返回特征解读

2010 中国数学奥林匹克(CMO)

books/competition_archive/cmo/2010_cmo.pdf · HS-MATH-1024-v2.1-solution-aware

66 个小问/题组
1

Day 1 · 平面几何

As shown below, two circles Γ1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}, Γ2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} intersect at points A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}, B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}, one line passing through B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} intersects Γ1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}, Γ2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} at points C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}, D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}, another line passing through B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} intersects Γ1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}, Γ2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} at points E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}, F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}, and line CF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} intersects Γ1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}, Γ2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} at points P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}, Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}, respectively. Let M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}, N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} be the middle points of arc PB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} and arc QB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}, respectively. Prove that if CD=EF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{F}, then C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}, F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}, M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}, N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} are concyclic. (Posed by Xiong Bin) ![](images/Mathematical_Olympiad_in_China_2009-2010_p83_data_70f36d2ceb.png)

答案:命题得证:在 CD=EF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{F} 条件下,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} 四点共圆。

题目标签:2010 CMO 第1题:两圆相交与弧中点共圆

解题过程

主问题:证明 C,F,M,N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{N} 共圆

CD=EF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{F} 条件下,证明 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} 四点共圆。

(1)
第一步:利用 CD=EF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{F} 证明 ACDAEF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=18}{\cong}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=28}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{F}

连接 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}AE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}AF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}DF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}。在 Γ2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 中,A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} 四点共圆,由同弧 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 所对圆周角相等,得 ADB=AFB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}。在 Γ1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 中,A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E} 四点共圆,由同弧 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 所对圆周角相等,得 ACB=AEB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}。由于 E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} 共线,AEB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}AEF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F} 是同一个角,故 ACB=AEF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{F}。在 ACD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{D}AEF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{F} 中,ACD=ACB=AEF=AEF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=29}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=40}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{F}ADC=ADB=AFB=AFE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=29}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=40}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{E},且已知 CD=EF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{F}。由角边角(ASA)全等判定,ACDAEF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=18}{\cong}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=28}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{F}

\triangle ACD\cong\triangle AEF

(2)
第二步:由全等推出 AD=AF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{F}AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 平分 CBF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}

ACDAEF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=18}{\cong}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=28}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{F},得对应边 AD=AF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{F},对应角 ADC=AFE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{E}。在 ADF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{F} 中,AD=AF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{F},故 ADF=AFD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{D}。在 Γ1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 中,A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 四点共圆,由同弧 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 所对圆周角相等,得 ABC=ADC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}。在 Γ2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 中,A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} 四点共圆,由同弧 AF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 所对圆周角相等,得 ABF=ADF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{F}。综合以上:ABC=ADC=AFE=AFD=ADF=ABF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=29}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=40}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=51}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=62}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{F}。因此 ABC=ABF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{F},即 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}CBF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F} 的角平分线。

ABC=ABF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{F}
(3)
第三步:证明 CM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}FN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N}BA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} 三线共点

连接 CM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}FN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N}。由于 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} 是弧 PB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}(不含 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 的那段)的中点,在 Γ1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 中,CM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}PCB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B} 的角平分线,即 CM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} 平分 DCF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}(因为 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} 共线,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 共线)。同理,N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} 是弧 QB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}(不含 F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} 的那段)的中点,在 Γ2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 中,FN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N}QFB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B} 的角平分线,即 FN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N} 平分 CFB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}(因为 Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 共线)。在 CBF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{F} 中,BA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} 平分 CBF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}(第二步已证),CM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} 平分 BCF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}FN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N} 平分 BFC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}。三角形三条内角平分线交于一点(内心),故 BA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}CM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}FN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N} 三线共点,记该交点为 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}

BA, CM, FN 三线共点于 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=5}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=10}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=14}{\ }\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{三}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{线}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{共}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{点}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{于}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=28}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{I}
(4)
第四步:用圆幂定理证明 C,F,M,N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{N} 共圆

I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}Γ1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 内,弦 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 与弦 PM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}(即 CM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} 所在弦,因为 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 不共线但 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}Γ1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 上,CM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} 延长交 Γ1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 于另一点,这里直接用 CM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 的交点 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I})相交于 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}。由圆幂定理(相交弦定理),在 Γ1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 中:CIIM=AIIB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}。同理,在 Γ2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 中,弦 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 与弦 QN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N}(即 FN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N} 所在弦)相交于 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I},由圆幂定理:NIIF=AIIB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}。因此 CIIM=NIIF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{F}。在四边形 CFMN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{N} 中,对角线 CM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}FN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N} 相交于 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I},且满足 CIIM=NIIF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{F}。由相交弦定理的逆定理,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} 四点共圆。

