返回特征解读

2016 中国数学奥林匹克(CMO)

books/competition_archive/cmo/2016_cmo.pdf · HS-MATH-1024-v2.1-solution-aware

68 个小问/题组
1

Day 1 December 16th · 代数

Let a1,a2,,a31;b1,b2,,b31\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{;} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{1}} be positive integers such that a1<a2<<a312015\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{<} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=36}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{5}, b1<b2<<b312015\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{<} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=36}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{5} and a1+a2++a31=b1+b2++b31\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{+} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{1}}. Find the maximum value of S=a1b1+a2b2++a31b31\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{+} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{|}.

答案:30720\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}

题目标签:2016 CMO Day 1 Problem 1

解题过程

求 S 的最大值

在给定约束条件下,求出 S=i=131aibi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{|} 的最大可能值。

(1)
利用和相等条件化简目标函数并确定最优结构

首先分析绝对值和的结构。令集合 I={i{1,,31}ai>bi}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=14}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=28}{\}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=34}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=49}{\}}J={j{1,,31}aj<bj}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{J} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=14}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=28}{\}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=34}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=49}{\}}。由于 ak=bk\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k}},我们有 (akbk)=0\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0},即正偏差之和等于负偏差绝对值之和: iI(aibi)=jJ(bjaj)\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{I}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=45}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{J}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{)} 记这个公共值为 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}(显然 K0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0})。此时目标函数可重写为: S=iI(aibi)+jJ(bjaj)=K+K=2K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{I}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=49}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{J}} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{K} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{K} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{K} 因此,最大化 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 等价于最大化正偏差之和 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}

为了使 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 最大,根据排序不等式的思想及序列的单调性,最优配置应当是“交叉最少”的情形,即存在某个整数 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} (1m30\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}),使得较大的 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 个下标属于 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I},较小的 31m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m} 个下标属于 J\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{J}。具体地,设 I={31m+1,,31}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=25}{\}}J={1,,31m}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{J} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=22}{\}}。若 I,J\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{J} 不是这种连续区间形式,通过交换调整总能使 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 增大或不变而不破坏约束,故只需考虑此种情形。

S=2iI(aibi)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{I}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)}
(2)
引入分界参数进行双向放缩并求解二次函数最值

I=m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{m},则 J=31m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{J}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{m}。令 x=b31m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{m}} 作为连接两段的桥梁参数。 对于 kI\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{I}(即 k=31m+1,,31\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}),由单调性知 bkx+(k(31m))\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)},且 ak2015(31k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}。故单项差值满足: akbk[2015(31k)][x+k31+m]=2015mx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{x}m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 项求和得:Km(2015mx)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}

对于 jJ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{J}(即 j=1,,31m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{m}),由单调性知 bjx((31m)j)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)},且 ajj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{j}。故单项差值满足: bjaj[x(31mj)]j=x(31m)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)}31m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m} 项求和得:K(31m)(x31+m)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}

联立上述两个关于 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 的上界,消去 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}。当两上界相等时 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 取最大值。解方程组可得最优 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 仅与 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 有关: K(m)=m(31m)(201531)31=m(31m)×198431=64m(31m)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=58}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{)} 从而 S(m)=2K(m)=128m(31m)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}。 这是一个关于 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 的开口向下的二次函数,对称轴为 m=15.5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}。因 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 为整数,故 m=15\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}16\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6} 时取最大值。 Smax=128×15×16=30720\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{8} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=21}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=31}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{6} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{0}

Smax=128×15×16=30720\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{8} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=21}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=31}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{6} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{0}
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Day 1 December 16th · 平面几何

In AEF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{F}, let B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} and D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} be on segments AE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E} and AF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} respectively, and let ED\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} and FB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} intersect at C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}. Define K,L,M,N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N} on segments AB,BC,CD,DA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A} such that AKKB=ADBC\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{C}} and its cyclic equivalents. Let the incircle of AEF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{F} touch AE,AF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F} at S,T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T} respectively; let the incircle of CEF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{F} touch CE,CF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F} at U,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{V} respectively. Prove that K,L,M,N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N} concyclic implies S,T,U,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{V} concyclic.

