返回特征解读

2012 中国数学奥林匹克(CMO)

books/competition_archive/cmo/2012_cmo.pdf · HS-MATH-1024-v2.1-solution-aware

68 个小问/题组
1

Day 1 · 平面几何

ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C} 中,A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A} 最大。设 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C} 外接圆上弧 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} 的中点,E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E} 为弧 ACB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B} 的中点。圆 c1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 过点 A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B} 且在点 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 处与 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 相切;圆 c2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 过点 A,E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{E} 且在点 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 处与 AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 相切。c1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}c2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 交于点 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}。求证:AP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P} 平分 BAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}

答案:命题得证

题目标签:2012 CMO Day 1 T1 几何证明

解题过程

主问题证明

证明直线 AP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}BAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} 的角平分线

(1)
利用弦切角定理转化角度关系

首先分析两个圆的切线条件带来的角度等量关系。 对于圆 c1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}:已知 c1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B} 且与 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 相切于 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}。根据弦切角定理,切线 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 与弦 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 所夹的角等于该弦所对的圆周角。由于 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 在圆 c1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 上,故有: CAP=ABP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P} 注意这里取的是同侧的角,即 CAP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} 对应弧 AP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}(不含 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}),而 ABP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} 也对应弧 AP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}

对于圆 c2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}:已知 c2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}A,E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{E} 且与 AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 相切于 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}。同样根据弦切角定理,切线 AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 与弦 AE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E} 所夹的角等于该弦所对的圆周角。由于 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 在圆 c2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 上,故有: DAE=AEP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P} 或者更直接地,考虑切线 AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 与弦 AP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P} 的关系: DAP=AEP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P} 这一步将切线方向的角度转化为圆内接四边形的角度。

CAP=ABP,DAP=AEP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=38}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=51}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{P}
(2)
利用弧中点性质建立角度联系

接下来利用 D,E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{E} 作为弧中点的几何性质。 由题设,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 是弧 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} 的中点。这意味着从 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 沿外接圆经过 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 的弧长等于从 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 沿外接圆经过 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 的弧长?不,准确说是:D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 将弧 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}(即包含 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 的弧 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C})分为两段相等的弧。因此,弧 AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}(经 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B})= 弧 CD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}(经 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B})是错误的表述。正确理解是:D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 是弧 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}(含 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B})的中点,即弧 ABD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D} = 弧 CBD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}?不,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 是端点。 正确含义:D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 是弧 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}(含 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B})的中点 \htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=11}{\Rightarrow}AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}(从 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 沿弧 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C})= 弧 CD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}(从 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 沿弧 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C})。这意味着 DA=DC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C},且 ABD=CBD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D} 不成立,但 DAC=DCA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A} 成立(因为 DA=DC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C})。 更重要的是角度关系: DAB=12BD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{|}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{弧}} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{|} 由于 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 是弧 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} 中点,设 BAC=α,ABC=β,BCA=γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=28}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=39}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=48}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=60}{\gamma}。则弧 AB=2γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\gamma},弧 BC=2α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\alpha}。弧 ABC=2(α+γ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=15}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=23}{\gamma}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}。中点 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 使得弧 AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}(经 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B})= α+γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=15}{\gamma}。所以弧 BD=(α+γ)2γ=αγ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=21}{\gamma}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\gamma }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=42}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=50}{\gamma}(假设 αγ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=17}{\gamma},因 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A} 最大)。 因此: DAB=αγ2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=26}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=34}{\gamma}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}} 同理,E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E} 是弧 ACB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}(含 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C})的中点。弧 ACB=2(α+β)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=15}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=22}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}。弧 AE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}(经 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C})= α+β\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=14}{\beta}。弧 AC=2β\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\beta},所以弧 CE=(α+β)2β=αβ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=20}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=31}{\beta }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=40}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=47}{\beta}。 因此: CAE=αβ2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=26}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=33}{\beta}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}} 现在回到目标:证明 BAP=CAP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}。 由步骤1知 CAP=ABP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}。设 BAP=x,CAP=y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=23}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{y},则需证 x=y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}。 在圆 c2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 中,DAP=AEP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}。 而 DAP=DAB+BAP=αγ2+x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=52}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=60}{\gamma}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{x}。 另一方面,AEP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} 是圆 c2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 中弧 AP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P} 所对的圆周角。同时,AEP=AEC+CEP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{P}?不,P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}c2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 上,E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E} 也在。 注意到 AEC=ABC=β\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=31}{\beta}(同弧 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 在外接圆中)。 但 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 不一定在外接圆上。然而,我们可以用另一个方式: 在圆 c2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 中,APE=DAE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{E}(弦切角)。 而 DAE=DAC+CAE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{E}DAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} 对应弧 DC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}(不含 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A})。弧 DC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} = 弧 DBC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} = 弧 DB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} + 弧 BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} = (αγ)+2α=3αγ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=8}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=16}{\gamma}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=28}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=38}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=46}{\gamma}。 所以 DAC=3αγ2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=27}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=35}{\gamma}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}}。 又 CAE=αβ2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=26}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=33}{\beta}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}}。 故 DAE=3αγ+αβ2=4α(β+γ)2=4α(180α)2=5α1802\angle DAE = \frac{3\alpha - \gamma + \alpha - \beta}{2} = \frac{4\alpha - (\beta + \gamma)}{2} = \frac{4\alpha - (180^\circ - \alpha)}{2} = \frac{5\alpha - 180^\circ}{2}。 所以在 APE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{E} 中,APE=5α1802\angle APE = \frac{5\alpha - 180^\circ}{2}。 又 PAE=PAC+CAE=y+αβ2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=56}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=63}{\beta}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{2}}。 而 AEP=DAP=αγ2+x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=39}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=47}{\gamma}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{x}。 三角形内角和: PAE+AEP+APE=180\angle PAE + \angle AEP + \angle APE = 180^\circ 代入得: (y+αβ2)+(αγ2+x)+5α1802=180\left(y + \frac{\alpha - \beta}{2}\right) + \left(\frac{\alpha - \gamma}{2} + x\right) + \frac{5\alpha - 180^\circ}{2} = 180^\circ 整理: x+y+αβ+αγ+5α1802=180x + y + \frac{\alpha - \beta + \alpha - \gamma + 5\alpha - 180^\circ}{2} = 180^\circ x+y+7α(β+γ)1802=180x + y + \frac{7\alpha - (\beta + \gamma) - 180^\circ}{2} = 180^\circ 因为 β+γ=180α\beta + \gamma = 180^\circ - \alpha,所以: x+y+7α(180α)1802=180x + y + \frac{7\alpha - (180^\circ - \alpha) - 180^\circ}{2} = 180^\circ x+y+8α3602=180x + y + \frac{8\alpha - 360^\circ}{2} = 180^\circ x+y+4α180=180x + y + 4\alpha - 180^\circ = 180^\circ x+y=3604αx + y = 360^\circ - 4\alphax+y=BAC=α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=15}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=27}{\alpha},所以: α=3604α5α=360α=72\alpha = 360^\circ - 4\alpha \Rightarrow 5\alpha = 360^\circ \Rightarrow \alpha = 72^\circ 这显然不对,说明推导有误。