CIIM=AIIB=NIIF  C,F,M,N 共圆\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=30}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=34}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=45}{\Rightarrow}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=47}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=56}{\ }\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{共}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{圆}}
2

Day 1 · 数论

Given an integer k3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3} and a sequence {an}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} that satisfies ak=2k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k} and for each n>k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}, an={an1+1,if an1 and n are coprime,2n,otherwise.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \begin{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,} & \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{f} } \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1}} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{d} } \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{n} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{,}} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{,} & \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=112}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{w}\htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=114,tutor-end=115}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{.}} \end{cases} Prove that anan1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}} is a prime for infinitely many n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}. (Posed by Zhu Huawei)

答案:命题得证:数列 {anan1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=19}{\}} 中含有无穷多个素数。

题目标签:CMO 2010 第 2 题:递推数列中的无穷素数

解题过程

主问题:证明 {anan1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=19}{\}} 中有无穷多个素数

证明存在无穷多个 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 使得 anan1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}} 为素数

(1)
建立关键引理:从 al=2l\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{l} 出发,在 p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 步内产生素数差 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 并回到 al+p1=2(l+p1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}

lk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}al=2l\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{l}。令 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 的最小素因子(由于 lk3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3},故 l12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 存在且 pl1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1})。我们考察 n=l+1,l+2,,l+p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\ldots}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 步的递推。

1ip1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1},令 n=l+i1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1},此时 n1=l+i2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}。先计算 (n1,l1)=(l+i2,l1)=(i1,l1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{)}。由于 1ip1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1},故 0i1p2<p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{p}。而 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 的最小素因子,所以 l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 的所有素因子都 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p},从而 (i1,l1)=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}

接下来计算 (an1,n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}。由归纳假设(见下一步),an1=al+i2=2l+i2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}。于是 (an1,n)=(2l+i2,l+i1)=(2l+i22(l+i1),l+i1)=(i,l+i1)=(i,l+i1).\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\, \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{,}\, \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{,}\, \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{,}\, \htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{.}(i,l+i1)=(i,l1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}。由于 1ip1<p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p},而 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 的最小素因子,故 (i,l1)=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}。因此 (an1,n)=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1},由递推规则得 an=an1+1=2l+i1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}

由数学归纳法,对所有 1ip1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1},都有 al+i1=2l+i1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}。特别地,al+p2=2l+p2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}

现在考察 n=l+p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} 这一步。此时 an1=al+p2=2l+p2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}n=l+p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}。计算 (an1,n)=(2l+p2,l+p1)=(2l+p22(l+p1),l+p1)=(p,l+p1)=(p,l+p1).\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\, \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{,}\, \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{,}\, \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{,}\, \htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{.} 由于 p(l1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)},故 l+p1=(l1)+p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{p} 也被 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 整除,所以 (p,l+p1)=p>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}。由递推规则得 al+p1=2(l+p1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}

因此这一步的差为 al+p1al+p2=2(l+p1)(2l+p2)=p,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{,} 恰为素数。

al+i1=2l+i1(1ip1),al+p1=2(l+p1),al+p1al+p2=p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=36}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=42}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{,} \qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{,} \qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{p}
(2)
迭代引理产生无穷多个素数差

由题设 ak=2k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k},取 l1=k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k},则 al1=2l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}。由第一步的引理,令 p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}l11=k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1} 的最小素因子,则存在 n1=l1+p11\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1} 使得 an1an11=p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}(素数),且 an1=2n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}

再取 l2=n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}},则 al2=2l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}。令 p2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}l21\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} 的最小素因子,同理存在 n2=l2+p21\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1} 使得 an2an21=p2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}(素数),且 an2=2n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}

如此继续,得到无穷序列 l1<n1=l2<n2=l3<\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{<} \cdots,以及对应的素数 p1,p2,p3,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=27}{\ldots},其中 pj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}}lj1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} 的最小素因子,且 anjanj1=pj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{j}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{j}}

