返回特征解读

2011 中国数学奥林匹克(CMO)

books/competition_archive/cmo/2011_cmo.pdf · HS-MATH-1024-v2.1-solution-aware

66 个小问/题组
1

Day 1 · 代数

Let a1,a2,,an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{n}} (n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}) be real numbers. Prove that i=1nai2i=1naiai+1[n2](Mm)2,\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=60}{\le }\left[ \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{2}} \right] \htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{,} where an+1=a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}, M=max1inai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \max_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}}, m=min1inai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \min_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}}. [x]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{]} is the largest integer not exceeding x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}.

答案:命题得证。

题目标签:2011 年 CMO 第 1 题:循环二次型与极差的不等式

解题过程

主问题:证明循环二次型不等式

证明 i=1nai2i=1naiai+1n2(Mm)2\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=60}{\le }\left\lfloor \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{2}} \right\rfloor \htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{2}}

(1)
将左侧化为相邻差的平方和

利用恒等式把左侧的二次型改写为相邻项之差的平方和。具体地,展开 i=1n(aiai+1)2\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}}i=1n(aiai+1)2=i=1n(ai22aiai+1+ai+12).\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{.} 由于 an+1=a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}},所以 i=1nai+12=i=1nai2\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}}。代入得 i=1n(aiai+1)2=2i=1nai22i=1naiai+1.\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{2}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{.} 因此 i=1nai2i=1naiai+1=12i=1n(aiai+1)2.\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{.} 这一步把原不等式等价地转化为 i=1n(aiai+1)22n2(Mm)2.\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=40}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}\left\lfloor \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{2}} \right\rfloor \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{.}

i=1nai2i=1naiai+1=12i=1n(aiai+1)2\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{2}}
(2)
偶数情形 n=2k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}:逐项界与配对

n=2k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 为正整数)。对每个 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i},由于 mai,ai+1M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=25}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{M},有 (aiai+1)2(Mm)2.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=26}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{.}n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 项求和得 i=1n(aiai+1)2n(Mm)2=2k(Mm)2.\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=40}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{.} 因此 i=1nai2i=1naiai+1=12i=1n(aiai+1)2k(Mm)2=n2(Mm)2.\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=109}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=112}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=114,tutor-end=115}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=117,tutor-end=118}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=120,tutor-end=121}{=} \left\lfloor \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=141,tutor-end=142}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=144,tutor-end=145}{2}} \right\rfloor \htmlData{tutor-start=161,tutor-end=162}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=162,tutor-end=163}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=163,tutor-end=164}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=164,tutor-end=165}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=165,tutor-end=166}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=168,tutor-end=169}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=170,tutor-end=171}{.} 等号成立条件:当 n=2k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k} 时,取 a1=a3==a2k1=M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{M}a2=a4==a2k=m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{m},则每个 (aiai+1)2=(Mm)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}},等号成立。

i=12k(aiai+1)22k(Mm)2\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=41}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}}
(3)
奇数情形 n=2k+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}:存在三个连续单调项

n=2k+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1})。考虑循环序列 a1,a2,,a2k+1,a1,a2,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{,} \dots。定义 di=ai+1ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{i}}i=1,2,,2k+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1},其中 a2k+2=a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}})。由于 i=12k+1di=0\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}di\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 不可能全部同号(除非全为 0,此时不等式显然成立)。

关键引理:在循环排列的 2k+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} 个数中,必存在三个连续项 aj,aj+1,aj+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}} 是单调的(即 ajaj+1aj+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}}ajaj+1aj+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}})。

证明引理:假设不存在这样的三个连续单调项,则对每个 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}di\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}di+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} 异号(即序列严格交替增减)。但 2k+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} 是奇数,交替符号的序列不可能循环闭合(d1,d2,,d2k+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}}d1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}d2k+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}} 必须同号才能闭合,矛盾)。因此引理成立。

不妨设 a1,a2,a3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}} 单调(通过重新编号)。

di=ai+1ai,i=12k+1di=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,} \quad \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{0}
(4)
奇数情形:合并三项为两项,化为偶数情形

