返回特征解读

2015 中国数学奥林匹克(CMO)

books/competition_archive/cmo/2015_cmo.pdf · HS-MATH-1024-v2.1-solution-aware

66 个小问/题组
1

Day 1 · 代数

Let z1,z2,,zn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\ldots}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{n}} be complex numbers satisfying zi1r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{r} for some r(0,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}. Show that i=1nzii=1n1zin2(1r2).\left|\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=40}{\cdot }\left|\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{n}} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{i}}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=88}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{.}

答案:命题得证。

题目标签:2015 CMO Day 1 第 1 题:复数模不等式

解题过程

主问题:证明复数模乘积不等式

zi1r<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1} 条件下,证明 zi1zin2(1r2)\left|\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=30}{\cdot }\left|\sum \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{i}}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=68}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{)}

(1)
第一步:平移换元,将条件化为 wir\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{r},并分析 zi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 的实部下界

wi=zi1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1},则条件变为 wir\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{r},且 zi=1+wi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{i}}。由于 r<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1},每个 zi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 都落在以 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} 为圆心、r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r} 为半径的圆盘内,该圆盘不经过原点,因此 zi0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \ne \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}1zi\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}}} 有意义。

由三角不等式,wir\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{r} 蕴含 Re(wi)wir\operatorname{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{e}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=29}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=42}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{r},从而 Re(zi)=1+Re(wi)1r>0.\operatorname{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{e}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+} \operatorname{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{e}}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=60}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{.}

wi=zi1,wir,Re(zi)1r>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=36}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{,}\quad \operatorname{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{e}}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=73}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{0}
(2)
第二步:对每个 zi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 建立关键不等式 zi1zi1r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=14}{\cdot }\left|\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{i}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=51}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{r}

对每个 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i},计算 1zi1=1zizi=wizi.\left|\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=} \left|\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{i}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{i}}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{|}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{|}}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{.} 因此 zi1zi1=wir.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=14}{\cdot }\left|\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{i}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=61}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{.} 这是本题的核心观察:虽然 zi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}1zi1\left|\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\right| 各自可能较大,但它们的乘积被 r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r} 控制。

zi1zi1=wir\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=14}{\cdot }\left|\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{i}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=61}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{r}
(3)
第三步:利用复数模的三角不等式建立 zi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}1zi\left|\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}}\right| 的下界关系

由第二步,1zi1rzi\left|\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=37}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{r}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{|}}。由三角不等式, 1zi11zi11rzi.\left|\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=33}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-} \left|\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{i}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{1}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=74}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{r}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{|}}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{.} 两边乘以 zi>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0},得 1zir,zi1+r.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \quad \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{即}} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=52}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{.} 这给出了 zi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} 的上界。但我们需要的是下界关系。重新整理: 1zi1rzi=zirzi.\left|\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=33}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{r}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{|}} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{r}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{|}}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{.} 因此 zi1zizir.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=14}{\cdot }\left|\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{i}}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=47}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{.}

1zizirzi,zi1zizir\left|\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=33}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{r}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{|}}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=82}{\cdot }\left|\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{i}}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=115}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=121,tutor-end=122}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=123,tutor-end=124}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=125,tutor-end=126}{r}
(4)
第四步:使用柯西-施瓦茨不等式完成证明

由柯西-施瓦茨不等式(复数形式), i=1nzii=1n1zii=1nzi1zi2=i=1n12=n2.\left|\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=40}{\cdot }\left|\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{n}} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{i}}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=88}{\ge }\left|\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=121}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=127,tutor-end=128}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=130,tutor-end=131}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=133,tutor-end=134}{i}}}\right|^{\htmlData{tutor-start=145,tutor-end=146}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=148,tutor-end=149}{=} \left|\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=162,tutor-end=163}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=163,tutor-end=164}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=164,tutor-end=165}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=168,tutor-end=169}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=171,tutor-end=172}{1}\right|^{\htmlData{tutor-start=181,tutor-end=182}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=184,tutor-end=185}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=186,tutor-end=187}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=189,tutor-end=190}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=191,tutor-end=192}{.} 但这只给出 n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}},我们需要 n2(1r2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}。需要更精细的估计。

重新考虑:令 S=i=1nzi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{i}}T=i=1n1zi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{i}}}。我们需要证明 STn2(1r2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}

由第一步,zi=1+wi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{i}}wir\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{r}。则 S=i=1n(1+wi)=n+i=1nwi.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{.} 由三角不等式,Snwinwinnr=n(1r)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \left|\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{i}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=40}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=61}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{)}

类似地,1zi=11+wi\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{i}}}。由第二步,1zi1=wizirzi\left|\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{|}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{|}} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=63}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{r}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{|}}

zi1r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{r},得 1zi1r1r\left|\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=37}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{r}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{r}}

因此 T=i=1n1zini=1n1zi1nnr1r=n12r1r.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \left|\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{n}} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{i}}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=54}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{-} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{n}} \left|\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{i}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{1}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=110}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=114,tutor-end=115}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=122}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=128,tutor-end=129}{r}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=131,tutor-end=132}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=133,tutor-end=134}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=135,tutor-end=136}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=138,tutor-end=139}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=140,tutor-end=141}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=142,tutor-end=148}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=154,tutor-end=155}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=156,tutor-end=157}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=158,tutor-end=159}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=159,tutor-end=160}{r}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=162,tutor-end=163}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=164,tutor-end=165}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=166,tutor-end=167}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=168,tutor-end=169}{.}

r<12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}} 时,Tn12r1r>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=16}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{r}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{0},从而 STn(1r)n12r1r=n2(12r).\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=33}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=41}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{r}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{.} 但这仍不是 n2(1r2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}

需要更精确的方法。考虑使用恒等式: zi2=zi2+2Rei<jzizj.\left|\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}}\right|^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}\operatorname{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{e}}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{i}} \overline{\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{j}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{.}

实际上,更简洁的方法是直接利用第二步的结论。由 zi1zi1r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=14}{\cdot }\left|\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{i}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=51}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{r},得 1zizirzi=1rzi.\left|\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=33}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{r}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{|}} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{r}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{|}}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{.}

由柯西-施瓦茨不等式, (i=1nzi)(i=1n1zi)n2.\left(\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{|}\right)\left(\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{n}} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{|}}\right) \htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=85}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{.}

但我们需要的是 zi\left|\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}}\right| 而非 zi\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|}。由三角不等式,zizi\left|\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=28}{\le }\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{|},这方向不对。

正确方法:考虑 zi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 的辐角。由 zi1r<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}zi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 落在以 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} 为圆心、r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r} 为半径的圆盘内,该圆盘完全在右半平面。因此所有 zi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 的辐角 θi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} 满足 θiarcsin(r)<π2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=7}{\theta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=17}{\le }\arcsin\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{<} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=39}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}}

由辐角限制,Re(zi)=zicosθizi1r2\operatorname{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{e}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{|}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=44}{\theta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=53}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{|}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{2}}}(因为 cosθi1r2\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\theta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\ge }\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}}})。

因此 ziRe(zi)=Re(zi)1r2zi.\left|\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=28}{\ge }\operatorname{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{e}}\left(\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{i}}\right) \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{=} \sum \operatorname{\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{e}}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=105}{\ge }\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=112}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{2}}} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=127,tutor-end=128}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=128,tutor-end=129}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=131,tutor-end=132}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=133,tutor-end=134}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=134,tutor-end=135}{.}

类似地,1zi=zizi2\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \frac{\overline{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{i}}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}}},其辐角为 θi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=7}{\theta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}},故 1ziRe(1zi)=Re(zi)zi21r21zi.\left|\sum \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{i}}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=38}{\ge }\operatorname{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{e}}\left(\sum \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{i}}}\right) \htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{=} \sum \frac{\operatorname{\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=117,tutor-end=118}{e}}\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=120,tutor-end=121}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=123,tutor-end=124}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=125,tutor-end=126}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=128,tutor-end=129}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=129,tutor-end=130}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=132,tutor-end=133}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=134,tutor-end=135}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=137,tutor-end=138}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=141,tutor-end=145}{\ge }\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=151,tutor-end=152}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=153,tutor-end=154}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=155,tutor-end=156}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=158,tutor-end=159}{2}}} \sum \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=173,tutor-end=174}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=176,tutor-end=177}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=177,tutor-end=178}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=180,tutor-end=181}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=182,tutor-end=183}{|}}\htmlData{tutor-start=184,tutor-end=185}{.}

因此 zi1zi(1r2)(zi)(1zi)(1r2)n2=n2(1r2).\left|\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=30}{\cdot }\left|\sum \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{i}}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=68}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{)} \left(\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{|}\right)\left(\sum \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=122,tutor-end=123}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=125,tutor-end=126}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=126,tutor-end=127}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=129,tutor-end=130}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=131,tutor-end=132}{|}}\right) \htmlData{tutor-start=141,tutor-end=145}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=145,tutor-end=146}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=146,tutor-end=147}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=148,tutor-end=149}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=150,tutor-end=151}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=153,tutor-end=154}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=155,tutor-end=156}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=157,tutor-end=163}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=163,tutor-end=164}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=166,tutor-end=167}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=169,tutor-end=170}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=171,tutor-end=172}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=174,tutor-end=175}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=176,tutor-end=177}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=177,tutor-end=178}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=179,tutor-end=180}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=181,tutor-end=182}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=184,tutor-end=185}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=186,tutor-end=187}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=187,tutor-end=188}{.}

i=1nzii=1n1zin2(1r2)\left|\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=40}{\cdot }\left|\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{n}} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{i}}}\right| \htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=88}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{)}
2

Day 1 · 平面几何

Let A,B,D,E,F,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{C} be six points lie on a circle (in order) satisfy AB=AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}. Let P=ADBE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{E}, R=AFCE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{E}, Q=BFCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}, S=ADBF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{F}, T=AFCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}. Let K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} be a point lie on ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} satisfy QKS=ECA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}. Prove that SKKT=PQQR\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{T}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{R}}.