注意 lj+1=lj+pj1lj+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=32}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}(因为 pj2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}),故 lj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=16}{\infty}。由于 pj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}}lj1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} 的最小素因子,而 lj1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\infty},所以 pj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} 不可能只取有限个值(否则若所有 pjM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{M},则 lj1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} 的所有素因子都 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{M},但 lj1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} 可以取到任意大的素数本身,此时其最小素因子就是它自己,矛盾)。因此集合 {pj:j1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=19}{\}} 是无穷集,即数列 {anan1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=19}{\}} 中含有无穷多个不同的素数。

(实际上,即使不证明 pj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} 两两不同,仅由 lj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=16}{\infty} 且每个 pj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} 都是素数,结合“若只有有限个素数出现则 lj1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} 的素因子有界”的矛盾,即可得结论。)

l1=k,lj+1=lj+pj1,alj+1alj+11=pj(素数)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{1}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{j}} \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{素}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{数}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{)}}
3

Day 1 · 代数

Let a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}, b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}, c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} be complex numbers such that az2+bz+c1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1} for all complex numbers z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} with z1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}. Find the maximum of bc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|}. (Posed by Li Weigu)

答案:|bc| 的最大值为 3√3/16。

题目标签:2010 年 CMO 第 3 题:单位圆盘上二次多项式的系数乘积最大值

解题过程

主问题:求 |bc| 的最大值

证明 |bc| ≤ 3√3/16,并给出等号成立的例子。

(1)
将圆盘上的界约化到单位圆周上

记 f(z) = az² + bz + c。先证:|f(z)| ≤ 1 对所有 |z| ≤ 1 成立,当且仅当 |f(z)| ≤ 1 对所有 |z| = 1 成立。必要性显然。充分性:若 f 在开圆盘内某点 z₀ 处 |f(z₀)| > 1,由最大模原理,|f| 在闭圆盘上的最大值必在边界 |z| = 1 上达到,这与假设矛盾。因此只需在单位圆周上考虑。

f(z)=az2+bz+c,z=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}
(2)
利用 z → 1/z 的对称性得到 |ab| = |bc| 的上界等价性

当 |z| = 1 时,z̄ = 1/z,故 |f(z)| = |az² + bz + c| = |z²|·|a + b/z + c/z²| = |cz⁻² + bz⁻¹ + a|。令 w = 1/z,则 |w| = 1,且 |cw² + bw + a| ≤ 1。这说明把 (a, b, c) 换成 (c, b, a) 后条件不变,因此 |bc| 的最大值等于 |ab| 的最大值。

f(z)=cz2+bz1+a,z=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}
(3)
通过旋转归一化使 a, b 为非负实数

对任意实数 α, β,令 g(z) = e^{iα} f(e^{iβ} z) = a e^{i(α+2β)} z² + b e^{i(α+β)} z + c e^{iα}。当 |z| = 1 时 |g(z)| = |f(e^{iβ}z)| ≤ 1,故 g 仍满足题设。选取 α, β 使 a e^{i(α+2β)} 与 b e^{i(α+β)} 均为非负实数(即取 α+2β = -arg(a),α+β = -arg(b),可解出 α, β)。此时 |bc| = |b·c e^{iα}|,故可不妨设 a, b ≥ 0。

g(z)=eiαf(eiβz),a,b0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=17}{\alpha}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=30}{\beta}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=51}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{0}
(4)
取虚部得到关于 a, b 的不等式

设 z = e^{iθ},则 f(e^{iθ}) = a e^{2iθ} + b e^{iθ} + c。取虚部:Im f(e^{iθ}) = a sin 2θ + b sin θ + Im c。由 |f(e^{iθ})| ≤ 1 得 |Im f(e^{iθ})| ≤ 1。若 Im c < 0,将 θ 换成 -θ(此时 sin 2θ, sin θ 变号,Im c 变号),可不妨设 Im c ≥ 0。于是对 θ ∈ (0, π/2),sin 2θ > 0,sin θ > 0,有 1 ≥ a sin 2θ + b sin θ + Im c ≥ a sin 2θ + b sin θ。

1asin2theta+bsintheta,theta(0,π2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{b} \sin \\\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{,} \quad \\\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=58}{\in }\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=76}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{2}}\right)
(5)
用 AM-GM 与三角函数最值求出 ab 的上界

