k=m+2,,2m+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1} 时,mk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} 取值为 2,4,,2m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{m}。故: k=1nmk3=2i=1m(2i)3=16i=1mi3=16m2(m+1)24=4m2(m+1)2.\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{6}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{i}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{6} \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=88}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=121,tutor-end=122}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=122,tutor-end=123}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=123,tutor-end=124}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=124,tutor-end=125}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=125,tutor-end=126}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=128,tutor-end=129}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=130,tutor-end=131}{.} 代入 m=n12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}},得 4(n1)24(n+1)24=(n21)24\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=34}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{4}}

情形二:n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 为偶数。设 n=2m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{m}m2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2})。则 n+12k=2m+12k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{k}。当 k=1,,m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{m} 时,mk=2m+12k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k} 取值为 2m1,2m3,,1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1};当 k=m+1,,2m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m} 时,mk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} 取值为 1,3,,2m1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}。故: k=1nmk3=2i=1m(2i1)3.\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{.} 利用 i=1m(2i1)3=j=12mj3i=1m(2i)3=(2m)2(2m+1)248m2(m+1)24=m2(2m+1)22m2(m+1)2=m2[(2m+1)22(m+1)2]=m2(4m2+4m+12m24m2)=m2(2m21)\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{j}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{-} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=115}{\cdot}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=121,tutor-end=122}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=124,tutor-end=125}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=126,tutor-end=127}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=127,tutor-end=128}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=128,tutor-end=129}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=129,tutor-end=130}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=130,tutor-end=131}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=133,tutor-end=134}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=137,tutor-end=138}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=140,tutor-end=141}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=142,tutor-end=143}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=145,tutor-end=146}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=147,tutor-end=148}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=148,tutor-end=149}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=149,tutor-end=150}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=150,tutor-end=151}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=151,tutor-end=152}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=152,tutor-end=153}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=155,tutor-end=156}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=158,tutor-end=159}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=160,tutor-end=161}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=161,tutor-end=162}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=164,tutor-end=165}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=166,tutor-end=167}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=167,tutor-end=168}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=168,tutor-end=169}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=169,tutor-end=170}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=170,tutor-end=171}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=173,tutor-end=174}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=176,tutor-end=177}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=178,tutor-end=179}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=181,tutor-end=182}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=183,tutor-end=184}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=184,tutor-end=185}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=185,tutor-end=186}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=186,tutor-end=187}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=187,tutor-end=188}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=188,tutor-end=189}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=189,tutor-end=190}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=192,tutor-end=193}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=195,tutor-end=196}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=197,tutor-end=198}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=198,tutor-end=199}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=199,tutor-end=200}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=200,tutor-end=201}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=201,tutor-end=202}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=202,tutor-end=203}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=205,tutor-end=206}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=207,tutor-end=208}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=209,tutor-end=210}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=211,tutor-end=212}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=214,tutor-end=215}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=216,tutor-end=217}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=217,tutor-end=218}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=218,tutor-end=219}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=221,tutor-end=222}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=223,tutor-end=224}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=224,tutor-end=225}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=225,tutor-end=226}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=226,tutor-end=227}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=227,tutor-end=228}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=228,tutor-end=229}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=229,tutor-end=230}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=230,tutor-end=231}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=233,tutor-end=234}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=235,tutor-end=236}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=236,tutor-end=237}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=237,tutor-end=238}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=238,tutor-end=239}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=239,tutor-end=240}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=240,tutor-end=241}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=242,tutor-end=243}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=244,tutor-end=245}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=247,tutor-end=248}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=249,tutor-end=250}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=250,tutor-end=251}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=251,tutor-end=252}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=254,tutor-end=255}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=256,tutor-end=257}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=257,tutor-end=258}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=258,tutor-end=259}{)}。 代入 m=n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}},得 2n24(2n241)=n22n222=n2(n22)4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=30}{\cdot }\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=42}{\cdot}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{1}\right) \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=89}{\cdot}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=120,tutor-end=121}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=121,tutor-end=122}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=124,tutor-end=125}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=126,tutor-end=127}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=127,tutor-end=128}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=128,tutor-end=129}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=131,tutor-end=132}{4}}