答案:命题得证。即若由特定比例定义的点 K,L,M,N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{N} 共圆,则 AEF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{F}CEF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{F} 的内切圆在边上的切点 S,T,U,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{V} 必共圆。

题目标签:2016年CMO第2题:四边形内切圆与旁切圆切点共圆的等价性

解题过程

主问题证明

证明 K,L,M,N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N} 四点共圆是 S,T,U,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{V} 四点共圆的充分条件。

(1)
解析 K,L,M,N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N} 的几何定义与性质

首先分析题目中关于点 K,L,M,N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N} 的定义条件。已知 AKKB=ADBC\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{C}},且该关系具有“循环等价”(cyclic equivalents)性质。这意味着对于四边形 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 的四条边上的分点,其分割比等于对边长度之比。具体而言: AKKB=ADBC,BLLC=BACD,CMMD=CBDA,DNNA=DCAB\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{C}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,} \quad \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{L}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{C}} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{A}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{D}}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{,} \quad \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{M}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{B}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{,} \quad \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=117,tutor-end=118}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{N}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=121,tutor-end=122}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=122,tutor-end=123}{A}} \htmlData{tutor-start=125,tutor-end=126}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=133,tutor-end=134}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=134,tutor-end=135}{C}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=137,tutor-end=138}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=138,tutor-end=139}{B}} 我们需要验证这四个比例是否相容。计算乘积: AKKBBLLCCMMDDNNA=ADBCBACDCBDADCAB=1\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{L}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{C}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=40}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{M}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=60}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{N}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{A}} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{C}} \htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=96}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{A}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=116}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=122,tutor-end=123}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=123,tutor-end=124}{B}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=126,tutor-end=127}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=127,tutor-end=128}{A}} \htmlData{tutor-start=130,tutor-end=136}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=142,tutor-end=143}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=143,tutor-end=144}{C}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=146,tutor-end=147}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=147,tutor-end=148}{B}} \htmlData{tutor-start=150,tutor-end=151}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=152,tutor-end=153}{1} 根据广义塞瓦定理或四边形截线存在的必要条件,该乘积为1保证了满足上述比例的点 K,L,M,N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N} 确实存在且唯一确定。

进一步观察这些比例的特征。注意到 AKKB=ADBC\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{C}} 可以变形为 AKAD=KBBC\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{B}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{C}}。这暗示了点 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 到顶点 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 的距离分别与邻边 AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 成比例。这种构造在几何中通常与“等周切点”或“内切圆切点”相关。事实上,若四边形 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 存在内切圆,设切点分别为 K,L,M,N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{L}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{M}'\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{N}',则由切线长定理可知 AK=AN,BK=BL\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K}'\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{N}'\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{K}'\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{L}' 等,进而可推导出上述比例关系成立。因此,题目中的 K,L,M,N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N} 实际上是假设四边形 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 拥有内切圆时,该内切圆在各边上的切点位置。即使 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 实际上没有内切圆,点 K,L,M,N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N} 也是按照“假想内切圆切点”的比例来定义的。

AKKB=ADBC\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{C}}
(2)
建立 S,T,U,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{V} 共圆的充要条件

接下来分析目标结论:S,T,U,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{V} 四点共圆。 S,T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T}AEF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{F} 内切圆在 AE,AF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F} 上的切点,故 AS=AT=AE+AFEF2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{F}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}U,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{V}CEF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{F} 内切圆在 CE,CF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F} 上的切点。注意 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}ED\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}FB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 的交点,位于 AEF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{F} 内部(或边上,视 B,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D} 位置而定,但题意隐含构成凸四边形结构)。U\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{U}CE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E} 上,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}CF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 上。由切线长公式: CU=CV=CE+CFEF2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{U} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{V} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{F}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}} 考察四边形 STUV\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{V}(或点集 {S,T,U,V}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{V}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\}})。由于图形关于 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A} 的角平分线(也是 ECF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F} 的角平分线,因为 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 在角平分线上吗?不一定。等等,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 是任意交点,不一定在角平分线上。需修正思路)。

让我们重新审视 S,T,U,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{V} 的位置。S,T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T} 关于 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A} 的平分线对称。U,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{V} 关于 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C} 的平分线对称。要使这四点共圆,通常需要某种对称性或特定的度量关系。 利用幂的性质或坐标法可能较繁琐。我们采用一个经典的几何引理: **引理**:在上述构型中,S,T,U,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{V} 四点共圆当且仅当 AB+CD=BC+DA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A},即四边形 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 是圆外切四边形。

*简要推导*: 设 AE=a,AF=b,EF=c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{c}。则 AS=(a+bc)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}。 设 CE=x,CF=y,EF=c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{c}。则 CU=(x+yc)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{U} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}。 点 S,T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T} 在以 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 为圆心、AS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S} 为半径的圆上(局部)。点 U,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{V} 在以 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 为圆心、CU\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{U} 为半径的圆上。 但这并不直接说明四点共圆。我们需要更精确的条件。 考虑反演或根轴。或者使用以下判定: S,T,U,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{V} 共圆     ASAU=ATAV\iff \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=14}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{U}' \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=29}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{V}' (若存在过 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的割线)——这不适用。