由 AM-GM,a sin 2θ + b sin θ ≥ 2√(ab sin 2θ · sin θ) = 2√(ab) · √(sin 2θ · sin θ)。结合上一步得 1 ≥ 2√(ab) · √(sin 2θ · sin θ),即 ab ≤ 1/(4 sin 2θ · sin θ) 对所有 θ ∈ (0, π/2) 成立。故 ab ≤ min_{θ∈(0,π/2)} 1/(4 sin 2θ sin θ) = 1/(4 · max_{θ∈(0,π/2)} (sin 2θ sin θ))。计算 sin 2θ · sin θ = 2 sin²θ cos θ。令 t = cos θ ∈ (0, 1),则 2 sin²θ cos θ = 2(1-t²)t = 2t - 2t³。对 g(t) = 2t - 2t³ 求导:g'(t) = 2 - 6t² = 0 得 t = 1/√3。此时 g(1/√3) = 2/√3 - 2/(3√3) = 4/(3√3) = 4√3/9。故 max(sin 2θ sin θ) = 4√3/9,从而 ab ≤ 1/(4 · 4√3/9) = 9/(16√3) = 3√3/16。由第 2 步,|bc| 的最大值 = |ab| 的最大值 ≤ 3√3/16。

ab14maxtheta(sin2thetasintheta)=3316\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=7}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4} \max_{\\\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{(}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{a} \sin \\\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{)}} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{3}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{6}}
(6)
构造等号成立的例子

取 f(z) = (√2/8) z² - (√6/4) z - (3√2/8)。此时 a = √2/8,b = -√6/4,c = -3√2/8。计算 |bc| = (√6/4)·(3√2/8) = 3√12/32 = 6√3/32 = 3√3/16。验证 |f(e^{iθ})|² ≤ 1:f(e^{iθ}) = (√2/8) e^{2iθ} - (√6/4) e^{iθ} - (3√2/8)。展开 |f(e^{iθ})|² = f(e^{iθ})·f̄(e^{iθ}),经计算得 |f(e^{iθ})|² = 1 - (3/8)(cos θ - √3/3)² ≤ 1。等号在 cos θ = √3/3 时成立。故 |bc| = 3√3/16 可达。

f(z)=28z264z328,bc=3316\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{8}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-} \frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{6}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{3}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{3}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{6}}
4

Day 2 · 组合数学

Given two integers m,n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n} greater than 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}, and integers a1<a2<<am\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{<} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{m}}, prove that there exists a set T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} of integers with T1+ama12n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}} such that each ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} can be written as ai=t+s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{s} for some tT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{T}, and s[n,n]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{]}. (Posed by Leng Gangsong)

答案:命题得证。取 T={a1+n+(2n+1)kk=0,1,,q}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=31}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=47}{\ldots}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=52}{\}},其中 ama1=(2n+1)q+r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{r}0r2n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n},即可满足要求。

题目标签:2010 CMO 第 4 题:用等差中心点覆盖整数列

解题过程

主问题:构造覆盖集 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} 并验证

构造整数集 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T},使 T1+ama12n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}},且每个 ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 都能写成 t+s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{s}tT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{T}s[n,n]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{]})的形式。

(1)
带余除法确定中心点个数

a=a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}b=am\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{m}}。对区间长度 ba\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a} 关于 2n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} 做带余除法:存在唯一的整数 q0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r},使得 ba=(2n+1)q+r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{r},其中 0r2n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}。由此得到 q=ba2n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \left\lfloor \dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}} \right\rfloor,从而 q+11+ba2n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}}。这一步把“T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} 的上界”转化为“中心点的个数 q+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}”。

ba=(2n+1)q+r,0r2n,q=ba2n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=33}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=39}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{=} \left\lfloor \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{a}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{1}} \right\rfloor
(2)
构造中心点集 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}

定义 T={a+n+(2n+1)kk=0,1,,q}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=27}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=43}{\ldots}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=48}{\}}。即从 a+n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n} 开始,每隔 2n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} 取一个中心点,共取 q+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 个。于是 T=q+11+ba2n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}},满足题设对 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} 的要求。

T={a+n+(2n+1)kk=0,1,,q},T=q+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=27}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=43}{\ldots}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=48}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{1}
(3)
计算 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} 的覆盖范围 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}