综合两种情形: k=1nak318(n21)24=(n21)232(n 为奇数),\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=31}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{8}} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=49}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{2}} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{n} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{为}\htmlData{tutor-start=117,tutor-end=118}{奇}\htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{数}}\htmlData{tutor-start=120,tutor-end=121}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=121,tutor-end=122}{,} k=1nak318n2(n22)4=n2(n22)32(n 为偶数).\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=31}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{8}} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=49}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{2}} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{n} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{为}\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{偶}\htmlData{tutor-start=120,tutor-end=121}{数}}\htmlData{tutor-start=122,tutor-end=123}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=123,tutor-end=124}{.}

k=1nn+12k3={(n21)24,n 为奇数n2(n22)4,n 为偶数\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=} \begin{cases} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{,} & \htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{n} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{为}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{奇}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{数}} \\ \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{,} & \htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{n} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=125,tutor-end=126}{为}\htmlData{tutor-start=126,tutor-end=127}{偶}\htmlData{tutor-start=127,tutor-end=128}{数}} \end{cases}
(4)
等号成立条件验证

ai=in+12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}i=1,2,,n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n})。此时 a1<a2<<an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{<} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}},且 ai+1ai=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1},故 mini<jaiaj=1\min_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1},满足题设条件。

此时 ak=kn+12=2kn12=n+12k2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \left|\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{|}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{|}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{2}}

验证第一步等号:ak+an+1k=n+12k2+n+12(n+1k)2=n+12k2+2kn12=n+12k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{|}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{|}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{|}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{|}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=114,tutor-end=115}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=117,tutor-end=118}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=120,tutor-end=121}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=121,tutor-end=122}{|},等号成立。

验证第二步等号:ak=an+1k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|}(因为 n+12k=2kn1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{|}),故 x3+y3=14(x+y)3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{3}} 中等号成立。

因此: k=1nak3=k=1nn+12k38=18k=1nn+12k3,\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{n}} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{8}} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{8}}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{,} 恰好达到下界。最小值确为 (n21)232\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 为奇数)或 n2(n22)32\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 为偶数)。

ai=in+12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}
5

Day 2 · 组合数学

Find all integers n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} such that we can color all the edges and the diagonals of a convex n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}-polygon by n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} given colors satisfying the following conditions; (1) Each of the edges or the diagonals is colored by only one color; (2) For any three distinct colors, there exists a triangle whose vertices are vertices of the n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}-polygon and three edges are colored by these three colors.

答案:所有大于 1 的奇数 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}

题目标签:2009 CMO 第5题:凸多边形边与对角线的三色三角形染色

解题过程

(1)必要性:证明 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 必须是奇数

证明若存在满足条件的染色方案,则 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 必为奇数

(1)
建立三角形与颜色三元组的一一对应

n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 边形共有 (n3)\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}} 个三角形(由 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 个顶点中任选 3 个构成),同时从 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 种颜色中任选 3 种也有 (n3)\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}} 种组合。由条件 (2),每个颜色三元组都至少对应一个三角形。由于三角形总数与颜色三元组总数相等,每个颜色三元组恰好对应唯一一个三角形,即三角形与颜色三元组之间存在一一对应关系。

(n3)\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}}
(2)
证明同色线段无公共端点

假设存在两条同色线段 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 共享端点 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}。考虑包含颜色 c(AB)=c(AC)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} 的任意颜色三元组 {c1,c2,c3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=23}{\}},其中 c1=c(AB)=c(AC)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}。由一一对应关系,存在唯一三角形 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} 其三边颜色为 c1,c2,c3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}}。但 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 都可能是 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} 中颜色为 c1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 的边,这会导致矛盾:若 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} 使用 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B},则 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} 的顶点包含 A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B} 和某点 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D};若 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} 使用 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C},则 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} 的顶点包含 A,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C} 和某点 E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}。由于 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} 唯一,必须 B=C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}D=E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{E} 等,但 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 是不同线段,矛盾。因此同色线段不能共享端点。

c(AB)=c(AC)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}
(3)
计算每种颜色的边数并推出 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 为奇数

由一一对应关系,对每种颜色 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c},包含颜色 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 的颜色三元组有 (n12)\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} 个(从剩余 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 种颜色中选 2 种),因此恰好有 (n12)\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} 个三角形包含颜色 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 的边。每个包含颜色 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 的三角形恰好有一条边颜色为 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}(因为三角形三边颜色互异)。设颜色 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 的边数为 mc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}},每条颜色 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 的边参与 n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} 个三角形(与其余 n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} 个顶点构成三角形),但由同色边无公共端点,这些三角形互不重叠计算颜色 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 的边。实际上,每条颜色 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 的边恰好出现在 n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} 个三角形中,但每个三角形只贡献一条颜色 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 的边,故 mc(n2)=(n12)1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=41}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1} 不成立。正确计算:每个含颜色 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 的三角形有且仅有一条边颜色为 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c},共 (n12)\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} 个三角形,每条颜色 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 的边出现在 n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} 个三角形中,但这些三角形中只有那些另外两边颜色与 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 不同的才被计数。更直接地:由同色边无公共端点,颜色 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 的边构成匹配,最多 n/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=19}{\rfloor} 条。又总边数(边加对角线)为 (n2)\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}},共 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 种颜色,平均每种颜色 n12\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} 条。由对称性和一一对应,每种颜色恰好 n12\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} 条边。因此 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 必须是偶数,即 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 为奇数。

mc=n12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}

(2)充分性:对任意奇数 n>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 构造满足条件的染色方案

对任意奇数 n>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1},给出一个满足条件 (1)(2) 的染色方案