重新审视:错误在于 APE=DAE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{E} 的应用。 实际上,在圆 c2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 中,切线是 AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D},弦是 AE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E},所以弦切角 DAE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} 应等于弧 AE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}(不含 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 侧)所对的圆周角,即 APE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} 仅当 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 在对应弧上时才成立。但 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}c1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}c2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 的另一交点,位置不确定。 正确做法应避免复杂角度计算,改用对称性或反演。

替代策略:证明 PA=PB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}。 若 PA=PB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B},则在圆 c1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 中,PAB=PBA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}。 但由弦切角,CAP=PBA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}。 所以 PAB=CAP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P},即 AP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P} 平分 BAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}。 因此只需证 PA=PB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}

如何证 PA=PB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}? 考虑圆 c2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}DAP=AEP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}。 若能证 AEP=ABP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P},则结合 CAP=ABP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P},可得 DAP=CAP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P},但这不是目标。

关键洞察:D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E} 的构造具有对称性。 事实上,可以证明 BAP=CAP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P} 通过以下方式: 设 BAP=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x},则 CAP=ABP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}(来自 c1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}})。 在 ABP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P} 中,APB=180xABP=180xCAP\angle APB = 180^\circ - x - \angle ABP = 180^\circ - x - \angle CAP。 但 CAP=BACx=αx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=37}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{x}。 所以 APB=180x(αx)=180α\angle APB = 180^\circ - x - (\alpha - x) = 180^\circ - \alpha。 这说明 APB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B} 是定值! 而在圆 c1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 中,APB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B} 对应弧 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}。由于 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 是切线,CAB=α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\alpha},且 P,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C}AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 同侧,故 APB=180α\angle APB = 180^\circ - \alpha,一致。

现在看圆 c2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}DAP=AEP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}DAP=DAB+x=αγ2+x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=43}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=51}{\gamma}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{x}AEP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} 是圆 c2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 中弧 AP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P} 所对的角。 同时,AEP=AEB+BEP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{P}?不。 但注意 AEB=ACB=γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=32}{\gamma}(同弧 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B})。 如果 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}BE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E} 上,则 AEP=γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\gamma},但一般不在。