B={t+stT,s{n,n+1,,n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=17}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=23}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\, \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=34}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=36}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=52}{\ldots}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=57}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=59}{\}},即 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} 中所有点各自向左右各扩展 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 所得的并集。对 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} 中第 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 个元素 tk=a+n+(2n+1)k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{k},其覆盖区间为 [tkn,tk+n]=[a+(2n+1)k,a+(2n+1)k+2n]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{,}\, \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{]}。当 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} 取到 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 时,这些区间首尾相接:第 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 个区间的右端 a+(2n+1)k+2n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n} 与第 k+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 个区间的左端 a+(2n+1)(k+1)=a+(2n+1)k+2n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1} 恰好相邻。因此 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 是一个完整的连续整数段:B={a,a+1,,a+(2n+1)q+2n}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\ldots}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=40}{\}}

B={a,a+1,,a+(2n+1)q+2n}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\ldots}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=40}{\}}
(4)
验证 [a,b]B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=17}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{B}

由带余除法 ba=(2n+1)q+r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{r}0r2n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n},得 b=a+(2n+1)q+ra+(2n+1)q+2n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=24}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{n}。而 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 的右端点恰为 a+(2n+1)q+2n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n},左端点为 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}。因此 [a,b]B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=17}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{B}。由于 a1=a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}am=b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b},且 a1<a2<<am\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{<} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{m}},每个 ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 都落在 [a,b]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{]} 内,从而落在 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 内。由 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 的定义,对每个 ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 都存在 tT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{T}s[n,n]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{]} 使得 ai=t+s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{s}。命题得证。

b=a+(2n+1)q+ra+(2n+1)q+2n[a,b]B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=24}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{n} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=63}{\Longrightarrow }\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=86}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{B}
5

Day 2 · 组合数学

We operate on piles of cards placed at n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} positions A1,A2,,An\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{n}} (n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}) and O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}. In one operation, we can do either of the following: (1) If there are at least three cards at Ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}, we may take three cards from Ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} and place one at each of Ai1,Ai+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}} and O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} (assume that A0=An,An+1=A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}); (2) If there are at least n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} cards at O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}, we may take n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} cards from O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} and place one at each of A1,A2,,An\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{n}}. Prove that if the total number of cards is at least n2+3n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}, we can take some operations such that there are at least n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} cards at each position.

答案:命题得证。

题目标签:2010 CMO 第 5 题:环形牌堆的分配

解题过程

主问题

证明当总牌数 n2+3n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1} 时,可通过有限步操作使每个位置牌数 n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}

(1)
第一步:化归到总牌数恰为 n2+3n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1} 的情形,并执行操作 (1) 直到无法继续

若总牌数超过 n2+3n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1},可先丢弃多余的牌,故只需考虑总牌数恰为 n2+3n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1} 的情形。

策略:只要存在某个 Ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 处牌数 3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3},就在该处执行操作 (1)。此过程必在有限步后终止,因为每次操作 (1) 使 Ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 处牌数减少 3,而 Ai1,Ai+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}} 各增加 1,O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 处增加 1。考虑势函数 Φ=i=1nai2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\Phi }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}}(其中 ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}Ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 处牌数),每次操作 (1) 使 Φ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\Phi} 的变化为 (ai3)2+(ai1+1)2+(ai+1+1)2ai2ai12ai+12=6ai+2ai1+2ai+1+11\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=112}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=114,tutor-end=115}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=117,tutor-end=118}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=122,tutor-end=123}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=124,tutor-end=125}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=125,tutor-end=126}{1}。更直接地,考虑 Ψ=i=1nai(ai1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\Psi }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2},每次操作 (1) 使 Ψ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\Psi} 严格减少(因为从 ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 中取 3 减少 3ai3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3},而 ai1,ai+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}} 各增 1 共增加 ai1+ai+1+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1},但总牌数守恒于 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 点之间加 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 的转移)。实际上最简洁的论证是:每次操作 (1) 将 3 张牌从 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 点“分散”到相邻 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 点和 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O},而 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 处的牌只增不减(在此阶段未用操作 (2)),故 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 点总牌数单调不增且有下界 0,每次操作使某 ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 减少 3 而相邻各增 1,由离散极值原理,此过程必终止。