答案:命题得证。

题目标签:2015年CMO第2题:圆内接六边形与线段比例

解题过程

主问题证明

证明在给定条件下,点 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 分割线段 ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 的比等于线段 PQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}QR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{R} 的比。

(1)
利用对称性分析图形结构

首先观察题设条件 AB=AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}。由于 A,B,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C} 均在圆上,这意味着弧 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 等于弧 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}。结合六点顺序 A,B,D,E,F,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{C},可知图形关于过点 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的直径(或 BAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} 的角平分线)具有某种对称性基础。虽然 D,E,F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{F} 的位置是任意的,但 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 的对称地位暗示了涉及 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 的交点与涉及 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 的交点之间存在对应关系。具体地,定义映射 σ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\sigma} 为关于直线 AO\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O}O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 为圆心)的反射。则 σ(B)=C,σ(C)=B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\sigma}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\sigma}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{B}。若我们将 D,E,F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{F} 视为一般位置,这种对称性主要体现在由 B,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C} 生成的交点结构上。例如,S=ADBF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{F}T=AFCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D} 在形式上是对称的(交换 B,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C} 且保持 D,F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{F} 角色互换?不完全是,注意 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}AD,BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F},而 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}AF,CD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D}。这里 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 对应 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} 对应 F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F},但连线交叉了)。更准确地说,考虑完全四边形或帕斯卡定理的背景。

AB=AC    AB=ACAB = AC \implies \overset{\frown}{AB} = \overset{\frown}{AC}
(2)
识别关键共圆点与角度传递

我们需要建立 QKS=ECA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A} 这一条件与线段比例的联系。首先分析 ECA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}。由于 A,B,C,E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} 共圆,ECA=EBA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}。再看 QKS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S},点 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 上,Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}BFCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D}。这提示我们考察点 Q,K,S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S} 构成的三角形或与周围点的关系。注意到 S=ADBF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{F}Q=BFCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D},所以 S,Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q} 都在直线 BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 上。因此 QKS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} 实际上是直线 BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 与线段 KS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S} 的夹角(或者是其补角,取决于 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 的位置)。等等,S,Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q} 共线于 BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F},那么 QKS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} 就是 (BF,KS)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}。题目给出 QKS=ECA=EBA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{A}。这意味着 KS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S}BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 的夹角等于 EBA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}。又因为 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 上,这强烈暗示 KSBE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E} 或者 K,S,B,E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} 有某种特殊共圆关系。让我们验证 KSBE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E} 的可能性。如果 KSBE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E},则 QKS=(BF,BE)=EBF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=38}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{F}(同位角或内错角)。而 EBF=EBA+ABF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{F}。这与 ECA=EBA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A} 不完全匹配,除非 ABF=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}F=B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B},但这不可能。重新审视:QKS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}QKS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S} 的内角吗?Q,S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S}BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 上,所以 QS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S} 是直线 BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 的一部分。K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 上。所以 QKS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} 是直线 ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T}BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 的夹角?不,K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 是顶点,Q,S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S} 是边上点。因为 Q,S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S} 共线,所以 QKS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} 退化为 0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}180180^\circ?不对,K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 不在 BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 上(一般情况下)。S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 上,Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 上。所以射线 KQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}KS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S} 分别指向 BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 上的两点。这意味着 QKS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} 就是 (KQ,KS)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}。但由于 Q,S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S} 在同一直线上,KQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}KS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S} 是同一条直线(如果 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 也在 BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 上)或者构成一个以 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 为顶点、底边在 BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 上的角。实际上,因为 S,Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q} 都在直线 BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 上,向量 KQ\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{Q}}KS\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}} 的方向要么相同要么相反。如果 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 不在 BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 上,则 QKS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} 只能是 00^\circ180180^\circ,这显然不合理。**修正理解**:题面中 S=ADBF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{F}Q=BFCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}。确实 S,Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q} 都在 BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 上。那么 QKS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} 如何定义?通常几何题中若三点中有两点共线且第三点不在此线上,角是有定义的。但这里 Q,S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S} 是角的两边上的点,顶点是 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}。如果 Q,S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S} 重合,角无定义;如果不重合,则 K,Q,S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S} 构成三角形,QKS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} 是顶角。但是 Q,S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S} 在直线 BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 上,所以边 KQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}KS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S} 是从 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 到直线 BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 上两点的连线。这个角的大小取决于 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 的垂足位置以及 Q,S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S} 的相对位置。然而,还有一个可能性:我是否看错了点的定义?S=ADBF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{F}Q=BFCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}。没错。也许 QKS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} 指的是 (KQ,KS)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)},而由于 Q,S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S} 共线,这等价于说 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 对线段 QS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S} 的张角。但这仍然依赖于 Q,S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S} 的具体位置。让我们换个角度:也许 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 的位置使得 K,S,Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{Q} 有特殊关系。或者,是否存在笔误?比如 SKQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{Q}?不,是一样的。再读题:QKS=ECA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}。注意 ECA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A} 是一个固定的圆周角。这暗示 QKS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} 也是定值。考虑到 S,Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q}BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 上滑动(随 D,F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{F} 变化),但 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 被约束在 ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 上。这可能意味着 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 是某个特定交点。让我们尝试证明 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 其实是 ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 与某条特定线的交点。回顾经典结论:在圆内接六边形 ABCDEF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F} 中,若 AB=AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C},则 AD,BE,CF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F} 共点?不一定。但本题涉及的是 ADBE=P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{P}AFCE=R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{R}BFCD=Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{Q}。这三个点 P,Q,R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{R} 似乎有共线关系?或者 P,Q,R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{R}S,T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T} 有关系。事实上,这是一个著名的构型:当 AB=AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C} 时,P,Q,R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{R} 三点共线,且该线平行于 ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T}?或者有某种调和比。让我们先不预设结论,而是从角度条件出发。假设 QKS=ECA=α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=32}{\alpha}。因为 S,QBF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{F},所以 (KS,BF)=α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=24}{\alpha}180α180^\circ - \alpha(取决于方向)。另一方面,EBA=α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\alpha}。所以 (KS,BF)=EBA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=25}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{A}。注意到 BE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 的夹角正是 EBF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}。如果 KSBE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E},则 (KS,BF)=(BE,BF)=EBF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=25}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=43}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{F}。这要求 EBF=EBA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A},即 F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}BA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} 延长线上,不可能。所以 KS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S} 不平行于 BE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}。那是什么?可能是 K,S,B,E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} 四点共圆?若共圆,则 QKS=KBS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{S}(外角等于内对角?不,Q,S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S} 在直线上,QKS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} 不是圆周角)。让我们放弃纯角度追逐,转向射影几何或复数法可能更有效,但作为中学题解,应寻找综合法。关键洞察:S=ADBF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{F}T=AFCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}。考虑完全四边形 ABDF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{F}ACDF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{F}。实际上,S,T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T} 是两个完全四边形的对角线交点相关点。更重要的是,P=ADBE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{E}R=AFCE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{E}。注意 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 上,S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 也在 AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 上,所以 P,S,A,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} 共线。同理 R,T,A,F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F} 共线。现在看 AST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{T}APR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{R}?不直接相似。但考虑 PAS=RAD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D}(公共角)。我们需要联系 PQ/QR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{R}Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}BFCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D}P,Q,R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{R} 是否共线?在 AB=AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C} 条件下,可以证明 P,Q,R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{R} 共线。这是本题的核心引理。一旦 P,Q,R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{R} 共线,则 PQ/QR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{R} 是有意义的线段比。接下来,需证 SK/KT=PQ/QR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{R}。这提示 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 可能是 ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 上使得 SKQTKR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\sim }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=29}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{R} 或类似比例的点。结合角度条件 QKS=ECA=EBA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{A},以及 P,Q,R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{R} 共线,或许能导出 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T}PR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{R}(即 PQR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{R} 线)的某种投影或交点。但 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 上,而 P,Q,R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{R} 共线设为 \htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ell}。若 K=ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\ell},则 K,Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q} 都在 \htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ell} 上,S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 不在,那么 QKS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} 就是 \htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ell}ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 的夹角。此时条件变为:ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T}PQR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{R} 线的夹角等于 ECA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}。这需要验证。综上,解题路径分为两步:1. 证明 P,Q,R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{R} 共线;2. 证明当 K=STPR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{R} 时,满足 QKS=ECA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A},且此时比例成立。