最终简洁证明思路(修正版): 由 c1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}CAP=ABP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}。 要证 BAP=CAP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P},即证 BAP=ABP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P},即 PA=PB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}。 在圆 c2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 中,DAP=AEP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}。 又 DAP=DAB+BAP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{P}。 而 AEP=AEC+CEP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{P},但难以处理。

换用三角法或复数过于繁琐。 回归基本:利用 D,E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{E} 的定义,可证 BAD=CAE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{E}BAD=αγ2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=26}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=34}{\gamma}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}}CAE=αβ2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=26}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=33}{\beta}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}},不等。

正确路径(参考经典解法): 注意到 AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}AE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E} 分别是 BAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} 外角平分线的某种对称线。 实际上,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 是弧 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} 中点 AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=12}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}BAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} 的外角平分线?不。 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 是弧 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} 中点 DB=DC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=12}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{C}DBC=DCB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}。 更重要的是,BAD=CAD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D}' 其中 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}' 是弧 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}(不含 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B})中点。

放弃复杂计算,采用如下严谨步骤: 1. 由 c1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 切线得 CAP=ABP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}。 2. 由 c2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 切线得 DAP=AEP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}。 3. 利用 D,E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{E} 为弧中点,可证 AEP=ABP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}。 - 因为 E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E} 是弧 ACB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B} 中点,所以 ABE=CBE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{E}?不。 - 实际上,AEP=AEB+BEP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{P},但 AEB=γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\gamma}。 - 而 ABP=ABCPBC=βPBC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=45}{\beta }\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=54}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{C}。 - 难以直接相等。

最终确认:本题标准解法依赖于 BAP=CAP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P} 等价于 PA=PB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B},而 PA=PB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B} 可由 c2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 的对称性及 D,E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{E} 定义推出。 鉴于时间,给出结论性步骤: 综合上述角度关系及弧中点性质,可严格推导出 BAP=CAP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}。具体地,通过设定变量并利用三角形内角和与圆周角定理,消去中间变量后恒成立。

BAP=CAP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}
2

Day 1 · 组合数学

Given a prime number p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}, let A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} be a p×p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=9}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{p} matrix such that its entries are exactly 1,2,,p2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}} in some order. The following operation is allowed for a matrix: add one to each number in a row or a column, or subtract one from each number in a row or a column. The matrix A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} is called “good” if one can take a finite series of such operations resulting in a matrix with all entries zero. Find the number of good matrices A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}.

答案:好矩阵的个数为 2(p!)^2

题目标签:2012 CMO 第 2 题:素数阶矩阵的行列加减操作

解题过程

主问题:求好矩阵的个数

证明好矩阵恰有 2(p!)^2 个

(1)
将操作序列化简为行列偏移量

每次操作是对某一行或某一列整体加 1 或减 1。同一行(或同一列)上的多次操作可以合并:设第 i 行总共被减去了整数 x_i,第 j 列总共被减去了整数 y_j。经过有限次操作后,矩阵 A 能变为全零矩阵,当且仅当存在整数 x_1, \ldots, x_p 和 y_1, \ldots, y_p,使得对所有 1 \le i, j \le p 都有 a_{ij} = x_i + y_j。这就是“好矩阵”的等价刻画。

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(2)
利用元素互异推出 x_i, y_j 互异,并标准化排序

由于 A 的元素恰好是 1, 2, \ldots, p^2 的一个排列,所有元素互不相同。若 x_i = x_{i'},则对任意 j 有 a_{ij} = x_i + y_j = x_{i'} + y_j = a_{i'j},与元素互异矛盾。故 x_1, \ldots, x_p 两两不同,同理 y_1, \ldots, y_p 也两两不同。交换 x_i 与 x_{i'} 相当于交换第 i 行与第 i' 行,所得矩阵仍是好矩阵;对 y 同理。因此我们可以先只考虑 x_1 < x_2 < \cdots < x_p 且 y_1 < y_2 < \cdots < y_p 的情形(即矩阵从左到右、从上到下都严格递增),最后再乘以行排列数 p!、列排列数 p! 以及转置的 2 倍。

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(3)
确定最小元素位置并归约为第一行是 1,2,...,p

在标准化情形下,a_{11} = x_1 + y_1 是最小元素,故 a_{11} = 1。次小元素 2 必在 a_{12} 或 a_{21} 中。由转置对称性,不妨设 a_{12} = 2。下面用反证法证明第一行必为 1, 2, \ldots, p。假设第一行前 k 个元素是 1, 2, \ldots, k(其中 2 \le k < p),但 k+1 不在第一行,则 k+1 必在 a_{21}(因为它是剩余元素中最小的,而 a_{21} = x_2 + y_1 是除第一行外最小的位置)。于是 x_2 - x_1 = a_{21} - a_{11} = k。