终止时每个 Ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 处牌数 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2},故 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 点总牌数 2n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}。由总牌数守恒,O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 处牌数 n2+3n+12n=n2+n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}

aOn2+n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{O}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}
(2)
第二步:执行 n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 次操作 (2),使每个 Ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 处牌数 n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}

由第一步,O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 处牌数 n2+n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}。每次操作 (2) 从 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 取走 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 张牌,在 A1,,An\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}} 各放 1 张。执行 n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 次操作 (2) 共需 (n+1)n=n2+n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n} 张牌,而 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 处有 n2+n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1} 张,故可执行。

执行后,每个 Ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 处牌数 0+(n+1)=n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}(原来 0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0},每次操作 (2) 增 1,共增 n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1})。O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 处剩余牌数 n2+n+1n(n+1)=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}

此时 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 点总牌数 n(n+1)=n2+n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}。若 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 处牌数已 n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1},则命题得证。否则 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 处牌数 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n},需进一步调整。

aO1,ain+1 (i=1,,n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{O}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=29}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=35}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)}
(3)
第三步:定义“好团队”并证明其存在性

A1,,An\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}} 按顺序均匀放在以 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 为圆心的圆上。定义“团队”为圆上连续的一段 Ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}G={Ai,Ai+1,,Ai+l1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=40}{\}}1ln\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n},下标模 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n})。

对团队 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 执行一次操作 (1)(即对 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 中每个点执行一次操作 (1))后,G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 中各点牌数变化如下: - 若 l=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}(单点 Ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}):ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 减少 3,ai1,ai+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}} 各增 1。G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 为“好团队”当且仅当操作后 ai3n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1},即 ain+4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}。 - 若 l=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}Ai,Ai+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}):ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 减少 3 但接收 ai+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} 的 1 张,净减 2;同理 ai+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} 净减 2。G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 为好团队当且仅当 ai,ai+1n+3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}。 - 若 3ln1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}:端点 Ai,Ai+l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}} 各净减 2(减少 3 接收 1),内部点 Aj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}}i+1ji+l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2})净减 1(减少 3 接收 2)。G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 为好团队当且仅当 ai,ai+l1n+3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=21}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3}ajn+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}i+1ji+l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2})。 - 若 l=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}(全体):每点净减 1(减少 3 接收 2)。G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 为好团队当且仅当 ajn+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}1jn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n})。

断言:若 a1++ann2+2n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=26}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1},则必存在好团队。

证明(反证):假设无好团队。则每个 ai{n+1,n+2,n+3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=12}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=27}{\}}(否则若某 ain+4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4},则单点团队 {Ai}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} 为好团队)。设 ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 中取 n+1,n+2,n+3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3} 的个数分别为 x,y,z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{z}

a1++ann2+2n+1>n(n+2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)},知 z1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}(否则总和 n(n+2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)})。

z=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}:则 x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}(否则所有 ain+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2},全体团队为好团队)。

z2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} 个取 n+3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3} 的点将圆分成 z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} 段弧。由假设无好团队,每段弧上必存在取 n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 的点(否则该弧上所有点 n+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2},加上两端 n+3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3} 的点构成好团队)。故 xz\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{z}

综上,xz1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}。总和 x(n+1)+y(n+2)+z(n+3)(x+y+z)(n+2)=n(n+2)<n2+2n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=25}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{1},矛盾。故必存在好团队。

xz1,ain(n+2)<n2+2n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \quad \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=36}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1}
(4)
第四步:迭代使用好团队操作,使 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 处牌数达到 n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}

由第三步,当 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 处牌数 <n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1} 时,A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 点总牌数 =(n2+3n+1)aOn2+3n+1n=n2+2n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{O}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=27}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1},故必存在好团队。

对该好团队 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 中每个点执行一次操作 (1): - O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 处牌数增加 G1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}; - G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 中各点牌数仍 n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}(由好团队定义); - G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 外的点牌数不变或增加(接收 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 端点传来的牌)。

故操作后所有 Ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 处牌数仍 n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1},而 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 处牌数增加。重复此过程,每次 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 处牌数至少增 1,故有限步后 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 处牌数 n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}

此时所有位置牌数均 n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1},命题得证。

aOaO+GaO+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{O}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{O}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=26}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{O}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}
6

Day 2 · 数论

Let a1,a2,a3,b1,b2,b3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{3}} be pairwise distinct positive integers such that (n+1)a12+na22+(n1)a32(n+1)b12+nb22+(n1)b32\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=51}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{2}} holds for all positive integers n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}. Prove that there exists a positive integer k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} such that bi=kai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}} for all i=1,2,3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}.