ECA=EBA,S,QBF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=40}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{F}
(3)
证明 P, Q, R 共线并建立比例关系

**引理1**:P,Q,R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{R} 三点共线。 证明:考虑圆内接六边形 ABFCDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{E}(注意顶点顺序调整为适配帕斯卡定理)。帕斯卡定理指出,三组对边交点共线。六边形 ABFCDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{E} 的对边为:(AB,CD)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}(BF,DE)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}(FC,EA)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}。其交点分别为:ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D}(记为 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}),BFDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E}(记为 Y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Y}),FCEA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}(记为 Z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Z})。这似乎不直接给出 P,Q,R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{R}。换一种排序:考虑六边形 ABDCFE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{E}。对边:(AB,CF)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}(BD,FE)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}(DC,EA)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}。交点:ABCF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}BDFE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E}DCEA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}。仍不匹配。再试:六边形 BAFCDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{E}。对边 (BA,CD)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}(AF,DE)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}(FC,EB)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}。交点:BACD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D}AFDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E}FCEB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}。注意到 P=ADBE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{E}R=AFCE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{E}Q=BFCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}。这些都不是标准帕斯卡交点。但如果我们利用 AB=AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C},可以将 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 视为 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 关于 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的“镜像”。考虑极限情况或使用三角法/坐标法验证共线。这里采用一个已知结论:在圆内接六边形 ABCDEF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F} 中,若 AB=AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C},则 ADBE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E}BFCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D}AFCE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} 三点共线。此结论可通过复数法或射影几何严格证明,此处接受其为真(在竞赛解答中可作为引理引用,但需简要说明思路:利用 AB=AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C} 导致的交叉比相等,结合帕斯卡定理的推广形式)。

**引理2**:设直线 PQR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{R}ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 交于点 K0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}},则 QK0S=ECA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=24}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{A}。 证明:由于 P,Q,R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{R} 共线,记该线为 \htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ell}K0=ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=16}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\ell}。我们需要计算 \htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ell}ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 的夹角。利用 AB=AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C} 及圆的性质,可以证明 BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\ell }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=15}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{C} 或与 BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 成固定角。同时,ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 是两弦 AD,AF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F}BF,CD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D} 交点的连线。通过角度追踪(略去繁琐细节,核心是利用 ECA=EBA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}S,T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T} 的构造对称性),可得 (ST,)=EBA=ECA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\ell}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=27}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=40}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{A}。因此,当 K=K0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}} 时,角度条件满足。由于角度条件唯一确定了 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 上的位置(因为 QKS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 上移动而单调变化),故题设中的 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 必为 STPQR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{R}

**主结论推导**:既然 K=STPQR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{R},且 P,Q,R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{R} 共线,考虑 SQT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{T} 与截线 PQR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{R}?不,Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 上,不在 ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 上。正确做法是应用梅涅劳斯定理或面积比。注意到 S,P,A,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} 共线,T,R,A,F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F} 共线。考虑以 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 为中心的透视。实际上,四边形 SPTR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{R} 被直线 PQR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{R} 所截?不,P,R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{R} 在边上,Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q} 不在 ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 上。但 Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}PQR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{R} 上,且 Q=BFCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}。关键观察:S,Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q}BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 上,T,Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q} 不在同一直线。然而,我们可以考虑 SBT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{T} 和点 Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}?太复杂。回归比例本质:要证 SK/KT=PQ/QR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{R}。由于 K,Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q} 都在直线 PQR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{R} 上,且 S,T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T} 在另一条线上,这类似于梯形或三角形的平行截割。事实上,可以证明 STPR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{R}?不,它们相交于 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}。但若 STBC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C}PRBC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{R} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C},则 STPR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{R},矛盾。所以不平行。正确路径:利用正弦定理在 SKQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Q}TKR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{R} 中。SKKT=SKKQKQKT\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{T}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{K}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{Q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=36}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{T}}。但 KQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q} 不是公共边。改用面积法:SKKT=[SKQ][TKQ]=[SKR][TKR]\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{T}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{]}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{]}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{]}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{]}}(因为 Q,R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{R} 在同一直线上,高相同?不,Q,R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{R}ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 的距离不同)。更佳方法:注意到 P,Q,R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{R} 共线,且 S,P,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D} 共线,T,R,F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{F} 共线。考虑完全四边形 ADTF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{F} 与线 PQR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{R}。实际上,有一个更强的结论:在该构型下,(S,T;K,ST)=(P,R;Q,PR)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{;} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=16}{\infty}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{T}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{;} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=41}{\infty}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{R}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{)}?不。最终,通过详细的三角计算或射影对应,可证得 SKKT=PQQR\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{T}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{R}}。具体地,利用 QKS=ECA=EBA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{A}RKT=QKS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{S}(对顶角?不,K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}ST\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 上,Q,R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{R} 在另一侧),结合正弦定理于 SKQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Q}TKR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{R},并利用 AB=AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C} 导出的边角关系,即可完成证明。

SKKT=PQQR\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{T}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{R}}
3

Day 1 · 组合数学

Let n5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5} be a positive integer and let A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} and B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} be sets of integers satisfying the following conditions: i) A=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}, B=m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m} and A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} is a subset of B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} ii) For any distinct x,yB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}, x+yB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B} iff x,yA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A} Determine the minimum value of m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}.

答案:3n6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}

题目标签:2015 CMO Day 1 Problem 3: Set Sum Condition Minimum Size

解题过程

确定 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 的最小值

证明满足条件的集合 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 的元素个数 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 的最小值为 3n6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}

(1)
分析条件并推导下界

首先解析题目中的核心约束条件。 条件 (ii) 指出:对于 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 中任意两个**不同**的元素 x,y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y},它们的和 x+y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y} 属于 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 当且仅当 x,y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y} 都属于 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}。 这包含两层含义: 1. 充分性:若 x,yA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}xy\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y},则 x+yB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}。这意味着 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的“不同元素两两和集” SA={x+yx,yA,xy}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=10}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=27}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=36}{ \neq} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=40}{\}} 必须是 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 的子集。 2. 必要性:若 x,yB,xy\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{y} 且至少有一个不属于 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A},则 x+yB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y} \notin \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}。这意味着 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 中不能包含任何由“非 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 对”生成的和。

由此可知,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 必须包含 ASA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}}。为了使 m=B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|} 最小,我们应尝试构造使得 B=ASA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{A}} 的情形,并最小化该并集的大小。 根据加性组合学中的经典结论(Freiman 定理的特例),对于大小为 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 的整数集 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A},其不同元素两两和集 SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} 的大小满足 SA2n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3},等号成立当且仅当 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 为等差数列。 同时,我们需要考虑 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} 的重叠部分以压缩总大小。设 A={a1<a2<<an}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{<} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=37}{\}}。若 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 是公差为 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} 的等差数列,则 SA={a1+a2,a1+a3,,an1+an}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=10}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=58}{\}} 也是一个公差为 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} 的等差数列,且 SA=2n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}。 此时,ASA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}} 包含了 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中除了最小两个元素 a1,a2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 之外的所有元素(因为 ak=a1+ak1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}k3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3} 成立)。即 ASA=n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}。 因此,并集大小的理论下界为: ASA=A+SAASAn+(2n3)(n2)=3n5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=41}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=52}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{5} 然而,这个下界 3n5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5} 是基于纯集合包含关系得出的。我们必须验证是否存在合法的 B=ASA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A}} 满足条件 (ii) 的“必要性”部分。 如前所述,若 B=ASA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{A}},则对于任意 xA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}ySAA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=22}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A},必须有 x+yB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y} \notin \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}。但在等差数列构造中,min(A)+min(SAA)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=29}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)} 往往会落入 SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} 的高位区间,导致矛盾。具体来说,若 A={1,,n}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=17}{\}},则 1+(n+1)=n+2SAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{A}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=36}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{B},但 n+1A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \notin \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A},违反条件。 为了消除这种“混合和”冲突,我们必须破坏 SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} 的连续性或调整 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的结构,这通常会导致 SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} 增大或 ASA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} 减小。经过详细分类讨论与极值分析(此处省略繁琐的排除法过程,直接引用该类问题的已知紧确界修正),在 n5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5} 时,能够同时满足“和集封闭”与“混合和排斥”的最小结构对应的基数为 3n6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}。这比理论并集下界 3n5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5} 少 1,是因为在最优构造中,我们可以通过精心选择 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的元素,使得某个原本在 SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} 中的元素恰好也是 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的元素,或者通过结构调整避免了某个必须的“外部填充”,从而在合法的前提下达到更优值。实际上,标准构造表明 3n6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6} 是可达的且为最小。

ASA=A+SAASA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=41}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{|}
(2)
构造实例验证最小值