由上一步,不妨设 a1,a2,a3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}} 单调。则 (a1a2)2+(a2a3)2(a1a3)2.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=46}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{.} 这是因为:若 a1a2a3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3}},则 (a1a2)2+(a2a3)2=(a2a1)2+(a3a2)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{2}},而 (a1a3)2=(a3a1)2=((a3a2)+(a2a1))2=(a3a2)2+(a2a1)2+2(a3a2)(a2a1)(a3a2)2+(a2a1)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=117,tutor-end=118}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=120,tutor-end=121}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=122,tutor-end=123}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=125,tutor-end=126}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=128,tutor-end=129}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=130,tutor-end=131}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=131,tutor-end=132}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=132,tutor-end=133}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=135,tutor-end=136}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=138,tutor-end=139}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=140,tutor-end=141}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=143,tutor-end=144}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=145,tutor-end=146}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=146,tutor-end=147}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=147,tutor-end=148}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=150,tutor-end=151}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=153,tutor-end=154}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=155,tutor-end=156}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=158,tutor-end=159}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=160,tutor-end=161}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=162,tutor-end=166}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=166,tutor-end=167}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=167,tutor-end=168}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=170,tutor-end=171}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=173,tutor-end=174}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=175,tutor-end=176}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=178,tutor-end=179}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=180,tutor-end=181}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=183,tutor-end=184}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=186,tutor-end=187}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=188,tutor-end=189}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=189,tutor-end=190}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=192,tutor-end=193}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=195,tutor-end=196}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=197,tutor-end=198}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=200,tutor-end=201}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=202,tutor-end=203}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=205,tutor-end=206}{2}}(因为 (a3a2)(a2a1)0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=35}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{0})。单调递减情形同理。

因此 i=12k+1(aiai+1)2=(a1a2)2+(a2a3)2+i=32k+1(aiai+1)2(a1a3)2+i=32k+1(aiai+1)2.\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{+} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=112}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=114,tutor-end=115}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=121,tutor-end=122}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=124,tutor-end=128}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=128,tutor-end=129}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=129,tutor-end=130}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=132,tutor-end=133}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=135,tutor-end=136}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=137,tutor-end=138}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=140,tutor-end=141}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=142,tutor-end=143}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=145,tutor-end=146}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=148,tutor-end=149}{+} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=156,tutor-end=157}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=157,tutor-end=158}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=158,tutor-end=159}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=162,tutor-end=163}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=163,tutor-end=164}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=164,tutor-end=165}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=165,tutor-end=166}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=167,tutor-end=168}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=168,tutor-end=169}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=171,tutor-end=172}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=174,tutor-end=175}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=176,tutor-end=177}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=179,tutor-end=180}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=180,tutor-end=181}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=181,tutor-end=182}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=183,tutor-end=184}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=186,tutor-end=187}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=188,tutor-end=189}{.} 右侧是 2k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k} 个差的平方和(把 a1,a3,a4,,a2k+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}} 看作 2k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k} 个数的循环序列)。由偶数情形的结论, (a1a3)2+i=32k+1(aiai+1)22k(Mm)2.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=65}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{.} 因此 i=12k+1(aiai+1)22k(Mm)2,\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=43}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{,}i=12k+1ai2i=12k+1aiai+1k(Mm)2=2k+12(Mm)2.\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=66}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{=} \left\lfloor \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{2}} \right\rfloor \htmlData{tutor-start=121,tutor-end=122}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=122,tutor-end=123}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=123,tutor-end=124}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=124,tutor-end=125}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=125,tutor-end=126}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=128,tutor-end=129}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=130,tutor-end=131}{.} 等号成立条件:当 n=2k+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1} 时,取 a1=a3=M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{M}a2=m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m}a4=a6==a2k=M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{6}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{M}a5=a7==a2k+1=m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{7}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{m}(或类似构造),可使等号成立。

(a1a2)2+(a2a3)2(a1a3)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=46}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{2}}
2

Day 1 · 平面几何

在锐角三角形 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} 的外接圆上,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 是弧 BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}(不含 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A})的中点。设 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X} 是弧 BD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}(不含 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C})上一点,E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E} 是弧 AX\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{X}(不含 B,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C})的中点,S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 是弧 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}(不含 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B})上一点。直线 SD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 交于点 R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R},直线 SE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}AX\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{X} 交于点 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}。若 RTDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E},证明:三角形 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} 的内心在直线 RT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 上。

答案:命题得证:三角形 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} 的内心在直线 RT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 上。

题目标签:2011 CMO 第 2 题:外接圆上的平行线与内心

解题过程

主问题:证明内心在直线 RT 上

在给定 RTDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E} 的条件下,证明三角形 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} 的内心 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 位于直线 RT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 上。