答案:存在正整数 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 使得 bi=kai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}}i=1,2,3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3})。

题目标签:2010 CMO 第6题:整除条件推出比例关系

解题过程

主问题:由整除条件推出 bi=kai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}}

证明存在正整数 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 使得 bi=kai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}}i=1,2,3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3})。

(1)
选取大素数 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 并用中国剩余定理构造 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}

r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r} 是任意给定的正整数。由于素数有无穷多个,可取素数 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 满足 p>(a12+a22+a32)(b12+b22+b32).()\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{.} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=88}{\star}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{)}()\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\star}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}a12+a22+a32\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}} 互素,从而 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}a1r+a2r+a3r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{r}} 也互素(因为 ai1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1},故 a1r+a2r+a3ra12+a22+a32<p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=38}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{p},所以 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 不整除它)。

由于 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 互素,由中国剩余定理,存在正整数 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 同时满足 nr(modp1),n \equiv r \pmod{p-1}, n(a1r+a2r+a3r)+a1ra3r0(modp).n(a_{1}^{r} + a_{2}^{r} + a_{3}^{r}) + a_{1}^{r} - a_{3}^{r} \equiv 0 \pmod{p}.

nr(modp1),n(a1r+a2r+a3r)+a1ra3r0(modp)n \equiv r \pmod{p-1}, \quad n(a_{1}^{r} + a_{2}^{r} + a_{3}^{r}) + a_{1}^{r} - a_{3}^{r} \equiv 0 \pmod{p}
(2)
用费马小定理化简并消去 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n},得到关于 r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r} 的等式

nr(modp1)n \equiv r \pmod{p-1} 及费马小定理,对任意与 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 互素的整数 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}anar(modp)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{r}} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{p}}。由于 p>ai,bi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}},故 ai,bi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}} 均与 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 互素。因此 (n+1)a1n+na2n+(n1)a3n(n+1)a1r+na2r+(n1)a3r=n(a1r+a2r+a3r)+a1ra3r0(modp).(n+1)a_{1}^{n} + n a_{2}^{n} + (n-1)a_{3}^{n} \equiv (n+1)a_{1}^{r} + n a_{2}^{r} + (n-1)a_{3}^{r} = n(a_{1}^{r} + a_{2}^{r} + a_{3}^{r}) + a_{1}^{r} - a_{3}^{r} \equiv 0 \pmod{p}.

(n+1)a1n+na2n+(n1)a3nn(a1r+a2r+a3r)+a1ra3r0(modp)(n+1)a_{1}^{n} + n a_{2}^{n} + (n-1)a_{3}^{n} \equiv n(a_{1}^{r} + a_{2}^{r} + a_{3}^{r}) + a_{1}^{r} - a_{3}^{r} \equiv 0 \pmod{p}
(3)
同余式升级为等式并整理

由题设整除条件,(n+1)b1n+nb2n+(n1)b3n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{n}} 也被 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 整除。同理化简得 n(b1r+b2r+b3r)+b1rb3r0(modp).n(b_{1}^{r} + b_{2}^{r} + b_{3}^{r}) + b_{1}^{r} - b_{3}^{r} \equiv 0 \pmod{p}.

n(b1r+b2r+b3r)+b1rb3r0(modp)n(b_{1}^{r} + b_{2}^{r} + b_{3}^{r}) + b_{1}^{r} - b_{3}^{r} \equiv 0 \pmod{p}
(4)
p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 的选取将同余式升级为等式

注意 (a1r+a2r+a3r)(b1rb3r)(b1r+b2r+b3r)(a1ra3r)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=117,tutor-end=118}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=120,tutor-end=121}{|} 的绝对值不超过 (a1r+a2r+a3r)(b1r+b3r)+(b1r+b2r+b3r)(a1r+a3r).\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{.}

(a1r+a2r+a3r)(b1rb3r)(b1r+b2r+b3r)(a1ra3r)<p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=117,tutor-end=118}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=120,tutor-end=121}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=122,tutor-end=123}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=124,tutor-end=125}{p}
(5)
整理等式并应用引理

由同余式升级为等式: (a1r+a2r+a3r)(b1rb3r)=(b1r+b2r+b3r)(a1ra3r).\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{.}