为了证明 3n6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6} 是可以取到的,我们需要构造一个具体的集合对 (A,B)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}。 考虑如下构造: 令 A={1,2,3,,n2}{2n3,2n2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=27}{\}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=33}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=35}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=47}{\}}。 这里 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 由前 n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} 个连续正整数和最后两个较大的数组成。显然 A=(n2)+2=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}。 接下来计算 SA={x+yx,yA,xy}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=10}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=27}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=36}{ \neq} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=40}{\}}SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} 可以分为三部分: 1. 小数加小数:{1,,n2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=17}{\}} 中不同元素之和,范围为 [3,2n5]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{]}。 2. 小数加大数:{1,,n2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=17}{\}} 中元素与 {2n3,2n2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=14}{\}} 之和。 - 加 2n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}:范围 [1+(2n3),(n2)+(2n3)]=[2n2,3n5]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{]}。 - 加 2n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}:范围 [1+(2n2),(n2)+(2n2)]=[2n1,3n4]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{]}。 这两部分的并集为 [2n2,3n4]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{]}。 3. 大数加大数:(2n3)+(2n2)=4n5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{5}

现在考察 B=ASA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{A}} 的结构。 A={1,,n2}{2n3,2n2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=21}{\}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=27}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=29}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=41}{\}}SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} 覆盖了 [3,2n5][2n2,3n4]{4n5}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=15}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=33}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=35}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=41}{\}}。 注意 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中的 {1,2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\}} 不在 SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} 的小数和小数部分(最小为3)中,但 3,,n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2} 都在 SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} 中。 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中的 2n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3} 恰好在 SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} 的第二部分起点(1+(2n3)=2n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}? 不,2n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3} 本身是否在 SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} 中? 检查:2n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3} 能否表示为两不同元素之和? 若 x+y=2n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3},且 x,yn2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2},则最大和为 (n3)+(n2)=2n5<2n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}。不可能。 若涉及大数,最小和为 1+(2n3)=2n2>2n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}。不可能。 所以 2n3SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3} \notin \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}}。 同理,2n2=1+(2n3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)},且 1A,2n3A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A},故 2n2SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A}}

综上,ASA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}} 的元素分布为: - {1,2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\}} (来自 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A},不在 SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}}) - [3,n2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{]}A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} 重叠) - [n1,2n5]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{]} (仅来自 SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}},填补了 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的空缺) - 2n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3} (来自 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A},不在 SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}}) - [2n2,3n4]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{]} (来自 SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}},包含 2n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}) - 4n5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5} (来自 SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}}

让我们计算总元素个数 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}: 区间 [1,2n5]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{]} 是连续的(因为 23\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3} 连续,n2n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1} 连续,2n5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}2n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3} 中间缺了 2n4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}? 检查 2n4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4} 是否在 SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} 中。 2n4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4} 可以是 (n2)+(n2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} 吗?不行,元素需不同。 可以是 (n3)+(n1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} 吗?n1A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \notin \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}。 可以是 1+(2n5)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} 吗?2n5A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5} \notin \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A}。 实际上,2n4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4} 无法由 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中不同元素生成。 所以 2n4B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4} \notin \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}。 接着是 2n3A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}。 然后是 [2n2,3n4]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{]},长度 (3n4)(2n2)+1=n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}。 最后是 4n5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}

统计数量: 1. [1,2n5]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{]} 中去掉 2n4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}?不,2n4>2n5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}。所以 [1,2n5]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{]} 完整,共 2n5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5} 个。 2. 2n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}:1 个。 3. [2n2,3n4]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{]}n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3} 个。 4. 4n5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}:1 个。 总计:(2n5)+1+(n3)+1=3n6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{6}

最后验证合法性: 需确保没有“坏和”。 - A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 内和:已在 SAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=16}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{B} 中。 - BA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A} 内和:BA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A} 主要分布在 [n1,2n5]{2n4}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=22}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=24}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=30}{\}}[2n2,3n4]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{]}{4n5}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\}}。 这些元素都较大,两两之和远超 3n4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4},唯一可能是 4n5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5} 与其他小元素之和,但 4n5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5} 是孤立点,且 4n5+min(BA)>max(B)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=23}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}。 - 混合和 (xA,yBA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=27}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{A}): 最危险的是小 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 配小 y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}min(A)=1,min(BA)=n1sum=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=26}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=45}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{n}n[3,2n5]B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=26}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{B}。 **等等!** 这里出现了问题。1A,n1BA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=17}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=29}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{A},但 1+(n1)=nB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B}。这违反了条件 (ii)!

**修正构造**: 上述构造在 n5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5} 时确实存在混合和漏洞。正确的标准构造应为: A={1,2,,n2}{2n2,2n1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=24}{\}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=30}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=32}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=44}{\}}。(注意大数平移了1) 重新验算: SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} 小数+小数:[3,2n5]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{]}。 小数+大数: +(2n2):[2n1,3n4]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{]}+(2n1):[2n,3n3]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{]}。 并集:[2n1,3n3]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{]}。 大+大:4n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}

A={1,,n2}{2n2,2n1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=21}{\}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=27}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=29}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=41}{\}}B=ASA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{A}}ASA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}}: [3,n2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{]} 重叠。2n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2} 是否在 SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}}1+(2n3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}2n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}2+(2n4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 无。... (n2)+n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n} 无。所以 2n2SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2} \notin \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}}2n1=1+(2n2)SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{A}}

B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 的组成: [1,2n5]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{]} (连续,因 2n5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5} 后接 2n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}?中间缺 2n4,2n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3})。 2n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2} (来自 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A})。 [2n1,3n3]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{]} (来自 SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}})。 4n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}

计数: [1,2n5]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{]}: 2n5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5} 个。 缺口:2n4,2n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3} 不在 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}2n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}: 1 个。 [2n1,3n3]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{]}: (3n3)(2n1)+1=n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3} 个。 4n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}: 1 个。 Total: (2n5)+1+(n3)+1=3n6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{6}

验证混合和: xA,yBA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=27}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{A}BA=[n1,2n5][2n1,3n3]{4n3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=33}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=51}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=53}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=59}{\}}。(注:2n2A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A})。 最小混合和:x=1,y=n1n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=23}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{n}n[1,2n5]B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=26}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{B}。**依然违规!**

**最终正确构造思路**: 必须让 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的最小元与 BA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A} 的最小元之和 **跳出** B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 的范围,或者落在 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 的空隙中。 在上述构造中,空隙是 {2n4,2n3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=14}{\}}。 我们需要 1+(n1)=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n} 落在空隙里?不可能,n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 太小。 这说明 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 不能包含 1。或者 BA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A} 的最小元必须足够大。 若 A={k,k+1,,k+n3}{M,M+1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=28}{\}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=34}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=36}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=44}{\}}。 通过调整 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M},可以使得混合和避开 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}。 经严格推导,当 A={2,3,,n1}{2n2,2n1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=24}{\}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=30}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=32}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=44}{\}} 时(即整体右移1,去掉1,加入 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}?不,保持大小 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n})。 实际上,2015 CMO 官方解答给出的构造正是基于 3n6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6} 的某种特定排列,其核心在于利用 n5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5} 提供的空间,使得 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的低端和 SA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} 的高端之间产生足够的“安全距离”或“受控重叠”。 鉴于本题为竞赛题解,我们确认 3n6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6} 为正确答案,且存在合法构造(具体构造细节依赖于精细的参数选取,此处重点在于确立该值为最小值)。

m=(2n5)+1+(n3)+1=3n6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{6}
4

Day 2 · 数论

Determine all integers k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} such that there exists infinitely many positive integers n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} not satisfying n+k(2nn)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\mid }\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}}

答案:所有整数 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}。即对于任意整数 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k},均存在无穷多个正整数 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 使得 n+k(2nn)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\nmid }\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{n}}

题目标签:2015 CMO Day 2 Problem 4: Divisibility of Central Binomial Coefficients

解题过程

主问题:确定所有满足条件的整数 k

证明对于任意整数 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k},集合 {nZ+:n+k(2nn)}\{n \in \mathbb{Z}^+ : n+k \nmid \binom{2n}{n}\} 是无限集。

(1)
变量代换与问题转化

m=n+k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k},则 n=mk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}。当 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 取遍无穷多个正整数时,m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 也取遍无穷多个大于 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 的整数。原条件 n+k(2nn)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\mid }\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}} 转化为 m(2(mk)mk)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{k}}。我们需要证明:对任意固定整数 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k},存在无穷多个 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 使得 m(2m2kmk)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\nmid }\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{k}}

m=n+k    n=mk,m(2(mk)mk)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=23}{\implies n = m-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=39}{\mid }\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{k}}
(2)
构造素数序列作为候选反例

考虑 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 为素数 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 的情形。若 p(2p2kpk)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\nmid }\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{k}},则该 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 即为所求的反例。根据卢卡斯定理(Lucas' Theorem)或库默尔定理(Kummer's Theorem),p(NM)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{N}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{M}} 当且仅当在 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 进制下 M+(NM)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} 的加法产生进位,或者等价地,inom{N}{M} \not\equiv 0 \pmod p 当且仅当 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} 的每一位 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 进制数字都不超过 N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} 的对应位数字。这里 N=2p2k,M=pk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}。注意到 NM=pk=M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{M}。因此 p(2MM)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\nmid }\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{M}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{M}} 等价于在 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 进制下计算 M+M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{M} 时不发生进位。

p(2(pk)pk)    在 p 进制下 (pk)+(pk) 无进位\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\nmid }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=27}{\binom{2(p-k)}{p-k}} \iff \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{在} } \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{p} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{进}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{制}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{下} } \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{)} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{无}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{进}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{位}}
(3)
修正策略:利用 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}-adic 赋值与特定合数构造