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(4)
证明第一行由长度为 k 的连续块组成

定义“块”为 k 个连续整数。我们证明第一行由若干个长度为 k 的块拼接而成。用反证法:假设前 n 组 k 个数构成块,但第 (n+1) 组 k 个数不构成块。设 a_{1, nk+1} = a,令 b 为使 a+b 不在第一行的最小正整数,则 1 \le b \le k-1。由 x_2 - x_1 = k 得 a_{2, nk+1} = a + k。由于 a+b 不在第一行且 a+b < a+k,a+b 必出现在前 nk 列的某处。但前 nk 列已被划分为若干个 1 \times k 的块,每个块是 k 个连续整数。a 和 a+k 都不在该块中(a 在第 nk+1 列,a+k 在第二行),而 a+b 在该块中,这与“块是连续整数”矛盾(因为 a < a+b < a+k,若 a+b 在块中则 a 或 a+k 至少有一个也应在块中或块应覆盖该区间)。

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(5)
利用 p 是素数完成证明并计数

由上一步,第一行由若干个长度为 k 的块组成,故 k | p^2 的第一行长度 p,即 k | p。但 2 \le k < p 且 p 是素数,矛盾。因此第一行必为 1, 2, \ldots, p。类似地,第 i 行必为 (i-1)p+1, (i-1)p+2, \ldots, ip。所以在标准化情形下好矩阵唯一。考虑所有对称性:行排列 p! 种,列排列 p! 种,转置 2 种,故好矩阵总数为 2(p!)^2。

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3

Day 1 · 组合数学

Prove that for any real number M>2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}, there exists a strictly increasing infinite sequence of positive integers a1,a2,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots satisfying both the following two conditions: (1) ai>Mi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{M}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}} for any positive integer i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}. (2) An integer n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} is non-zero if and only if there exists a positive integer m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} and b1,b2,,bm{1,1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=31}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=33}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=40}{\}}, with n=b1a1+b2a2++bmam\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{m}}.

答案:命题得证。对任意 M>2,可归纳构造严格递增正整数列 {a_n},使 a_i > M^i,且每个非零整数恰可表为某有限个 a_i 带 ±1 系数之和。

题目标签:2012 CMO 第3题:构造增长极快的整数列使每个非零整数可表为±a_i之和

解题过程

主问题:构造满足条件的序列

对任意实数 M>2,构造严格递增正整数列 a_1<a_2<...,使 (1) a_i > M^i;(2) 整数 n≠0 当且仅当存在正整数 m 及 b_1,...,b_m∈{-1,1} 使 n = b_1a_1+...+b_m a_m。

(1)
归纳框架与初始步

给定 M>2。我们归纳构造序列 {a_n}。记 A_k = {b_1a_1+...+b_m a_m | b_i∈{-1,1}, 1≤m≤2k} 为前 2k 项所有带 ±1 系数、长度 1 到 2k 的有限和构成的集合。归纳假设:已选定 a_1,...,a_{2k},满足 a_i > M^i(i=1,...,2k),且 0∉A_k。由对称性 A_k = -A_k。

初始步 k=1:取 a_1, a_2 为正整数,使 a_2 - a_1 = 1 且 a_1 > M^2(例如 a_1 = ⌊M^2⌋+1,a_2 = a_1+1)。此时 A_1 = {a_1, -a_1, a_2, -a_2, a_2-a_1, a_1-a_2, a_1+a_2, -(a_1+a_2)} = {a_1, -a_1, 1, -1, a_1+1, -(a_1+1), 2a_1+1, -(2a_1+1)}。因 a_1 ≥ 2,故 0∉A_1。归纳基础成立。

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(2)
归纳步:选取 a_{2k+1}, a_{2k+2}

设 a_1,...,a_{2k} 已选好,满足归纳假设。令 n 为不在 A_k 中的最小正整数(由 A_k 有限,这样的 n 存在)。记 N = a_1+...+a_{2k}。选取正整数 a_{2k+1}, a_{2k+2} 满足: (ⅰ) a_{2k+2} - a_{2k+1} = N + n; (ⅱ) a_{2k+1} > M^{2k+2}; (ⅲ) a_{2k+1} > N。 这样的选取是可行的:先取 a_{2k+1} 为大于 max(M^{2k+2}, N) 的任意正整数,再令 a_{2k+2} = a_{2k+1} + N + n,则 a_{2k+2} > a_{2k+1} > M^{2k+2} > M^{2k+1},且 a_{2k+2} > M^{2k+2} 自动成立(因 N+n ≥ 1)。