(a1r+a2r+a3r)(b1rb3r)=(b1r+b2r+b3r)(a1ra3r)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{)}
(6)
证明辅助引理

消去 a1rb1r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{r}}a3rb3r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{r}} 后得: a1rb3r+a2rb1ra2rb3r+a3rb1r=a3rb1r+a1rb2ra3rb2r+a1rb3r.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=114,tutor-end=115}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=117,tutor-end=118}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=121,tutor-end=122}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=124,tutor-end=125}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=127,tutor-end=128}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=131,tutor-end=132}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=134,tutor-end=135}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=136,tutor-end=137}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=139,tutor-end=140}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=143,tutor-end=144}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=146,tutor-end=147}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=149,tutor-end=150}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=153,tutor-end=154}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=156,tutor-end=157}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=158,tutor-end=159}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=161,tutor-end=162}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=165,tutor-end=166}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=168,tutor-end=169}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=171,tutor-end=172}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=175,tutor-end=176}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=177,tutor-end=178}{.}

a2rb1r+2a3rb1r+a3rb2r=a1rb2r+2a1rb3r+a2rb3r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=114,tutor-end=115}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=117,tutor-end=118}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=121,tutor-end=122}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=124,tutor-end=125}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=127,tutor-end=128}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=131,tutor-end=132}{r}}
(7)
应用引理得出结论

现在应用以下引理:

**引理**:设 x1x2xs\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\le }\cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=31}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{s}}y1y2ys\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\le }\cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=31}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{s}} 是正实数,若对所有正整数 r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}x1r+x2r++xsr=y1r+y2r++ysr,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{s}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{+} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{s}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{,}xi=yi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}}i=1,2,,s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=16}{\ldots}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{s})。

**引理的证明**:对 s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} 用数学归纳法。s=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 时取 r=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 即得 x1=y1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}。假设 s=t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t} 时成立,考虑 s=t+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}。若 xt+1yt+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}},不妨设 xt+1<yt+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}。则 (x1yt+1)r++(xt+1yt+1)r=(y1yt+1)r++(ytyt+1)r+1.\left(\frac{x_{1}}{y_{t+1}}\right)^{r} + \cdots + \left(\frac{x_{t+1}}{y_{t+1}}\right)^{r} = \left(\frac{y_{1}}{y_{t+1}}\right)^{r} + \cdots + \left(\frac{y_{t}}{y_{t+1}}\right)^{r} + 1.

(x1yt+1)r++(xt+1yt+1)r=(y1yt+1)r++(ytyt+1)r+1\left(\frac{x_{1}}{y_{t+1}}\right)^{r} + \cdots + \left(\frac{x_{t+1}}{y_{t+1}}\right)^{r} = \left(\frac{y_{1}}{y_{t+1}}\right)^{r} + \cdots + \left(\frac{y_{t}}{y_{t+1}}\right)^{r} + 1
(8)
由引理得出比例关系

回到原题。由于 a1,a2,a3,b1,b2,b3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{3}} 互不相同,有 a2b1a3b1,htmlDatatutorstart=31,tutorend=36quada3b1a3b2,a1b2a1b3,a1b3a2b3,a2b1a2b3.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,} \\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=36}{quad }\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=45}{_{3} b_{}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{1}} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{2}} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=112}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=114,tutor-end=115}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=117,tutor-end=118}{3}} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=125,tutor-end=126}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=128,tutor-end=129}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=131,tutor-end=132}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=134,tutor-end=135}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=136,tutor-end=137}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=144,tutor-end=145}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=147,tutor-end=148}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=150,tutor-end=151}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=153,tutor-end=154}{1}} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=161,tutor-end=162}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=164,tutor-end=165}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=167,tutor-end=168}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=170,tutor-end=171}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=172,tutor-end=173}{.}

a2b1a3b1,htmlDatatutorstart=31,tutorend=36quada3b1a3b2,a1b2a1b3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,} \\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=36}{quad }\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=45}{_{3} b_{}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{1}} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{2}} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{3}}
(9)
得出最终结论

由多重集相等及上述不等关系,必须 a2b1=a1b2,a3b1=a1b3,a3b2=a2b3.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{.}

a2b1=a1b2,a3b1=a1b3,a3b2=a2b3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{3}}