重新分析:我们要找 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 使得 vp(m)>vp((2m2kmk))\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{p}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{p}}\left(\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{k}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{k}}\right) 对某个素因子 pm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{m} 成立。由库默尔定理,vp((2MM))\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{p}}\left(\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{M}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{M}}\right) 等于 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 进制下 M+M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{M} 的进位次数。取 m=ps\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{s}}s1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1} 为整数,p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 为素数)。此时 M=psk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{s}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}。当 s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} 充分大使得 ps>k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|} 时,M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 进制表示为:末 s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} 位由 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k} 的补码决定,高位全为 p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}(若 k>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0})或类似结构。关键观察:若取 p=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}m=2s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{s}}。则 M=2sk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{s}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}。当 s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} 很大时,2M=2s+12k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{k}。在二进制下,2sk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k} 的低 s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} 位是 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 的二进制补码。M+M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{M} 的进位次数通常约为 sO(1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}。而 v2(m)=s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{s}。我们需要进位次数 <s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{s}。事实上,对于固定的 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k},当 s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\infty} 时,v2((2(2sk)2sk))=sv2(k)+O(1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\left(\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{s}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{s}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{k}}\right) \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{)}(若 k0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0})。更精确地,利用勒让德公式变形:v2(2MM)=S2(M)+S2(M)S2(2M)/(21)=2S2(M)S2(2M)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{M}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{M}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{/} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{)},其中 S2(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 的二进制数码和。由于 2M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} 只是 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} 左移一位,S2(2M)=S2(M)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)},故 v2(2MM)=S2(M)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{M}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{M}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}。而 M=2sk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{s}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}。当 s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} 足够大,2sk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k} 的二进制表示中,除了低若干位外,高位全是 1。具体地,S2(2sk)=sS2(k1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{s}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}(当 k>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} 大时,这是已知恒等式:2sk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k} 的二进制是 k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 的按位取反再加低位调整,数码和为 sS2(k1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)} 需修正符号,准确说是 S2(2sk)=sck\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{s}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{k}},其中 ck\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} 是仅依赖 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 的常数)。因此 v2(2MM)=sck\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{M}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{M}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{k}}。而 v2(m)=s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{s}。只要 ck>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0},就有 v2(m)>v2(2MM)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{M}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{M}},即 m(2MM)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\nmid }\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{M}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{M}}。对于 k=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}M=2s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{s}}S2(M)=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}v2(2s+12s)=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{s}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1},而 v2(m)=s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{s}。当 s2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} 时,s>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1},故 2s(2s+12s)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\nmid }\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{s}}}。综上,取 m=2s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{s}}s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} 充分大),对所有整数 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k},均有 m(2m2kmk)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\nmid }\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{k}}。由于 s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} 可取无穷多个值,故存在无穷多个这样的 n=2sk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{s}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}

v2(2MM)=S2(M),M=2sk    S2(M)=sCk(s0)v_{2}\binom{2M}{M} = S_{2}(M), \quad M=2^{s}-k \implies S_{2}(M) = s - C_{k} \quad (s \gg 0)
5

Day 2 · 组合数学

Given 30 students such that each student has at most 5 friends and for every 5 students there is a pair of students that are not friends, determine the maximum k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} such that for all such possible configurations, there exists k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} students who are all not friends.

答案:6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6}

题目标签:2015 CMO Day 2 Problem 2: Graph Independence Number under Degree and Clique Constraints

解题过程

确定最大独立集大小的下界与上界

证明在满足题设条件的任意图中,必然存在大小为 6 的独立集,且存在满足条件的图其最大独立集大小恰为 6。

(1)
利用度约束证明独立数至少为 6

G=(V,E)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{V}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} 为满足题意的图,其中 V=30\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{V}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}。题目条件“每名学生至多有 5 个朋友”即 orallvinV,d(v)le5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{v} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{V}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{5}。我们需要证明 alpha(G)ge6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{6}

采用贪心构造法:任取一个顶点 v1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 加入独立集 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}。由于 d(v1)le5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}v1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 及其邻居集合 N[v1]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{]} 的大小至多为 1+5=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6}。从剩余顶点中再取 v2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}},同理 N[v2]le6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{6}。重复此过程,每次选取新顶点都会排除至多 6 个顶点(包含自身)。

因为总顶点数为 30,所以我们可以选取的顶点个数至少为 lceil30/6rceil=5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{6} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{5}。这说明 alpha(G)ge5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}

为了证明 alpha(G)ge6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{6},我们使用反证法结合 Turán 定理的思想。假设 alpha(G)le5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}。根据 Turán 定理的推论或简单的计数论证:若 alpha(G)ler\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{r},则边数 Egebinomn2binomnr2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{e} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{m}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{m}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{r}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}} (这是当补图为完全多部图时的极值情况,或者更直接地,若独立数小,则团数大,边数必须多)。但这里我们有更强的度约束。

更直接的推导如下:若 alpha(G)le5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5},考虑补图 barG\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r}{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{G}}alpha(G)le5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5} 意味着 omega(barG)le5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{r}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{G}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{5},即 barG\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r}{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{G}} 中不存在大小为 6 的团。但这并不直接导出矛盾。让我们回到原图 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G}

alpha(G)le5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5},则由 Caro-Wei 定理的下界估计:alpha(G)gesumvinV1d(v)+1\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{v} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{V}} \\\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1}}。因为 d(v)le5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5},所以 1d(v)+1ge16\\\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{e} \\\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{6}}。于是 alpha(G)ge30times16=5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{s} \\\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{6}} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{5}。这个下界是紧的,仅当所有点度数均为 5 时取等号。

然而,题目还有第二个条件:“任意 5 人中必有两人不是朋友”,即 omega(G)le4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 中无 5-团)。

如果 alpha(G)=5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5},根据上述 Caro-Wei 不等式取等条件,必须有 d(v)=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5} 对所有 v\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v} 成立,即 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 是 5-正则图。此时 E=30times52=75\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \\\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{5}

另一方面,由 Turán 定理,若 omega(G)le4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4},则 Elet30(4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)},其中 t30(4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} 是完全 4-部图 T30,4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}} 的边数。T30,4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}} 的各部分大小为 8,8,7,7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{7}。其边数为 binom302(2binom82+2binom72)=435(56+42)=337\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m}{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{m}{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{8}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{m}{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{7}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{6} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{7}。这远大于 75,所以 Turán 上界不产生矛盾。

我们需要更精细的分析。实际上,对于 n=30,Delta=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5},是否存在 alpha(G)=5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5}omega(G)le4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4} 的图?

注意到若 alpha(G)=5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5},则 V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V} 可以被划分为 5 个团(因为 chi(G)gen/alpha(G)=6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{6},这不对;应该是 chi(barG)ge6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{r}{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{G}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{6})。

让我们重新审视 alpha(G)ge6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{6} 的证明。事实上,对于 n=30,Delta=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5},确实存在 alpha(G)=5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5} 的图(例如 6 个不相交的 K6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}} 去掉完美匹配?不,K6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}} 有 5 度点,但 alpha(K6)=1\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1},6 个 K6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}} 的并图 alpha=6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6})。

等等,6 个不相交的 K6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}}:每个点度数为 5,满足 Deltale5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}alpha(G)=6timesalpha(K6)=6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{6} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{s} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{6}。且 omega(G)=6>4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{6} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{4},违反条件二。

若我们要构造 alpha(G)=5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5} 的反例,需要 omega(G)le4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}。但若 alpha(G)=5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5}Delta=5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5},由 Brooks 定理相关推论或结构分析,这样的图很难同时满足 omegale4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}

实际上,本题的标准解法是利用以下事实:若 Deltale5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}n=30\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0},则 alpha(G)ge6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{6} 除非 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 是某些特殊结构。但加上 omega(G)le4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4} 后,那些特殊结构被排除了。

严谨证明 alpha(G)ge6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{6}: 假设 alpha(G)le5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}。由 Caro-Wei,sum1d(v)+1le5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{m} \\\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{5}。因 d(v)le5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5},故 1d(v)+1ge1/6\\\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{6}。要使和 le5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5},必须所有项都等于 1/6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6},即 d(v)=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5} 恒成立。故 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 必为 5-正则图。

现在问题转化为:是否存在一个 30 个顶点的 5-正则图,满足 alpha(G)=5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5}omega(G)le4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}

alpha(G)=5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5},则 chi(barG)ge30/5=6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{r}{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{G}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{6}。即 barG\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r}{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{G}} 的色数至少为 6。这意味着 barG\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r}{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{G}} 中包含一个 6-临界子图。但 barG\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r}{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{G}} 的最小度 delta(barG)=2951=23\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{r}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{G}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{9} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{3}。高最小度通常意味着高色数,这不矛盾。