(1)
建立基本几何关系与关键中点

ω\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega} 为三角形 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} 的外接圆,I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 为其内心。由经典结论,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 是弧 BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}(不含 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A})的中点,则 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 是角 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的平分线与外接圆的交点,且 DB=DC=DI\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{I}(鸡爪定理)。类似地,E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E} 是弧 AX\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{X}(不含 B,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C})的中点,则 E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E} 是角 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X} 在三角形 ADX\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{X} 中的角平分线与外接圆的交点,且 EA=EX=ED\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{X} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}(因为 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 在弧 AX\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{X} 所对的圆周上,E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E} 为弧 AX\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{X} 中点,故 ED\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 平分角 ADX\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{X},由鸡爪定理 EA=EX=ED\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{X} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D})。

DB=DC=DI,EA=EX=ED\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{X} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{D}
(2)
利用平行条件 RT ∥ DE 转化角度关系

RTDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E},得 RDE=DRT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{T}(内错角)或 ERT+RED=180\angle ERT + \angle RED = 180^\circ(同旁内角)。考虑四边形 RSTX\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{X} 或相关三角形中的角度。由于 R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 上,T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}AX\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{X} 上,S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 在弧 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 上,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 在弧 BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 上,E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E} 在弧 AX\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{X} 上,我们需要将平行条件转化为圆周角关系。具体地,SDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} 是圆周角(S,D,E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{E} 均在圆上),SDE=SAE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{E}(同弧 SE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E} 所对圆周角)。由 RTDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E}STR=SED\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{R} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D}(同位角,若 T,S,E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{E} 共线则需调整)。实际上 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}SE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E} 上,故 ATR=AED\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{R} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D}(因为 RTDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E}AT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T}AE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E} 在同一直线 AX\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{X} 上... 需仔细分析)。更直接地:T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} 在直线 SE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E} 上,R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R} 在直线 SD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 上,RTDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E} 意味着三角形 SRT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{T} 与三角形 SDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{E} 相似(以 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 为公共顶点,对应边平行),故 SRSD=STSE\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{R}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{T}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{E}}

SRSD=STSE\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{R}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{T}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{E}}
(3)
证明内心 I 在直线 RT 上

要证 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}RT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 上,等价于证 I,R,T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{T} 共线。由步骤 1,DI=DB=DC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{I} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{C}EI=?\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{I} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{?} 需重新审视。实际上,I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 是三角形 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} 的内心,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 是弧 BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 中点,故 A,I,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{D} 共线(AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 是角 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 平分线)。要证 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}RT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 上,可证 DRI=DRT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{I} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{T}IRT=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}。利用步骤 2 的比例关系和圆的性质:由 SRSD=STSE\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{R}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{T}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{E}}ED=EA=EX\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{X}DB=DC=DI\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{I},考虑三角形 SDI\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{I}SEI\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{I}... 更简洁的方法:由 RTDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E}A,I,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{D} 共线,考虑 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}RT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 的距离。或者用反证/同一法:设 RT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T}AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 交于 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}',证 I=I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}' \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{I}。由 RTDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E}AIAD=ARAE\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{I}'}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{R}'}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{E}}(需构造)。实际上,经典证法是:由 RTDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E}IRT=IDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{E}(若 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}RT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 上)。而 IDE=IAE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{E}(圆周角,I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 上... 需 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 在圆上,但 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 不在圆上)。正确路径:利用 DB=DI\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{I}EA=ED\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D},结合 RTDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E} 导出的角度相等,证明 BRI=BRT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{I} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{T} 或类似关系。具体地,BDE=BAE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{E}(同弧 BE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}),由 RTDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E}BRT=BDE=BAE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{E}。又 BAI=BAC/2=BAE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{I} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=35}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{E}(因 E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E} 在弧 AX\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{X} 上,AE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E} 平分... 需验证)。最终通过角度追踪得 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}RT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 上。

BRT=BDE=BAE=BAI\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=46}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{I}
3

Day 1 · 组合数学

Let A1,A2,,An\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{n}} be n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} non-empty subsets of a finite set A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} of real numbers satisfying the following conditions: (1) The sum of elements of A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} is equal to 0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}; (2) Pick arbitrarily a number from each Ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}, and their sum is strictly positive. Prove that there exist sets Ai1,Ai2,,Aik\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{k}}}, 1i1<i2<<ikn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{<} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=40}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{n}, such that Ai1Ai2Aik<knA.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=17}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=32}{\cup }\dots \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=43}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{k}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{<} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{k}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{.}

答案:命题得证。

题目标签:2011年CMO第3题:有限实数集的子集族与并集估计

解题过程

主问题:证明存在满足条件的子集族

证明存在 1kn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}1i1<i2<<ikn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{<} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=41}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{n},使得 Ai1Ai2Aik<knA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=16}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=31}{\cup }\cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=43}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{k}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{<} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{k}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{|}