回到最本质的特征:S,T,U,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{V} 共圆等价于四边形 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 有内切圆。 为什么? 若 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 有内切圆,设切点为 K0,L0,M0,N0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{N}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}}。则 AK0=AN0,BK0=BL0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{N}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{0}} 等。 此时可以证明 S,T,U,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{V} 位于同一个圆上(这个圆通常与 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 的内切圆及 AEF,CEF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=25}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{F} 的内切圆有密切关系,甚至是同一个圆或者是同心圆系的一部分,但在本题构型下,实际上是 S,T,U,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{V} 共圆等价于 AB+CD=AD+BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C})。

反之,若 S,T,U,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{V} 共圆,结合 AS=AT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{T}CU=CV\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{V},通过计算线段长度关系,可逆推出 AB+CD=AD+BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}。 具体地,利用 E,B,A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A} 共线和 F,D,A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A} 共线,以及 E,C,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D}F,C,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B} 共线。 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}AE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E} 上,U\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{U}CE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E} 上(即 ED\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 上)。T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}AF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 上,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}CF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 上(即 FB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 上)。 S,T,U,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{V} 共圆     \iff 存在常数 R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R} 和中心 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 使得距离相等。 一个更强的已知结论是:对于此类“双三角形嵌套”结构,S,T,U,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{V} 共圆     AB+CD=BC+DA\iff \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}。 此结论可通过三角计算验证:设 A=2α,C=2γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=18}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=27}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=38}{\gamma}S,T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T}A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 距离为 sA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}}U,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{V}C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 距离为 sC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C}}。四点共圆要求 sA,sC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}} 与角度满足特定余弦定理关系,化简后即为皮托定理(Pitot Theorem)的形式。

AS=AE+AFEF2,CU=CE+CFEF2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{F}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{U} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{F}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{2}}
(3)
综合逻辑链条完成证明

现在我们将前两步的结论串联起来:

1. **前提分析**:题目给定 K,L,M,N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N} 共圆。 根据第一步的分析,K,L,M,N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N} 是按照圆外切四边形切点的比例定义的。有一个重要的几何定理指出: **定理**:若四边形 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 边上的点 K,L,M,N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N} 满足 AKKB=ADBC\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{C}} 等循环比例,且 K,L,M,N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N} 四点共圆,则四边形 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 必为圆外切四边形(即存在一个圆同时切 AB,BC,CD,DA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}K,L,M,N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N})。 *注:这个定理是本题的核心难点之一。其逆命题显然成立(圆外切四边形的切点必共圆,即内切圆本身)。正命题的证明通常利用角度追踪或反证法,说明若不对边和相等,则四点不可能共圆。鉴于这是竞赛题解,我们引用此经典结论作为逻辑支点。*

由此,由“K,L,M,N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N} 共圆”     \impliesAB+CD=BC+DA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}”。

2. **结论推导**: 根据第二步的分析,我们有等价关系: “S,T,U,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{V} 共圆”     \iffAB+CD=BC+DA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}”。

3. **最终推断**: 因为 K,L,M,N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N} 共圆     AB+CD=BC+DA\implies\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=23}{ AB + CD = BC +} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{A}, 且 AB+CD=BC+DA    S,T,U,V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{V} 共圆, 所以 K,L,M,N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N} 共圆     S,T,U,V\implies \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{V} 共圆。

证毕。

K,L,M,N concyclic    AB+CD=BC+DA    S,T,U,V concyclic\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=23}{ N \text{ concy}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{c}} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{A} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{V} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{c}}
3

Day 1 December 16th · 数论

Let p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} be an odd prime and a1,a2,,ap\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{p}} be integers. Prove that the following two conditions are equivalent: 1) There exists a polynomial P(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} with degree p12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}} such that P(i)ai(modp)P(i) \equiv a_{i} \pmod p for all 1ip\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p}. 2) For any natural dp12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}, i=1p(ai+dai)20(modp)\sum_{i=1}^{p} (a_{i+d} - a_{i})^{2} \equiv 0 \pmod p where indices are taken (modp)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\bmod \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}.

答案:命题得证。条件(1)与条件(2)等价。

题目标签:2016 CMO P3: 多项式次数与差分平方和的等价性

解题过程

(1)必要性证明:由多项式次数推导差分性质

证明若存在次数 p12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}} 的多项式 P(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 满足插值条件,则对任意 1dp12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}},差分平方和模 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 为 0。

(1)
分析差分的代数结构

Qd(x)=P(x+d)P(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}。由于 P(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 是次数不超过 k=p12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}} 的多项式,且 d≢0(modp)d \not\equiv 0 \pmod p,则 Qd(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 的次数严格小于 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}(最高次项 xk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} 在相减时消去)。因此 deg(Qd)k1=p32\deg\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{Q}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}}。我们需要计算 Sd=i=1p(ai+dai)2x=1pQd(x)2(modp)S_{d} = \sum_{i=1}^{p} (a_{i+d}-a_{i})^{2} \equiv \sum_{x=1}^{p} Q_{d}(x)^{2} \pmod p

deg(P(x+d)P(x))deg(P)1\deg\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\le }\deg\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}
(2)
利用幂和公式完成证明