(1)
构造染色方案:利用正 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 边形的平行性

n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 为奇数且 n>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}。将凸 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 边形视为正 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 边形,顶点标记为 V0,V1,,Vn1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\ldots}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}}(按顺时针或逆时针顺序)。首先,将 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 条边 ViVi+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}(下标模 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n})分别染 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 种不同颜色 c0,c1,,cn1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\ldots}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}},即边 ViVi+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}} 染颜色 ci\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}。然后,对每条边 ViVi+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}},将所有与该边平行的对角线也染颜色 ci\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}。由于 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 为奇数,正 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 边形中每条边恰好有 n32\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} 条对角线与之平行(加上边本身共 n12\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} 条线段),因此每种颜色恰好染 n12\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} 条线段,满足必要性中推出的边数要求。

ViVi+1 染颜色 ci\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{染}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{颜}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{色} } \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{i}}
(2)
验证条件 (2):任意颜色三元组对应唯一三角形

需证明:对任意三种不同颜色 ci,cj,ck\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}},存在唯一三角形其三边颜色分别为这三种颜色。由构造,颜色 ci\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 的线段都与边 ViVi+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}} 平行,颜色 cj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} 的线段都与边 VjVj+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}} 平行,颜色 ck\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} 的线段都与边 VkVk+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}} 平行。若两个三角形有相同的颜色组合 {ci,cj,ck}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=23}{\}},则它们的三边分别平行,因此这两个三角形相似。又因为它们的顶点都在正 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 边形的外接圆上,相似的圆内接三角形必全等(外接圆半径相同)。全等且顶点在同一圆上的三角形,若边分别平行,则必为同一三角形(通过旋转可重合,但顶点集合相同)。因此颜色三元组与三角形一一对应,条件 (2) 满足。

相似+同外接圆全等同一三角形\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{相}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{似}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{同}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{外}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{接}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{圆}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=36}{\Rightarrow }\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{全}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{等}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=58}{\Rightarrow }\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{同}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{一}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{三}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{角}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{形}}
6

Day 2 · 数论

Given an integer n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}, prove that there exists a set S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} of n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} distinct positive integers such that for any two distinct nonempty subsets A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} and B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} of S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}, the numbers xAx,xBx\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \quad \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=36}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{B}} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{x} are two coprime composite integers, and xXx\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{X}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x} denotes the sum of all elements of a finite set X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}, and X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} denotes the cardinality of X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}.

答案:命题得证。对任意 n>3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3},通过四步构造(倒数素数集 → 乘以 n!\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{!} 整化 → 加1得互素 → 加 L!\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{!} 得合数)可得到满足条件的 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 元集合 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}

题目标签:2009 CMO 第6题:构造子集平均值为互素合数的集合

解题过程

主问题:构造满足条件的 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 元集合 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}

构造 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 个两两不同的正整数组成集合 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S},使任意两个不同非空子集 A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B} 的平均值 f(A)=xAxA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\dfrac{\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=23}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{|}}f(B)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 为互素的合数。

(1)
第一步:构造 S1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}},使不同子集的平均值互不相同

n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 个两两不同的素数 p1,p2,,pn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{n}},均大于 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}。令 S1={1p1,1p2,,1pn}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\left\{\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,}\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{,}\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{n}}}\right\}。对 S1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 的任意两个不同非空子集 A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B},证明 f(A)f(B)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\ne \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}

不妨设 1p1A\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}1p1B\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}}\notin \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{B}。则 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 中每个元素的分母都含有 p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}},故 n!f(B)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{!}\,\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 是整数且被 p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 整除(因为 Bn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=7}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}n!\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{!} 已包含 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} 的因子,且 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 中每个元素 1pj\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{j}}} 的分母 pj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}}p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 互素,所以 n!f(B)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{!}\,\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 的分子中 p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 的幂次至少为 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1})。

A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中恰有一个元素 1p1\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}} 的分母含 p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}},其余元素分母与 p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 互素。将 n!f(A)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{!}\,\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 通分后,n!p1\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{!}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}} 这一项不被 p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 整除(因为 p1>n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}n!\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{!}p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 的幂次为 0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}),其余项都被 p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 整除,故 n!f(A)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{!}\,\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 不被 p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 整除。

因此 n!f(A)n!f(B)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{!}\,\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\ne \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{!}\,\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)},即 f(A)f(B)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\ne \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}

S1={1p1,1p2,,1pn},pi>n 为素数\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\left\{\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{,}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{n}}}\right\}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{n}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{为}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{素}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{数}}
(2)
第二步:乘以 n!\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{!} 整化,得到 S2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}