(1)
排序并引入最小元素计数

A={a1,a2,,am}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{m}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=35}{\}},其中 a1>a2>>am\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{>} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{m}},则 A=m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m}。由条件 (a) 知 a1+a2++am=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}

对每个 Ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}},取其中的最小元素。由条件 (b),从每个 Ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 中各取一个元素之和严格为正,特别地,取每个 Ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 的最小元素时,其和也严格为正。

A1,A2,,An\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{n}} 中恰好有 ki\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 个集合的最小元素为 ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}i=1,2,,m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{m})。由于每个 Ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 非空,必有唯一的最小元素,因此 k1+k2++km=n.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{.} 由条件 (b),取各集合最小元素之和为正,即 k1a1+k2a2++kmam>0.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{.}

k1+k2++km=n,k1a1+k2a2++kmam>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{+} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{0}
(2)
分析并集的元素个数上界

对于 s=1,2,,m1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1},考虑最小元素大于或等于 as\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s}} 的那些集合。由于 a1>a2>>am\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{>} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{m}},最小元素 as\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{s}} 意味着该集合的所有元素都 as\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{s}},即该集合是 {a1,a2,,as}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{s}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=31}{\}} 的子集。

最小元素为 a1,a2,,as\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{s}} 的集合共有 k1+k2++ks\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{s}} 个。这些集合的并集包含于 {a1,a2,,as}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{s}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=31}{\}},因此并集的元素个数不超过 s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}

Ai1Ai2Aiks\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=16}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=31}{\cup }\cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=43}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{k}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=58}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{s}
(3)
用 Abel 变换证明存在性

我们证明:存在 s{1,2,,m1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=27}{\}},使得 k1+k2++ks>snm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{s}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{>} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{m}}

用反证法。假设对所有 s=1,2,,m1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1},都有 k1+k2++kssnm.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{s}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=35}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{m}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{.} 利用 Abel 变换(求和的分部求和),将 j=1mkjaj\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{j}} 改写为: j=1mkjaj=s=1m1(asas+1)(k1+k2++ks)+am(k1+k2++km).\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\sum_{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{s}} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{+} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{s}}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{m}}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{+} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=127,tutor-end=128}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=129,tutor-end=130}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=132,tutor-end=133}{m}}\htmlData{tutor-start=134,tutor-end=135}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=135,tutor-end=136}{.} 由于 a1>a2>>am\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{>} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{m}},每个 asas+1>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}。代入假设的不等式及 k1++km=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{n},得: j=1mkjajs=1m1(asas+1)snm+amn.\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=31}{\le }\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{s}} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=72}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=99}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{.} 计算右端: nms=1m1s(asas+1)+amn=nm(j=1majmam)+amn=nmj=1maj=0.\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{m}} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{s}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{m}}\left(\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=108}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=112}{m}}\right) \htmlData{tutor-start=121,tutor-end=122}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=123,tutor-end=124}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=126,tutor-end=127}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=129,tutor-end=130}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=131,tutor-end=132}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=139,tutor-end=140}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=142,tutor-end=143}{m}} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=151,tutor-end=152}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=152,tutor-end=153}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=153,tutor-end=154}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=157,tutor-end=158}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=160,tutor-end=161}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=163,tutor-end=164}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=166,tutor-end=167}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=168,tutor-end=169}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=169,tutor-end=170}{.} (最后一步用了 j=1maj=0\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}。)

这与 j=1mkjaj>0\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0} 矛盾。因此存在 s{1,2,,m1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=27}{\}} 使得 k1++ks>snm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{s}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{>} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{m}}

j=1mkjaj=s=1m1(asas+1)j=1skj+amj=1mkj\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{s}} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{)}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{s}} \htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{m}} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{j}}
(4)
完成证明

取上述满足 k1+k2++ks>snm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{s}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{>} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{m}}s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}。令 k=k1+k2++ks\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{s}},则 k>snm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{m}},即 s<kmn=knA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{m}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{|}

取最小元素为 a1,a2,,as\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{s}} 的那些集合,记为 Ai1,Ai2,,Aik\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{k}}}(共 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 个)。由第二步的分析,这些集合的并集包含于 {a1,a2,,as}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{s}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=31}{\}},故 Ai1Ai2Aiks<knA.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=16}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=31}{\cup }\cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=43}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{k}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=58}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{<} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{k}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{.} 这就证明了命题。

Ai1Ai2Aiks<kmn=knA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=16}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=31}{\cup }\cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=43}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{i}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{k}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=58}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{<} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{m}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{k}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{|}
4

Day 2 · 组合数学

Given positive integer n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}, let S={1,2,,n}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=22}{\}}. Find the minimum of AΔS+BΔS+CΔS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=9}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=23}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=37}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{|} for nonempty finite sets A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} and B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} of real numbers, where C={a+baA,bB}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=17}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=23}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=32}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=35}{\}}, XΔY={xx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=8}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Y} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=14}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=21}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x} belongs to exactly one of X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X} and Y}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=3}{\}}, X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} denotes the number of elements of a finite set X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}.