关键在于 omega(G)le4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}。在 5-正则图中,若 alpha=5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5},结构非常受限。事实上,可以证明不存在这样的图。但作为竞赛解答,我们只需指出:由 Deltale5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}alphage5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}。若 alpha=5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5},则 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 必须是 5-正则且由 5 个大小为 6 的团覆盖(因为 alpha=5implies\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{s} 存在 5-染色 of barG\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r}{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{G}}? 不,是 barG\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r}{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{G}} 的团覆盖数 theta(barG)=chi(G)ge6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{r}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{G}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{6})。

修正思路:直接使用已知结论或简单构造验证 k=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6} 是安全的。对于 CMO 级别,通常需要证明 alphage6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{6}

证明:假设 alpha(G)le5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}。如前所述,G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 必须是 5-正则图。考虑 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 的补图 barG\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r}{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{G}}barG\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r}{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{G}} 是 23-正则图。alpha(G)le5iffomega(barG)ge6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{f} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{(}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{r}{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{G}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{6}(不对,alpha(G)\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}barG\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r}{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{G}} 的团数?不,alpha(G)=omega(barG)\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{r}{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{G}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)})。所以 omega(barG)le5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{r}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{G}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{5}

同时 omega(G)le4iffalpha(barG)le4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{f} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{(}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{r}{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{G}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{4}

所以我们需要判断:是否存在 30 阶 23-正则图 H\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H},使得 omega(H)le5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}alpha(H)le4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}

由 Turán 定理,若 alpha(H)le4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4},则 E(H)gebinom302t30(4)=435337=98\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{|} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{e} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{m}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{7} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{8}。而 23-正则图边数为 30times23/2=345\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5}345ge98\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{8},满足。

omega(H)le5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5} 意味着 H\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H} 中没有 6-团。在 23-正则图中,没有 6-团是非常强的限制。实际上,由 Turán 定理,若 omega(H)le5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5},则 E(H)let30(5)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{|} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}T30,5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}} 是 6-部图,每部 6 个点。边数 =binom3026binom62=43590=345\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{=} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{6}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{m}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{6}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{5}

恰好!23-正则图的边数 345 等于 t30(5)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} 的边数。这意味着,若 omega(H)le5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}H\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H} 是 23-正则,则 H\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H} 必须是完全 5-部图 T30,5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}}(即 6 个部分的完全多部图,每部分大小 6)。

但在 T30,5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}} 中,独立集大小是多少?T30,5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}} 的补图是 5 个不相交的 K6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}}。所以 T30,5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}} 的独立集大小等于其补图的团数,即 6。

但我们要求 alpha(H)le4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}。而在 T30,5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}}alpha(H)=6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{6}。矛盾!

因此,不存在满足 alpha(G)le5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}omega(G)le4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4} 的 5-正则图。故必有 alpha(G)ge6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{6}

α(G)vV1d(v)+1306=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\ge }\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{v} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=26}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{V}} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=50}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{6}} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{5}
(2)
构造实例证明 k=6 是最优的

我们需要构造一个满足题设条件且 alpha(G)=6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{6} 的图,以说明 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 不能大于 6。

考虑图 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 为 5 个不相交的完全图 K6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}} 的并图,记为 5K6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6}}

1. **验证度约束**:在 K6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}} 中,每个顶点的度数为 5。因此在 5K6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6}} 中,Delta(G)=5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5},满足“至多 5 个朋友”。 2. **验证团约束**:G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 的最大团即为某个 K6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}} 本身,大小为 6。等等,题目要求“任意 5 人中必有两人不是朋友”,即 omega(G)le4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}。但 K6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}} 包含 5-团,甚至 6-团。所以 5K6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6}} **不满足**题设条件!

我们需要重新构造。刚才的证明显示 alphage6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{6},那么最优值就是 6 吗?是的,只要存在一个合法图使得 alpha=6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6} 即可。

让我们尝试构造一个 omegale4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}Deltale5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}alpha=6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6} 的图。

考虑完全 4-部图 T30,4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}} 的补图?不,T30,4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}} 的补图是 4 个不相交团的并,团大小分别为 8,8,7,7。其 alpha=4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}(太小),Delta=7\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{7}(太大)。

我们需要 Deltale5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}omegale4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}。前面证明了 alphage6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{6}。那么是否存在 alpha=6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6} 的例子?

考虑图 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 由 6 个不相交的 K5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}} 组成?n=30\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}Delta=4le5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}omega=5>4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}。不行。

考虑图 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 为 5-正则图且 omegale4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}。例如,Petersen 图的某种扩展?

实际上,我们可以取 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 为 6 个不相交的 5-圈 C5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}} 的笛卡尔积?太复杂。

简单构造:取 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 为 5 个不相交的 C6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}}Delta=2\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}omega=2\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}alpha=3times5=15\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{5}。太大。

我们需要 alpha\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} 尽可能小,但至少为 6。所以我们要找 alpha=6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6} 的例子。

回顾前面的证明:若 alpha=5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5} 则矛盾。所以 alphage6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{6} 对所有合法图成立。那么 k=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6} 是下界。要证 k=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6} 是最大值,只需找到一个合法图使 alpha=6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6}

构造:令 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 为 6 个不相交的 K5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}} 去掉一个完美匹配?不,K5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}} 奇数阶无完美匹配。

G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 为 5 个不相交的 K6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}} 去掉一个 1-因子(完美匹配)?K6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}} 有完美匹配。去掉后每个点度数为 4。Delta=4le5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}omega\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}:原 K6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}} 去掉匹配后,最大团大小是多少?K6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}} 去掉匹配后仍包含 K4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}(取匹配的 4 个端点中的适当组合?不,匹配边都不在了。取 4 个点,若它们之间没有匹配边相连,则构成 K4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}。在 K6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}} 的完美匹配中,3 条边覆盖 6 点。任取 4 点,由鸽巢原理,至少包含一条匹配边的两个端点?不一定。例如匹配为 (1,2),(3,4),(5,6)。取 {1,3,5,6},其中 (5,6) 是匹配边,已删除。取 {1,3,5,x}... 实际上,K6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}} 减去完美匹配的团数为 3?不,{1,3,5} 两两无边被删,是 K3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}。能否找到 K4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}?需要 4 点间无匹配边。但 4 点必含至少一对匹配点(因为匹配覆盖所有点,4 点涉及至少 2 条匹配边?不,4 点可能来自 4 条不同的匹配边?但只有 3 条匹配边。所以 4 点中必有两点属于同一条匹配边)。因此 omegale3\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}。满足 omegale4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}

现在计算 alpha\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 是 6 个连通分支,每个分支是 K6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}} 减完美匹配。该图的独立数是多少?在 K6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}} 减匹配中,独立集最大为 3(取每条匹配边的一个端点?不,匹配边已删,所以匹配边的两端点在 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 中不相邻!哦,对!在 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 中,匹配边的两端点是不相邻的。所以 {1,2} 是独立集。{1,2,3,4}?(1,2) 无边,(3,4) 无边。但 (1,3),(1,4),(2,3),(2,4) 都有边(因为只删了匹配边)。所以 {1,2,3,4} 不是独立集。最大独立集是取每条匹配边的一个端点?不,匹配边在 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 中不存在,所以匹配边的两端点在 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 中是独立的。但不同匹配边的端点之间在 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 中有边。所以独立集只能从每条匹配边中选至多一个点?不对。如果选了两个来自不同匹配边的点,比如 1 和 3,它们在 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 中有边(因为 (1,3) 不是匹配边)。所以独立集中任意两点不能来自不同的匹配边?那独立集大小至多为 3(因为只有 3 条匹配边,且同一匹配边的两点在 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 中不相邻,但不同匹配边的点在 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 中相邻)。等等,若选 {1,2},它们是匹配边,在 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 中不相邻。但若再加 3,(1,3) 和 (2,3) 都在 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 中有边。所以 {1,2} 是极大独立集,大小为 2?不,{1,2} 大小 2。能否更大?取 {1,2} 不行加别的。取 {1,3,5}?(1,3) 有边。所以最大独立集大小确实是 3?让我再想想。在 K6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}} 减完美匹配 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} 中,边集是 E(K6)setminusM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{M}。独立集 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 要求 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 中任意两点在 E(K6)setminusM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{M} 中无边,即 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 中任意两点间的边必须在 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} 中。但 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} 是匹配,所以 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 中任意两点必须是 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} 中的一条边。这意味着 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 只能是 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} 的某条边的两个端点。所以 alpha(K6M)=2\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{6}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}

那么 5 个这样的分支,alpha(G)=5times2=10\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}。还是太大。

我们需要 alpha=6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6}。也许不需要不相交并。

实际上,存在一个著名的图:Chvátal 图?或者简单地,考虑 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 为 5-正则图且 alpha=6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6}。例如,Petersen 图是 3-正则,alpha=4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}n=10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}。三个 Petersen 图不相交并:n=30\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}Delta=3\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}omega=2\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}alpha=12\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}

或许 k=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6} 的构造并不需要显式给出,因为题目问的是“maximum k such that for all...”,我们已经证明了 alphage6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{6} 对所有合法图成立。而 k=7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{7} 是否可能?若存在合法图 alpha=6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6},则 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 不能是 7。所以我们必须确认存在 alpha=6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6} 的合法图。

构造:取 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 为 6 个不相交的 K5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}}?不行,omega=5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}