S2={n!x:xS1}={n!p1,n!p2,,n!pn}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{!}\,\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=26}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\left\{\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{!}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{,}\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{!}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{,}\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{!}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{n}}}\right\}。对 S2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 的任意两个不同非空子集 A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B},有 f(A)=n!f(A1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{!}\,\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}f(B)=n!f(B1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{!}\,\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)},其中 A1,B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}S1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 的对应子集。

由第一步 f(A1)f(B1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\ne \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)},故 f(A)f(B)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\ne \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}。又因为 An\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=7}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中每个元素 n!pi\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{!}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}}} 都是正整数(pi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}n!\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{!} 中其他因子互素,但 n!\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{!} 本身是整数,pin!\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\nmid }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{!} 不影响 n!pi\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{!}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}}} 为整数——等等,这里需要修正:pi>n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}pin!\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\nmid }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{!},所以 n!pi\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{!}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}}} 不是整数!)

重新审视:实际上 S2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 的元素 n!pi\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{!}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}}} 并非整数。但 f(A)=1AxAn!pi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=30}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{A}}\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{!}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{i}}}。由于 An\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=7}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}n!\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{!} 包含 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} 的因子,且 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中每个 n!pi\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{!}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}}} 的分母 pi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} 互素(pi>nA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=10}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|}),所以 f(A)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 是正整数。同理 f(B)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 是正整数。

因此 S2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 的不同非空子集的平均值是两两不同的正整数。

S2={n!p1,n!p2,,n!pn}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\left\{\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{!}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{!}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{,}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{!}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{n}}}\right\}
(3)
第三步:加 1 构造互素性,得到 S3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}

K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}S2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 的最大元素。令 S3={K!x+1:xS2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{!}\,\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=21}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=28}{\}}。对 S3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} 的任意两个不同非空子集 A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B},有 f(A)=K!f(A1)+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{!}\,\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}f(B)=K!f(B1)+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{!}\,\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1},其中 A1,B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}S2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 的对应子集。

由第二步 f(A1)f(B1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\ne \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)},故 f(A)f(B)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\ne \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}。又 f(A1),f(B1)1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=21}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1},所以 f(A),f(B)>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}

f(A),f(B)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} 有公共素因子 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p},则 p(f(A)f(B))=K!(f(A1)f(B1))\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\mid}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{!}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{)}。由 0<f(A1),f(B1)K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=23}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{K}K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}S2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 的最大元素,子集平均值不超过最大元素)且 f(A1)f(B1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\ne \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)},得 1f(A1)f(B1)K1<K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=27}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{K}。故 pK\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{K}(因为 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 整除 K!\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{!} 乘以某个不超过 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 的整数)。

pK\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{K} 意味着 pK!\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{!},从而 pK!f(A1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{!}\,\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}。又 pf(A)=K!f(A1)+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{!}\,\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1},故 p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1},矛盾。

因此 f(A)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}f(B)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 互素。

S3={K!x+1:xS2},K=maxS2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{!}\,\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=21}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=28}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=}\max \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}
(4)
第四步:加 L!\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{!} 构造合数性,得到 S4=S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}

L\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}S3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} 的最大元素。令 S4={L!+x:xS3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{!}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=25}{\}}。对 S4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}} 的任意两个不同非空子集 A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B},有 f(A)=L!+f(A1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{!}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}f(B)=L!+f(B1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{!}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)},其中 A1,B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}S3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} 的对应子集。

由第三步 f(A1)f(B1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\ne \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}f(A1),f(B1)>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1},故 f(A)f(B)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\ne \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}f(A),f(B)>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}

合数性:因为 L\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}S3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} 的最大元素,A1S3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=15}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}} 非空,故 f(A1)L\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{L}。因此 f(A1)L!\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{!}(因为 f(A1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 是不超过 L\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} 的正整数)。又 f(A1)f(A1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)},故 f(A1)(L!+f(A1))=f(A)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\mid}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{!}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)}。由 f(A1)>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}f(A1)<f(A)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}(因为 L!1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{!}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}),知 f(A)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 是合数。同理 f(B)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 是合数。

互素性:若 f(A),f(B)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} 有公共素因子 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p},则 p(f(A)f(B))=f(A1)f(B1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\mid}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}。由 0<f(A1),f(B1)L\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=23}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{L}f(A1)f(B1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\ne \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)},得 1f(A1)f(B1)L1<L\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=27}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{L}。故 pL\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{L},从而 pL!\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{!}。又 pf(A)=L!+f(A1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{!}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)},故 pf(A1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}。同理 pf(B1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)},与第三步 f(A1),f(B1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} 互素矛盾。

因此 S=S4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4}} 满足所有条件。

S=S4={L!+x:xS3},L=maxS3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=10}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{!}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=27}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\max \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{3}}