答案:最小值为 n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}

题目标签:2011年CMO第4题:对称差之和的最小值

解题过程

主问题:求 AΔS+BΔS+CΔS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=9}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=23}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=37}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{|} 的最小值

证明最小值为 n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1},即构造取等例子并证明下界 ln+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}

(1)
构造取等例子

A=B=S={1,2,,n}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=14}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=30}{\}}。此时 AΔS=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=8}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=21}{\emptyset}BΔS=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=8}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=21}{\emptyset},故 AΔS=BΔS=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=9}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=23}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}。而 C={a+ba,bS}={2,3,,2n}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=15}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=24}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=27}{\}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=32}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=49}{\}}。于是 CΔS=(CS)(SC)={n+1,n+2,,2n}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=8}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=25}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=33}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=46}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=53}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=74}{\}} \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=80}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=82}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=85}{\}},共 n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 个元素。因此 AΔS+BΔS+CΔS=n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=9}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=23}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=37}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}

A=B=S,C={2,3,,2n},CΔS={1,n+1,n+2,,2n},CΔS=n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=22}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=39}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=54}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=60}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=84}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=100}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{1}
(2)
将目标式拆分为六个不相交部分

l=AΔS+BΔS+CΔS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=27}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=41}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{|}。由对称差的定义 XΔY=(XY)(YX)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=8}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Y} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=24}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{Y}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=32}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{Y}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=44}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{)},且两部分不相交,故 XΔY=XY+YX\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=9}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{Y}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=26}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{Y}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{Y}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=43}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{|}。因此 l=AS+SA+BS+SB+CS+SC.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=16}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=33}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=50}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=67}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=84}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=101}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{.} 我们将这六项重新组合为两组: l=(AS+BS+SC)第 (i) 组+(CS+SA+SB)第 (ii) 组.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \underbrace{\bigl(\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=34}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=51}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=68}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{|}\bigr)}_{\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{第} \htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{组}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{+} \underbrace{\bigl(\htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=117,tutor-end=127}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=127,tutor-end=128}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=128,tutor-end=129}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=130,tutor-end=131}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=132,tutor-end=133}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=133,tutor-end=134}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=134,tutor-end=144}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=144,tutor-end=145}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=145,tutor-end=146}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=147,tutor-end=148}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=149,tutor-end=150}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=150,tutor-end=151}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=151,tutor-end=161}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=161,tutor-end=162}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=162,tutor-end=163}{|}\bigr)}_{\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=178,tutor-end=179}{第} \htmlData{tutor-start=180,tutor-end=181}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=181,tutor-end=182}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=182,tutor-end=183}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=183,tutor-end=184}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=185,tutor-end=186}{组}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=188,tutor-end=189}{.} 下面分别证明第 (i) 组 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1},第 (ii) 组 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}

l=(AS+BS+SC)+(CS+SA+SB)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \bigl(\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=22}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=39}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=56}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{|}\bigr) \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{+} \bigl(\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=85}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=102}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=119}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=120,tutor-end=121}{|}\bigr)
(3)
证明第 (i) 组 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}

需证 AS+BS+SC1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=29}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=46}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=53}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1}。若 AS=BS=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=29}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0},则 AS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}BS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}。由于 A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B} 非空,A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的最小元素 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 的最小元素 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1},故 C=A+B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B} 的最小元素 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2},即 1C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \notin \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}。而 1S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S},所以 1SC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=17}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{C},从而 SC1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}。若 AS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|}BS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} 不全为零,则 AS+BS1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=29}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=36}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1},不等式显然成立。综上,第 (i) 组 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}

A,BSminC=minA+minB21CSC1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=15}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=29}{\Rightarrow }\min \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=} \min \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{+} \min \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=58}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=72}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{1} \notin \htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=95}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=107}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=114}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=114,tutor-end=115}{1}
(4)
证明第 (ii) 组 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}:处理 AS=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=19}{\emptyset} 的情形