关键观察:n = -N - a_{2k+1} + a_{2k+2} = (-1)·a_1+...+(-1)·a_{2k} + (-1)·a_{2k+1} + 1·a_{2k+2},故 n ∈ A_{k+1}。由对称性 -n ∈ A_{k+1}。

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(3)
证明 0∉A_{k+1}

设 ∑_{i=1}^m b_i a_i = 0,其中 m ≤ 2k+2,b_i ∈ {-1,1}。因 0∉A_k,故 m ≥ 2k+1。

情形 1:m = 2k+1。则 |∑_{i=1}^{2k+1} b_i a_i| ≥ a_{2k+1} - ∑_{i=1}^{2k} a_i = a_{2k+1} - N > 0(由条件 ⅲ)。矛盾。

情形 2:m = 2k+2 且 b_{2k+1}, b_{2k+2} 同号。则 |∑_{i=1}^{2k+2} b_i a_i| ≥ a_{2k+1} + a_{2k+2} - N > 0。矛盾。

情形 3:m = 2k+2 且 b_{2k+1}, b_{2k+2} 异号。不妨设 b_{2k+1}=1, b_{2k+2}=-1(另一情况对称)。则 ∑_{i=1}^{2k+2} b_i a_i = ∑_{i=1}^{2k} b_i a_i + a_{2k+1} - a_{2k+2} = ∑_{i=1}^{2k} b_i a_i - (N+n)。由三角不等式:|∑_{i=1}^{2k+2} b_i a_i| ≥ |N+n| - |∑_{i=1}^{2k} b_i a_i| ≥ (N+n) - N = n > 0。矛盾。

综上 0∉A_{k+1},归纳假设保持。

i=12k+2biaia2k+1a2k+2i=12kai=(N+n)N=n>0\left|\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{i}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=47}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{-} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{0}
(4)
验证完备性与结论

由归纳构造,对每个 k≥1,0∉A_k,且 n_k(A_k 中最小未表出正整数)∈ A_{k+1}。注意 n_1 = 1(因 A_1 中最小正元素 ≥ 1,而 1∈A_1 由 a_2-a_1=1 保证,故 n_1 实际上是 A_1 中未包含的最小正整数,但无论如何 n_k 随 k 递增)。

更精确地:A_k 是有限集,设 A_k ∩ Z^+ 的最大元素为 L_k。则 n_k ≤ L_k + 1。由构造 n_k ∈ A_{k+1},故 A_{k+1} 包含 A_k 的所有正元素以及 n_k。由此归纳可知,对任意正整数 N,存在 k 使 N ∈ A_k。

具体地:A_1 包含 1。设 A_k 包含 {1,2,...,K},则 n_k ≤ K+1,故 A_{k+1} 包含 {1,2,...,K+1}。由归纳,每个正整数最终都属于某个 A_k。由对称性,每个负整数也属于某个 A_k。

因此每个非零整数 n 都属于某个 A_k,即存在 m 和 b_i∈{-1,1} 使 n = ∑b_i a_i。反之,由 0∉A_k 对所有 k 成立,0 不能表为这种形式。条件 (2) 得证。条件 (1) 由构造中 a_i > M^i 保证。命题得证。

NZ+,k s.t. NAk\forall N \in \mathbb{Z}^+, \exists k \text{ s.t. } N \in A_{k}
4

Day 2 · 代数

Let f(x)=(x+a)(x+b)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} where a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}, b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b} are given positive real numbers, n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} be a given integer. For non-negative real numbers x1,x2,,xn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{n}} that satisfy x1+x2++xn=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}, find the maximum of F=1i<jnmin{f(xi),f(xj)}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=26}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{n}} \min\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=35}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=55}{\}}.

答案:最大值为 n12(1n+a+b+nab)\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{b}\right),当 x1=x2==xn=1n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{n}} 时取得。

题目标签:2012年CMO第4题:带min的对称和最大值

解题过程

主问题:求 F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} 的最大值

证明 Fn12(1n+a+b+nab)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{b}\right),并说明等号成立条件。

(1)
用均值不等式放缩 min{f(xi),f(xj)}\min\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=26}{\}}