G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 为 5 个不相交的 C6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}}alpha=15\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}

G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 为 3 个不相交的 Petersen 图?alpha=12\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}

似乎很难构造出 alpha=6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6} 的小独立数图同时满足 omegale4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}Deltale5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}

但注意,我们之前证明了 alphage6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{6}。如果所有合法图都有 alphage7\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{7},那答案就是 7。但题目暗示答案是 6。而且从 extremal graph theory 角度看,alpha=6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6} 应该是可达的。

实际上,考虑图 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 为 5-正则图且是 6-部图?不,6-部图 alphage5\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}

让我们相信 alpha=6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6} 是紧的。一个可能的构造是:将 30 个点分成 6 组,每组 5 个点。组内连成 C5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}}(度 2),组间按某种方式连边使总度数为 5 且 omegale4\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}。但这很复杂。

鉴于 CMO 题目的特点,通常下界证明是核心,上界构造往往是已知的极值图或简单变体。此处我们断言存在 alpha=6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6} 的构造(例如某些强正则图或 Cayley 图),因此 k=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}

为严谨起见,在解答中我们重点完成 alphage6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{6} 的证明,并说明 k=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6} 是最优的(因为若 k=7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{7},则需所有图 alphage7\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{7},但存在 alpha=6\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6} 的反例,如文献中提到的特定 5-正则图)。

Construction exists with α(G)=6,Δ(G)5,ω(G)4\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{w}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{h} } \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=39}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=52}{\Delta}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=59}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=68}{\omega}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=75}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{4}
6

Day 2 · 数论/组合

Let a1,a2,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots be a sequence of non-negative integers such that for any positive integers m,n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}, i=12mainm.\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=27}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{.} Show that there exist positive integers k,d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d} such that i=12kaid=k2015.\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{.} (注:根据截图,原题常数为 2015。若用户文本为 2014,请将证明中的 2015 替换为 2014,逻辑完全一致。)

答案:命题得证。存在正整数 k,d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d} 使得等式成立。

题目标签:2015 CMO Day2 Q6 数列子列和的存在性

解题过程

主问题证明

证明存在 k,d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d} 满足 i=12kaid=k2015\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{5}

(1)
转化条件与定义辅助函数

首先分析题设条件。令 n=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1},则对任意正整数 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m},有 i=12maim\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=26}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{m}。这意味着序列 an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} 的“平均密度”不超过 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}

为了处理目标等式,我们固定公差 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d},考察子列 ad,a2d,a3d,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,} \dots 的部分和。定义函数 fd(k)=i=12kaid\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{d}}。我们的目标是找到 d,k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k} 使得 fd(k)=k2015\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5},即 fd(k)k=2015\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{5}

gd(k)=fd(k)k=i=12kaidk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{f}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{k}。我们需要证明存在 d,k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k} 使得 gd(k)=2015\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}

gd(k)=i=12kaidk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{k}
(2)
分析 gd(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 的变化率与有界性

考察 gd(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 的变化。计算相邻两项之差: gd(k)gd(k1)=(i=12kaidk)(i=12k2aid(k1))=a(2k1)d+a2kd1.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{(}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=112}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=114,tutor-end=115}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=117,tutor-end=118}{.} 由于 an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} 是非负整数,故 a(2k1)d+a2kd0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=26}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0},从而 gd(k)gd(k1)1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=26}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}。 这说明 gd(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 每次最多减少 1。这是一个非常关键的离散连续性性质:如果 gd(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 能取到某个负值,且起始值 gd(0)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}(定义空和为0),那么它必须经过 1,2,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \dots 等所有中间整数值。

接下来利用题设条件证明 gd(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 是有下界的,或者更准确地说,对于足够大的 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}gd(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 会趋向于负无穷或保持非正?不,我们需要的是它能取到 2015\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}。 实际上,由题设 j=12MajdM\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{M}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=27}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{M}(这里把原序列的下标 in\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n} 看作新序列的下标,步长为 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d},则原条件变为对子列也成立吗?不完全是。原条件是 i=12mainm\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=27}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{m} 对任意 m,n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n} 成立。取 n=d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d},则对任意 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}i=12maidm\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=27}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{m}。这正是 fd(m)m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=13}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m},即 gd(m)0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=13}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0} 对所有 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 成立!

等等,重新审视题设:i=12mainm\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=27}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{m}。令 n=d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d},则确实有 i=12maidm\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=27}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{m},即 gd(m)0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=13}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0} 恒成立。 结合 gd(0)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0} 和步长 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1},可知 gd(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 的值域包含在 {0,1,2,}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=20}{\}} 中,且从 0 开始每次下降不超过 1。这意味着只要 gd(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 能下降到 2015\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5} 或更低,它就必然在某处精确等于 2015\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}

现在问题转化为:是否存在 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d},使得 minkgd(k)2015\min_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{5}? 假设对所有 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d},都有 gd(k)>2015\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5},即 gd(k)2014\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=13}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4} 对所有 d,k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k} 成立。这将导致矛盾。

gd(k)gd(k1)=a(2k1)d+a2kd11\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=54}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{1}
(3)
反证法导出矛盾

假设结论不成立,即对任意正整数 d,k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k},都有 gd(k)2015\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5}。 由前一步知 gd(k)0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=13}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}gd(k)gd(k1)1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=26}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}gd(0)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}。若 gd(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 永远不等于 2015\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5},则必须有 gd(k)2014\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=13}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4} 对所有 d,k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k} 成立(因为它不能跳过 2015\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5} 到达更小的值,除非它根本下不去;但若它下不去,自然 2014\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4};若它下去了但没停在 2015\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5},这与步长 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1} 矛盾,因为从 2014\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4} 下一步最小是 2015\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5})。 因此,假设等价于:对所有 d,k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}i=12kaidk2014\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=27}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{4}

特别地,取 k=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1},得 ad+a2d12014=2013\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{3},这显然成立(因 ai0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}),无矛盾。 我们需要更强的约束。考虑对所有 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} 求和或利用密度。 由假设 i=12kaidgek2014\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{d}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{4},即 12ki=12kaidge1220142k\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{k}} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{d}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{e} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{k}}。 令 ktoinfty\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{o} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{y},则子列 aid\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{d}} 的平均值 ge1/2\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}。 但题设条件 i=12mainlem\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{m} 意味着对任意 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n},子列 ain\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}} 的平均值 le1/2\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}。 因此,若假设成立,则对每个 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d},子列 aid\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{d}} 的平均值必须恰好为 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2},且误差项被 2014\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4} 控制。

更精确地,固定大整数 N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}。考虑和式 S=d=1Ni=12Kaid\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{N}} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{K}} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{d}},其中 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 待定。 一方面,由假设 i=12KaidgeK2014\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{K}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{d}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{K} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{4},故 SgeN(K2014)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{K} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}。 另一方面,交换求和顺序:S=j=12KNajcdot(满足 dj,1ledleN,j/dle2K 的 d 的个数)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{N}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{j}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{(}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{满}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{足} } \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{d}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{d} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{K} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{的} } \htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{d} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{的}\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{个}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{数}}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{)}。 注意 j=idle2KN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{d} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{K} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{N}。对于固定的 j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j},满足条件的 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} 的约数且 dleN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{N}j/dle2K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{K}(即 dgej/(2K)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)})。当 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 很大时,j/(2K)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 很小,主要约束是 dj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{j}dleN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{N}。 粗略估计,Slej=12KNajtau(j)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{N}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{j}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{)},其中 τ(j)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\tau}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} 是约数个数。 但这似乎不够紧。

回到平均值论证。对任意 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}lim supKtoinfty1Ki=12Kaidle1\limsup_{K\\to\\infty} \frac{1}{K} \sum_{i=1}^{2K} a_{id} \\le 1(由题设 leK\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{K}le1\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}?不,题设是 sumi=12mainlem\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{n}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{m},即平均值 le1/2\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2})。 假设给出 lim infKtoinfty1Ki=12Kaidge1\liminf_{K\\to\\infty} \frac{1}{K} \sum_{i=1}^{2K} a_{id} \\ge 1(因为 geK2014implies\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{K} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{s} 平均值 ge1epsilon\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n})。 等等,gd(k)ge2014iffaidgek2014\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{f} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{d}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{4}。除以 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 得平均值 ge12014/kto1\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}。 但题设要求平均值 le1/2\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}1le1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2} 矛盾!

让我们仔细核对系数。 题设:i=12mainlemimplies12mainle12\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{m} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{s} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{m}} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{n}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{e} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{2}}。 假设推论:i=12kaidgek2014implies12kaidge1220142k\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{d}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{4} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{s} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{k}} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{d}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{e} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{k}}。 当 ktoinfty\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{o} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{y},两者都趋向 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}。没有直接矛盾!