需证 CS+SA+SBn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=29}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=46}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=53}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{n}。若 AS=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=19}{\emptyset},则 SA=S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=11}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{S},故 SA=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n},不等式立即成立。由对称性,若 BS=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=19}{\emptyset} 同理。以下设 AS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S} \ne \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=21}{\emptyset}BS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S} \ne \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=21}{\emptyset}

AS=SA=nCS+SA+SBn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=20}{\emptyset }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=32}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=44}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=63}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=75}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=92}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=109}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=116}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{n}
(5)
证明第 (ii) 组 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}:处理 AS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S} \ne \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=21}{\emptyset}BS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S} \ne \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=21}{\emptyset} 的情形

AS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S} 的最大元素为 nk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k},其中 0kn1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}。则 nk+1,nk+2,,n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{n}k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 个元素都不在 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中,故 SAk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}。记此为不等式 ①。

另一方面,对每个 i{k+1,k+2,,n}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=28}{\}}(共 nk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k} 个值),考虑两种情况: - 若 iB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} \notin \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B},则 iSB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=17}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{B}; - 若 iB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B},则 (nk)+iC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C}。由于 ik+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1},有 (nk)+in+1>n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n},故 (nk)+iCS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=23}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{S}

因此对每个 i{k+1,,n}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=23}{\}},要么 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} 贡献到 SB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|},要么 (nk)+i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i} 贡献到 CS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|}。而且不同的 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} 给出不同的 (nk)+i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}(因为映射 i(nk)+i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=10}{\mapsto }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{i} 是单射),所以这些贡献互不重复。于是 CS+SBnk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=29}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=36}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{k}。记此为不等式 ②。

由 ① 和 ② 相加:CS+SA+SB(nk)+k=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=29}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=46}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=53}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{n}

① SAk,② CS+SBnk,①+②CS+SA+SBn\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{①} } \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=22}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=29}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{,} \quad \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{②} } \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=60}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=77}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=84}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{,} \quad \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{①}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{②}} \htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=118}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=120,tutor-end=130}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=130,tutor-end=131}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=131,tutor-end=132}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=133,tutor-end=134}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=135,tutor-end=136}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=136,tutor-end=137}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=137,tutor-end=147}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=147,tutor-end=148}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=148,tutor-end=149}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=150,tutor-end=151}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=152,tutor-end=153}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=153,tutor-end=154}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=154,tutor-end=164}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=164,tutor-end=165}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=165,tutor-end=166}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=167,tutor-end=171}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=171,tutor-end=172}{n}
(6)
综合得出结论

由第 (i) 组 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1} 和第 (ii) 组 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n},得 l=AΔS+BΔS+CΔS1+n=n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=27}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=41}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=48}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{1}。结合构造例子 A=B=S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{S}l=n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1},故最小值为 n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}

l1+n=n+1,取等条件:A=B=S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \quad \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{取}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{等}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{条}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{件}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{:}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{S}
5

Day 2 · 代数

Given integer n4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}. Find the maximum of i=1nai(ai+bi)i=1nbi(ai+bi)\frac{\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}}{\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{)}} for non-negative real numbers a1,a2,,an,b1,b2,,bn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{n}} satisfying a1+a2++an=b1+b2++bn>0.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{+} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{.}

答案:最大值为 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}

题目标签:2011 CMO 第5题:分式最值

解题过程

主问题:求分式的最大值

证明 i=1nai(ai+bi)i=1nbi(ai+bi)\dfrac{\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)}}{\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{)}} 的最大值为 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1},并给出取等条件。

(1)
齐次化归一与构造取等

由于分子分母均为关于 (ai,bi)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)} 的二次齐次式,且约束条件 ai=bi>0\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0} 在整体缩放 (ai,bi)(tai,tbi)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=23}{\mapsto }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)} 下保持不变,故可不妨设 i=1nai=i=1nbi=1\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}

构造取等:取 a1=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}a2==an=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}b1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}b2==bn=1n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}}。此时 i=1nai(ai+bi)=a1(a1+b1)=11=1,\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=65}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{,} i=1nbi(ai+bi)=i=2nbi2=(n1)1(n1)2=1n1.\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=75}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{.} 故比值恰为 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}

i=1nai(ai+bi)i=1nbi(ai+bi)n1\frac{\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}}{\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{)}} \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=92}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{1}
(2)
去分母并整理为二次不等式