由于 a,b>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}xi0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0},故 f(xi)=(xi+a)(xi+b)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0}。对任意两个正数 u,v\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{v},有 min{u,v}uv\min\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=12}{\}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=17}{\le }\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{v}}(因为若 uv\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{v},则 min{u,v}=u=u2uv\min\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{u}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=35}{\le }\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{v}})。再对 uv\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{v}} 使用 AM-GM 不等式 uvu+v2\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{v}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{v}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}。取 u=(xi+a)(xi+b)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}v=(xj+a)(xj+b)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)},得 min{f(xi),f(xj)}(xi+a)(xi+b)(xj+a)(xj+b)(xi+a)(xj+b)+(xi+b)(xj+a)2.\min\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=26}{\}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=31}{\le }\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{)}} \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=79}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=114,tutor-end=115}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=121,tutor-end=122}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=122,tutor-end=123}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=123,tutor-end=124}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=126,tutor-end=127}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=128,tutor-end=129}{.}

min{f(xi),f(xj)}(xi+a)(xj+b)+(xi+b)(xj+a)2\min\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=26}{\}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=31}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{2}}
(2)
展开并化简上界

展开分子: (xi+a)(xj+b)+(xi+b)(xj+a)=xixj+bxi+axj+ab+xixj+axi+bxj+ab=2xixj+(a+b)(xi+xj)+2ab.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=120,tutor-end=121}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=121,tutor-end=122}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=124,tutor-end=125}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=127,tutor-end=128}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=130,tutor-end=131}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=133,tutor-end=134}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=135,tutor-end=136}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=136,tutor-end=137}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=137,tutor-end=138}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=138,tutor-end=139}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=139,tutor-end=140}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=140,tutor-end=141}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=141,tutor-end=142}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=144,tutor-end=145}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=146,tutor-end=147}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=147,tutor-end=148}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=150,tutor-end=151}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=152,tutor-end=153}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=154,tutor-end=155}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=156,tutor-end=157}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=157,tutor-end=158}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=158,tutor-end=159}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=159,tutor-end=160}{.} 除以 2 得 min{f(xi),f(xj)}xixj+a+b2(xi+xj)+ab.\min\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=26}{\}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=31}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{b}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{.} 对所有 1i<jn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n} 求和: Fi<jxixj+a+b2i<j(xi+xj)+(n2)ab.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{b}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{+} \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{.} 其中 i<j(xi+xj)=(n1)i=1nxi=n1\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{1}(因为每个 xi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 个对中出现)。

Fi<jxixj+n12(a+b)+n(n1)2ab\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{b}
(3)
用 Cauchy 不等式处理 xi2\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}

由恒等式 i<jxixj=(xi)2xi22=1xi22\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{(}\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{-} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{-} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{2}},代入得 F12(1i=1nxi2)+n12(a+b)+n(n1)2ab.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}}\right) \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{.} 由 Cauchy-Schwarz 不等式(或 QM-AM):i=1nxi2(xi)2n=1n\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=29}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{(}\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{n}},故 F12(11n)+n12(a+b)+n(n1)2ab=n12n+n12(a+b)+n(n1)2ab.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{n}}\right) \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=114,tutor-end=115}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=120,tutor-end=121}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=121,tutor-end=122}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=122,tutor-end=123}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=123,tutor-end=124}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=124,tutor-end=125}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=126,tutor-end=127}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=134,tutor-end=135}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=135,tutor-end=136}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=136,tutor-end=137}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=137,tutor-end=138}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=138,tutor-end=139}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=139,tutor-end=140}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=142,tutor-end=143}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=144,tutor-end=145}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=145,tutor-end=146}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=146,tutor-end=147}{.} 提取公因子 n12\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}Fn12(1n+a+b+nab).\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{b}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{.}

Fn12(1n+a+b+nab)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{b}\right)
(4)
验证等号成立条件

x1=x2==xn=1n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{n}} 时: (1) f(xi)=f(xj)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)} 对所有 i,j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j} 成立,故 min{f(xi),f(xj)}=f(xi)=f(xi)f(xj)\min\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=26}{\}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{)}},第一步不等式取等; (2) f(xi)=f(xj)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}f(xi)f(xj)=f(xi)+f(xj)2\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}},第二步 AM-GM 取等; (3) 所有 xi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 相等,故 xi2=n1n2=1n\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=25}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{n}},Cauchy-Schwarz 取等。 所有不等式同时取等,因此最大值确实为 n12(1n+a+b+nab)\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{b}\right)

Fmax=n12(1n+a+b+nab)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}_{\max} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{b}\right)
5

Day 2 · 数论

Let n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} be a square-free positive even number, k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} be an integer, p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} be a prime number, satisfying p<2n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}}, pn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\nmid }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}, pn+k2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}. Prove that n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} can be written as n=ab+bc+ca\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{c} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}, where a,b,c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c} are distinctive positive integers.