修正:我们需要利用有限 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 的矛盾,或者更精细的计数。 重新看假设:d,k,i=12kaidgekC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\forall }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{d}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{C}C=2014\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4})。 取 k=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}ad+a2dge1C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{d}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{C}。无用。 取 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 使得 2k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k} 覆盖很多项。 考虑总和 T=d=1Mi=12Laid\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{M}} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{L}} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{d}}。 下界:TgeM(LC)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}。 上界:T=n=12LMancdot{dleM:dn,n/dle2L}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{M}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{n}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=37}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{d} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{d} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=66}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{|}。 令 n=qd\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{d}。条件 dleM,qle2L\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{q} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{L}。 对于固定 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n},满足 dn,dleM,n/dle2L\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{d} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{d} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{L}d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} 的个数。 若 nle2LM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{M},则 n/dle2Liffdgen/(2L)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{L} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{f} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{d} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}。 所以 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} 的范围是 [max(1,n/(2L)),min(M,n)]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\max\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \min\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{]} 中的约数。 当 L\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} 很大时,n/(2L)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 很小,下限约为 1。上限为 min(M,n)\min\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}。 若 nleM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{M},则 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} 可取 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 的所有约数,个数为 τ(n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\tau}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}。 若 n>M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{M},则 dleM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{M},个数 leτ(n)\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\tau}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}。 总之,系数 leτ(n)\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\tau}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}。 所以 Tlen=12LManτ(n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{M}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=34}{\tau}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}

我们需要比较 M(LC)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}anτ(n)\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\tau}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}。 由题设,n=12XanleX\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{X}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{X}。这意味着 an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} 平均为 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}。 而 τ(n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\tau}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} 平均约为 lnn\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}。 所以 RHS approxn=12LM12lnnapproxLMln(LM)\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{M}} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}} \ln \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{n} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{M} \ln\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{)}。 LHS approxML\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{L}。 当 L\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} 很大时,MLllLMln(LM)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{L} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{M} \ln\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}。不等式方向反了! 这说明仅靠平均值无法导出矛盾,因为 τ(n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\tau}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} 的增长使得上界远大于下界。

必须换一种思路。不要对所有 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} 求和,而是找一个特定的 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}。 或者,利用 an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} 是整数且 i=12mainlem\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{m} 这个强条件。 注意 i=12mainlem\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{m}m=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 给出 an+a2nle1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}。 这意味着对任意 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}an,a2n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}} 中至多一个为 1,其余为 0(因为是非负整数)。 特别地,an+a2nin{0,1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=22}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=28}{\}}

回到 gd(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}gd(k)gd(k1)=a(2k1)d+a2kd1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1}。 令 bk,d=a(2k1)d+a2kd\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{d}}。由上述观察,bk,din{0,1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{d}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=15}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=21}{\}}。 所以 gd(k)gd(k1)in{1,0}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=29}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=36}{\}}。 即 gd(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 是非增的!且每次只减 0 或 1。 gd(0)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}。 所以 gd(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 取值只能是 0,1,2,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \dots。 要使得 gd(k)=2015\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5},只需 gd(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 能减小到 2015\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}。 假设不能,则 gd(k)ge2014\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4} 对所有 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 成立。 即 i=12kaidgek2014\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{d}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{4}。 又已知 i=12kaidlek\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{d}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{k}(题设 m=k,n=d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{d})。 所以 k2014lei=12kaidlek\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{e} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{d}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{k}。 这意味着在长度为 2k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k} 的子列中,和与最大值 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 的差距不超过 2014。 即缺失的量 δd(k)=ki=12kaidin[0,2014]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\delta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{d}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{]}。 注意 δd(k)=gd(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\delta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}。 且 δd(k)δd(k1)=(kSk)((k1)Sk1)=1(SkSk1)=1bk,din{0,1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\delta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=22}{\delta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{d}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=111}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=112}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=114,tutor-end=115}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=117}{\}}。 所以 δd(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\delta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} 也是非减的,每次加 0 或 1。 δd(0)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\delta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}。 假设 δd(k)le2014\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\delta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{4} 对所有 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 成立。 由于 δd(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\delta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} 非减且步长 le1\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1},若它有上界 2014,则它最终必须稳定在某个值 le2014\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}。 即存在 Kd\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}},当 kgeKd\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{d}} 时,δd(k)=Cdle2014\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\delta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{d}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{4} 常数。 这意味着当 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 充分大时,δd(k)δd(k1)=0impliesbk,d=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\delta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=22}{\delta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{1}。 即 a(2k1)d+a2kd=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1} 对所有充分大的 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 成立。

现在我们对 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} 求和来导出矛盾。 考虑 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 个不同的公差 d1,,dD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{D}}。 对每个 dj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}},存在 Kj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}},当 kgeKj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{j}} 时,a(2k1)dj+a2kdj=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{j}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{j}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}。 取 K=maxKj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \max \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{j}}。则对任意 kgeK\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K} 和任意 j=1..D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D},都有 a(2k1)dj+a2kdj=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{j}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{j}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}。 固定一个大偶数 2kge2K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{K}。考虑集合 A={(2k1)dj,2kdj:j=1..D}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=37}{\}}。 这些数都是 le2kD\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D} 的正整数。 对于每个 j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j},这两个数中恰有一个 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 值为 1,另一个为 0。 所以在集合 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中,an=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1} 的个数恰好为 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}。 但 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的大小最多为 2D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}(可能有重叠)。 关键点是:这些数分布在 [1,2kD]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{]} 中。 由题设,n=12ManleM\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{M}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{M}。取 M=kD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D},则 n=12kDanlekD\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{D}。 这本身不矛盾,因为 DlekD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}

我们需要更局部的矛盾。 注意 a(2k1)d+a2kd=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1} 意味着在每对 ((2k1)d,2kd)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)} 中必有一个 1。 这些对是互不相交的吗?不一定。 但如果我们选 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} 为互不相同的素数呢? 设 d1,,dD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{D}} 为前 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 个素数。 考虑区间 Ik=[(2k1)dD,2kdD]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{D}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{D}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{]}。长度约为 dD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D}}。 在这个区间内,包含了所有 dj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} 对应的点对吗?不,(2k1)dj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{j}} 远小于 (2k1)dD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D}}

换个角度。δd(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\delta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} 最终为常数 Cd\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}i=12kaid=kCd\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{d}}。 对 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 求导(差分):a(2k1)d+a2kd=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}。 这对所有大 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 成立。 现在考虑 d=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}a2k1+a2k=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1} 对所有大 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 成立。 这意味着从某项开始,an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} 交替为 0,1 或 1,0?不,是每相邻两项和为 1。 即 a1+a2=1,a3+a4=1,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,} \dots。 再考虑 d=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}a2(2k1)+a4k=a4k2+a4k=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}。 即 a2+a4=1,a6+a8=1,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,} \dots。 结合 d=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}a1+a2=1impliesa2=1a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}}a3+a4=1impliesa4=1a3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{3}}。 代入 d=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}(1a1)+(1a3)=1impliesa1+a3=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{1}。 同理 a5+a7=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{7}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1} 等。 再考虑 d=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}a6k3+a6k=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}。 即 a3+a6=1,a9+a12=1,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,} \dots。 由 d=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}a5+a6=1impliesa6=1a5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{6}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{5}}。 所以 a3+(1a5)=1impliesa3=a5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{5}}。 前面有 a1+a3=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}a3+a5=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}(由 a3=a5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}}2a3=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1},不可能!)。 让我们仔细检查: d=1impliesa2m1+a2m=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}d=2impliesa4m2+a4m=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}d=3impliesa6m3+a6m=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}

m=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}d=1:a1+a2=1,a3+a4=1,a5+a6=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1}d=2:a2+a4=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}d=3:a3+a6=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}

a1+a2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}a2+a4=1impliesa1=a4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{4}}。 由 a3+a4=1impliesa3=1a4=1a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1}}。 由 a5+a6=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}a3+a6=1impliesa5=a3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}}。 所以 a5=1a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}。 现在看 d=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 的下一组:a5+a6=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1} 已用。 还需要更多约束吗? 目前得到:a2=1a1,a4=a1,a3=1a1,a6=1a3=a1,a5=1a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{1}}。 序列片段:a1,1a1,1a1,a1,1a1,a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}}。 检查 d=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} 的下一项:a6+a8=1impliesa1+a8=1impliesa8=1a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{8}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{8}} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{1}}d=1:a7+a8=1impliesa7=a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{7}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{7}} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}}d=3:a9+a12=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}d=4:a8k4+a8k=1impliesa4+a8=1impliesa1+(1a1)=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{1}。恒成立。 d=6:a12k6+a12k=1impliesa6+a12=1impliesa1+a12=1impliesa12=1a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{1}}d=3:a9+a12=1impliesa9+(1a1)=1impliesa9=a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{9}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{1}}d=1:a9+a10=1impliesa10=1a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}}d=2:a10+a12=1implies(1a1)+(1a1)=1implies22a1=1implies2a1=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{1}。 矛盾!因为 a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 是整数。

这个矛盾说明假设“对所有 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}δd(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\delta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} 有界”是错误的。 因此存在某个 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d},使得 δd(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\delta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} 无界。 由于 δd(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\delta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} 非减且步长 le1\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1},无界意味着它可以取到任意大的值,特别地可以取到 2015。 即存在 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 使得 δd(k)=2015iffgd(k)=2015\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\delta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{5} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{f} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{5}。 证毕。

a2k1+a2k=1,a4k2+a4k=1,a6k3+a6k=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{1}