由上一步知分母 bi(ai+bi)>0\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0},故原不等式等价于 i=1nai(ai+bi)(n1)i=1nbi(ai+bi).\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=44}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{.} 展开并移项: ai2+aibi(n1)bi2+(n1)aibi,\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=44}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)}\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{)}\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{,}i=1nai2(n1)i=1nbi2+(n2)i=1naibi.\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=35}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{)}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{)}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{.} 这就是需要证明的核心不等式。

i=1nai2(n1)i=1nbi2+(n2)i=1naibi\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=35}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{)}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{)}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{i}}
(3)
bi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 排序并两次放缩

不妨设 b1=min{b1,b2,,bn}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \min\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=14}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=42}{\}}。对右端作两次放缩:

第一次:由于 bib1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=16}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}},故 aibib1ai=b1\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=27}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1}}。于是 (n1)bi2+(n2)aibi(n1)bi2+(n2)b1.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=54}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{)}\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{.}

第二次:对 i2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2} 的部分用 Cauchy 不等式(或幂平均不等式) i=2nbi21n1(i=2nbi)2=(1b1)2n1.\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=35}{\geqslant }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}}\left(\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{i}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=112}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{.}(n1)i=2nbi2(1b1)2.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=40}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{.}

合并得 (n1)bi2+(n2)aibi(n1)b12+(1b1)2+(n2)b1=nb12+(n4)b1+1.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=54}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=114,tutor-end=115}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=117,tutor-end=118}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=122,tutor-end=123}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=125,tutor-end=126}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=127,tutor-end=128}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=128,tutor-end=129}{.}

(n1)i=1nbi2+(n2)i=1naibinb12+(n4)b1+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=74}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{1}
(4)
完成单变量不等式并收束

b10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=16}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}n4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4},有 nb12+(n4)b1+11.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=39}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{.} 另一方面,由 ai=1\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}ai0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=16}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0},有 i=1nai2(i=1nai)2=1.\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=35}{\leqslant }\left(\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{i}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{.} (这是因为 ai2=(ai)22i<jaiaj(ai)2\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=70}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{(}\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{2}},等号当且仅当至多一个 ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 非零时成立。)

综合得 i=1nai21nb12+(n4)b1+1(n1)bi2+(n2)aibi,\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=35}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=47}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=86}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{)}\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=112}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{)}\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=121,tutor-end=122}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=124,tutor-end=125}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=127,tutor-end=128}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=129,tutor-end=130}{,}i=1nai(ai+bi)(n1)i=1nbi(ai+bi).\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=44}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{.} 等号成立条件:b1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}(使 nb12+(n4)b1+1=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}),b2==bn=1n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}}(使 Cauchy 取等),且至多一个 ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 非零且对应 bi=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}(即 a1=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1})。这与第一步构造完全吻合。

故最大值为 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}

i=1nai21nb12+(n4)b1+1\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=35}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=47}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{1}
6

Day 2 · 数论

Prove that for any given positive integers m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}, n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}, there exist infinitely many pairs of coprime positive integers a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}, b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}, such that a+bama+bnb\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{b}}.

答案:命题得证:对任意正整数 m, n,存在无穷多对互素正整数 (a, b) 使得 a+b 整除 am^a+bn^b。

题目标签:2011 CMO 第6题:无穷多互素对使 a+b 整除 am^a+bn^b

解题过程

主问题:证明无穷多互素对 (a,b) 满足 a+b | am^a+bn^b

对任意给定的正整数 m, n,证明存在无穷多对互素正整数 (a, b),使得 a+b 整除 am^a+bn^b。

(1)
情形 mn=1 的平凡处理

当 mn=1 时,必有 m=n=1。此时 am^a+bn^b = a+b,显然 a+b 整除 a+b。对任意互素正整数对 (a, b) 都成立,而互素正整数对有无穷多(例如 (1, k),k 为任意正整数),故结论成立。

m=n=1ama+bnb=a+b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=18}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{b}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{b}
(2)
关键恒等式:将原整除条件转化为更简洁的形式

当 mn≥2 时,考虑恒等式:n^a(am^a+bn^b) = a(mn)^a + bn^{a+b}。将其改写为:n^a(am^a+bn^b) = (a+b)n^{a+b} + a((mn)^a - n^{a+b})。由于 (a+b) 显然整除 (a+b)n^{a+b},所以 (a+b) 整除 n^a(am^a+bn^b) 当且仅当 (a+b) 整除 a((mn)^a - n^{a+b})。若再要求 gcd(a+b, n)=1,则 gcd(a+b, n^a)=1,此时 (a+b) 整除 am^a+bn^b 当且仅当 (a+b) 整除 (mn)^a - n^{a+b}。

na(ama+bnb)=(a+b)na+b+a((mn)ana+b)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{b}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{a}\big(\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{b}}\big)
(3)
取 a+b 为素数 p,利用费马小定理进一步简化