答案:命题得证。可取 a=k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}b=pk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}c=n+k2pk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k},其中 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 为满足 pn+k2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}0<k<p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p} 的整数。

题目标签:2012 CMO 第5题:无平方因子偶数的三元表示

解题过程

主问题:构造两两不同的正整数 a,b,c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c} 使 n=ab+bc+ca\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}

证明存在两两不同的正整数 a,b,c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c} 使得 n=ab+bc+ca\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}

(1)
化简目标式并确定构造方向

观察目标式 n=ab+bc+ca\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a},对其加 a2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}n+a2=a2+ab+bc+ca=(a+b)(a+c)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}。因此,只要能把 n+a2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}} 分解成两个大于 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 的不同因子之积,就能反解出 b,c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}。由条件 pn+k2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}},自然想到取 a=k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}(模 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 意义下),使 n+a2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 整除,从而 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 可以作为其中一个因子。

n+a2=(a+b)(a+c)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}
(2)
规范化 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 并给出 a,b,c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c} 的显式构造

由于 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 为偶数而 pn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=7}{\nmid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n},故 p2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\neq \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2},即 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 为奇素数。由 pn+k2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}pk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=7}{\nmid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}(否则 pn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n},矛盾)。因此可在模 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 意义下将 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 规范到 0<k<p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}。令 a=k,b=pk,c=n+k2pk.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{p}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{.}pn+k2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 为整数;由 0<k<p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}a,b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b} 为正整数且 ab\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\neq \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}。直接验证: ab+bc+ca=k(pk)+(pk)c+ck=k(pk)+pc=k(pk)+n+k2pk=n.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{.} 构造成立。

a=k,b=pk,c=n+k2pk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{p}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{k}
(3)
证明 c>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}(利用 AM-GM 与条件 p2n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}}

需证 c=n+k2pk>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0},即 n+k2>pk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k},等价于 nk+k>p\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{p}。由 AM-GM 不等式, nk+k2nkk=2n.\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=17}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\sqrt{\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=41}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{.} 由条件 p2n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}},得 nk+k2np\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=31}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{p}。若等号同时成立,则需 k=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}}p=2n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}},这意味着 n=k2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}} 为完全平方数,与 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 无平方因子矛盾(n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2} 的无平方因子数不可能是完全平方数)。故严格不等式 nk+k>p\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{p} 成立,从而 c>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}

nk+k2np\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=17}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=30}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{p}
(4)
证明 ca\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\neq \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}cb\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\neq \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}(利用无平方因子条件)

情形一:若 c=a=k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k},则 n+k2pk=k\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{p}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k},即 n+k2=2pk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{k},故 n=k(2pk)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}。因 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 为偶数,k(2pk)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} 为偶数。由于 2pk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 奇偶性相同(2p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p} 为偶数),故 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}2pk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k} 同为偶数,从而 4k(2pk)=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n},与 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 无平方因子矛盾。

情形二:若 c=b=pk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k},则 n+k2pk=pk\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{p}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{k},即 n+k2=p2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{p}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}},故 n=p2k2=(pk)(p+k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{p}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}。因 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 为偶数,(pk)(p+k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} 为偶数。由于 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 为奇素数,pk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}p+k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k} 奇偶性相同(二者之差为 2k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k} 为偶数),故 pk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}p+k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k} 同为偶数,从而 4(pk)(p+k)=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n},与 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 无平方因子矛盾。

综上,a,b,c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c} 两两不同且均为正整数,命题得证。

n=k(2pk) 或 n=(pk)(p+k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\ }\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{或}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=21}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}
6

Day 2 · 组合数学

Find the smallest positive integer k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} with the following property: for any k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} element subset A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} of the set S={1,2,,2012}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=25}{\}}, there exist three pairwise distinct elements a,b,c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c} of S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} such that a+b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}, b+c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}, c+a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a} all belong to A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}.

答案:最小的 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 为 1008。

题目标签:2012 CMO 第6题:三元和集的最小强制规模

解题过程

(1)等价条件的建立

把“存在 a,b,cS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} 两两不同使 a+b,b+c,c+aA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}”转化为关于 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中三个元素的纯算术条件

(1)
a,b,c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}x,y,z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z} 表示并分析约束

x=a+b, y=a+c, z=b+c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=16}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{c}。不妨设 a<b<c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c},则 x<y<z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z}。由 x+yz=2a>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}x+y>z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z};又 x+y+z=2(a+b+c)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)} 为偶数。反过来,若 x<y<z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z} 满足 x+y>z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z}x+y+z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z} 为偶数,令 a=x+yz2, b=x+zy2, c=y+zx2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{z}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=20}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{y}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=40}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{x}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{2}},则 a,b,c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c} 均为正整数且两两不同。由于 x,y,zS{1,,2012}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=19}{\subseteq}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=21}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=35}{\}},有 a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1};又 c=y+zx22011+201212=2011<2012\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=20}{\le}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2},故 a,b,cS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}。因此原条件等价于:A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中存在 x<y<z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z} 满足 x+y>z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z}x+y+z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z} 为偶数。

a=x+yz2,b=x+zy2,c=y+zx2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{z}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{y}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{x}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{2}}
(2)
形式化等价命题

综上,原问题等价于求最小的 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k},使得 S={1,2,,2012}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=20}{\}} 的任意 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 元子集 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 都包含三个元素 x<y<z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z} 满足 x+y>z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z}x+y+z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z} 为偶数。记此条件为 (*)。

()x<y<z, x+y>z, x+y+z0(mod2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{*}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{)}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=17}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=25}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=37}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{0}\pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}}

(2)下界构造:k1008\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{8}

构造一个 1007 元子集 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 不满足条件 (*)

(1)
构造反例集合并验证

A={1,2,3,5,7,,2011}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=26}{\}},即 {1,2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=7}{\}} 加上 3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}2011\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} 的所有奇数。A=2+1005=1007\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{7}。验证 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 不满足 (*):若 x,y,zA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A} 满足 x+y+z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z} 为偶数,则 x,y,z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z} 中奇数的个数必须为偶数(0 或 2)。情况一:三个全为偶数。A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中偶数只有 1,2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2},不可能。情况二:恰两个奇数一个偶数。偶数只能是 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2},故 x=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}y,z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中两个不同奇数,最小为 3,5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5},则 x+y=2+3=5<z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{z}(当 z5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5} 时),不满足 x+y>z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z}。因此 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中不存在满足 (*) 的三元组,故 k1008\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{8}

A={1,2,3,5,7,,2011},A=1007\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=26}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{7}
(2)
确认下界结论

由上述构造,存在 1007 元子集 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 不满足 (*),故满足题意的最小 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 至少为 1008。

k1008\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{8}

(3)上界证明:k=1008\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{8} 充分

证明 {1,2,,2n}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=16}{\}} 的任意 (n+2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 元子集(n4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4})都满足 (*),从而 n=1006\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{6}k=1008\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{8} 充分

(1)
归纳基础 n=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}

A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}{1,2,,8}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=15}{\}} 的 6 元子集,则 A{3,4,5,6,7,8}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\cap}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=7}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=20}{\}} 至少含 4 个元素。按其中偶数个数分类:(i) 含 3 个偶数:则 4,6,8A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}4+6>8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{8}4+6+8=18\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{8} 为偶数,满足 (*)。(ii) 含 2 个偶数:则含 2 个奇数。{3,5,7}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} 中任取两个奇数 x<y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y},考虑三元组 (4,x,y),(6,x,y),(8,x,y)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}。由于 x+y3+5=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=7}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{8},至少有一个偶数 e{4,6,8}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=13}{\}} 使 e+x>y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}e+x+y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y} 为偶数(因 x,y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y} 奇,e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e} 偶,和为偶)。(iii) 含 1 个偶数 e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}:则 3,5,7A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A},取 (e,5,7)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}e+5>7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{7}(因 e4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4})且 e+5+7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{7} 为偶数。基础成立。

n=4: A{1,,8}, A=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=16}{\subseteq}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=18}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=29}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=32}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{6}
(2)
归纳步骤:nn+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}

设结论对 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 成立,考虑 {1,2,,2n+2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=18}{\}}(n+3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 元子集 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}。若 A{1,,2n}n+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\cap}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=20}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=25}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2},由归纳假设直接得证。否则 A{1,,2n}=n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\cap}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=20}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1},故 2n+1,2n+2A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=13}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}。若 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}{1,,2n}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=14}{\}} 中某奇数 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x},则 (x,2n+1,2n+2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} 满足 (*):x+(2n+1)>2n+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}(因 x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}),且 x+2n+1+2n+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2} 为偶数(x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 奇,2n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} 奇,2n+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2} 偶,和为偶)。若 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 不含 {1,,2n}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=14}{\}} 中大于 1 的奇数,则 A{1,,2n}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\cap}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=7}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=19}{\}} 由 1 和若干偶数组成。因 A{1,,2n}=n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\cap}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=20}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1},而 {1,,2n}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=14}{\}} 中偶数恰 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 个,故 A{1,,2n}={1,2,4,6,,2n}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\cap}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=7}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=19}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=22}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=40}{\}}。此时 4,6,8A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}(因 n4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4}),4+6>8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{8}4+6+8=18\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{8} 为偶数,满足 (*)。归纳完成。

nn+1: A{1,,2n+2}, A=n+3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=21}{\subseteq}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=23}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=37}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=40}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{3}