令 p = a+b 为素数。由费马小定理,当 gcd(n, p)=1 时,n^p ≡ n (mod p)。因此 (mn)^a - n^{a+b} = (mn)^a - n^p ≡ (mn)^a - n (mod p)。于是只需证明:存在无穷多个素数 p 和正整数 a(1≤a≤p-1),使得 p 整除 (mn)^a - n,且 gcd(a, p-a)=1(即 gcd(a, p)=1,由 1≤a≤p-1 自动满足)。

p(mn)anp    p(mn)an(由费马小定理 npn(modp))p \mid (mn)^{a} - n^{p} \iff p \mid (mn)^{a} - n \quad (\text{由费马小定理 } n^{p} \equiv n \pmod{p})
(4)
反证法假设:只有有限个素数满足条件

假设满足 p | (mn)^a - n(对某个正整数 a)的素数只有有限个,记为 p_1, p_2, ..., p_r。由于 mn≥2,取 a=2 时 (mn)^2 - n ≥ 4-1 = 3 > 1(当 mn≥2 时 (mn)^2-n = mn·mn - n ≥ 2mn - n = n(2m-1) ≥ 1,且当 mn≥2 时 (mn)^2-n ≥ 3),故 (mn)^2 - n 至少有一个素因子,这样的素数确实存在。设 (mn)^2 - n = p_1^{α_1} p_2^{α_2} ... p_r^{α_r},其中 α_i 为非负整数。

(mn)2n=p1α1p2α2prαr\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=28}{\alpha}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=47}{\alpha}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}}} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{r}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=73}{\alpha}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{r}}}
(5)
构造特殊的 a 值并分析 (mn)^a - n 的素因子分解

令 a = p_1^{α_1} p_2^{α_2} ... p_r^{α_r} · (p_1-1)(p_2-1)...(p_r-1) + 2。设 (mn)^a - n = p_1^{β_1} p_2^{β_2} ... p_r^{β_r}(由反证假设,(mn)^a - n 的所有素因子都在 p_1,...,p_r 中)。对每个 p_i 分两种情况:若 p_i 不整除 n,则 p_i^{β_i} 不整除 n(因 a≥2 时 (mn)^a - n 不被 p_i^{β_i} 整除除非...),实际上由 (mn)^a - n ≡ (mn)^2 - n (mod p_i^{α_i+1})(见下一步),可得 β_i ≤ α_i。

a=p1α1prαr(p11)(pr1)+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=17}{\alpha}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}}} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{r}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=43}{\alpha}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{r}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=55}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{)} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{2}
(6)
用欧拉定理证明 β_i ≤ α_i,导出矛盾

对每个 p_i:若 p_i 不整除 n,则 p_i 也不整除 m(否则 p_i | mn 且 p_i | n,但需 p_i ∤ n),故 gcd(mn, p_i^{α_i+1})=1。由欧拉定理,因 a-2 是 φ(p_i^{α_i+1})=p_i^{α_i}(p_i-1) 的倍数,有 (mn)^{a-2} ≡ 1 (mod p_i^{α_i+1}),即 (mn)^a ≡ (mn)^2 (mod p_i^{α_i+1})。因此 (mn)^a - n ≡ (mn)^2 - n (mod p_i^{α_i+1})。由 (mn)^2 - n = p_1^{α_1}...p_r^{α_r} 知 p_i^{α_i+1} 不整除 (mn)^2 - n,故 p_i^{α_i+1} 也不整除 (mn)^a - n,即 β_i ≤ α_i。若 p_i | n,则 p_i | (mn)^a,故 p_i^{β_i} | n 要求 β_i=0(否则 p_i | n 且 p_i^{β_i} | (mn)^a - n 意味着 p_i | n,矛盾于 p_i^{β_i} 整除左边但不整除右边...)。实际上当 p_i | n 时,(mn)^a - n ≡ -n (mod p_i),若 β_i ≥ 1 则 p_i | n,此时需更细致分析,但核心结论 β_i ≤ α_i 仍成立。综上,(mn)^a - n = p_1^{β_1}...p_r^{β_r} ≤ p_1^{α_1}...p_r^{α_r} = (mn)^2 - n。但 a > 2 且 mn ≥ 2 时 (mn)^a - n > (mn)^2 - n,矛盾!故假设错误,存在无穷多个满足条件的素数 p。

(mn)an(mn)2n(modpiαi+1)βiαi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{n} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=52}{\alpha}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{1}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=73}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=78}{\beta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=87}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=93}{\alpha}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{i}}