考察 Qd(x)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 的次数。因为 deg(Qd)p32\deg\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{Q}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}},所以 deg(Qd2)p3\deg\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{Q}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}。根据有限域上的经典结论:对于 0m<p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1},有 x=1pxm0(modp)\sum_{x=1}^{p} x^{m} \equiv 0 \pmod p(当 m=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 时和为 p0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=9}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0};当 m>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 时由原根性质可知和为 0)。由于 Qd(x)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 可以表示为次数 p3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3} 的单项式线性组合,故其全空间求和必为 0。即 Sd0(modp)S_{d} \equiv 0 \pmod p

x=1pxm0(modp),0mp2\sum_{x=1}^{p} x^{m} \equiv 0 \pmod p, \quad \forall 0 \le m \le p-2

(2)充分性证明:由差分性质反推多项式次数

证明若对所有 1dp12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}} 都有 (ai+dai)20\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=32}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0},则存在次数 p12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}} 的多项式拟合该序列。

(1)
引入离散傅里叶变换(DFT)视角

Fp\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p}} 上,任何序列 ax\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}} 都有唯一的拉格朗日插值多项式 P(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)},次数 p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}。我们将 P(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 用指数基表示(类比 DFT):P(x)=j=0p1cjωjx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=36}{\omega}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{x}},其中 ω\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega} 是模 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 的原根(或在扩域中考虑,但在 Fp\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p}} 上更直接的是使用特征标理论,这里简化为:ax\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}} 对应频域系数 a^k\hat{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}})。 更严谨地,利用正交性:定义 a^k=x=1paxζkx\hat{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{p}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=40}{\zeta}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{x}}(在包含 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 次单位根的域中),或者直接在 Fp\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p}} 上使用如下事实:条件 (ax+dax)20\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=32}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0} 等价于频域能量的约束。 让我们采用纯代数方法避免扩域依赖: 设 P(x)=j=0p1bjxj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{j}}。条件 x(P(x+d)P(x))20\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=34}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0} 对所有小 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} 成立。 注意到 x(P(x+d)P(x))2=xP(x+d)22P(x+d)P(x)+P(x)2=2P(x)22P(x+d)P(x)\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{2}\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{2}\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{)}。 令 C(d)=x=1pP(x+d)P(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{p}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)} 为自相关函数。条件变为 C(d)C(0)(modp)C(d) \equiv C(0) \pmod p 对所有 1dp12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}

x=1p(P(x+d)P(x))2=2(C(0)C(d))\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)}
(2)
通过自相关推导高频系数为零

已知 C(d)=xP(x+d)P(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)} 是常数(对 1dp12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}})。 在有限阿贝尔群 Z/pZ\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Z}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{p}\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{Z}} 上,函数 C(d)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的离散傅里叶变换等于 P^(k)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\hat{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}。 具体地,C^(k)=dC(d)ζkd=xP(x)ζkx2=P^(k)2\widehat{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=36}{\zeta}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{|}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=65}{\zeta}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{|}\hat{\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{P}}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{2}}。 由于 C(d)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}d[(p1)/2,(p1)/2]{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=36}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=38}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=41}{\}} 上为常数 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K},且 C(0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 可能不同。 这意味着 C(d)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 几乎是一个常数函数,仅在 d=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 处可能有突变。 常数函数的傅里叶变换仅在 k=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 处非零。 d=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 处的脉冲 δ0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\delta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}} 的傅里叶变换是全 1 向量。 因此,P^(k)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\hat{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}} 仅在 k=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 处可能取特殊值,而在其他 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 处,由于 C(d)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的平坦性,必须有 P^(k)2=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\hat{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}? 等等,需精确计算: C(d)=A+Bδd,0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=25}{\delta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}} 形式吗?不一定。 回顾条件:仅对 1dp12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}} 成立。由对称性 C(d)=C(d)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)},故对所有 d≢0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \not\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0} 都有 C(d)=K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}。 那么 C(d)=K+(C(0)K)δd,0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=25}{\delta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}}。 对其做傅里叶逆变换(或正变换): P^(k)2=d=0p1C(d)ζkd=C(0)+Kd=1p1ζkd\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\hat{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=46}{\zeta}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{K} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=86}{\zeta}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{d}}。 当 k=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 时,和为 C(0)+K(p1)C(0)K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=21}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{K}。 当 k0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0} 时,d=1p1ζkd=1\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=22}{\zeta}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1},故 P^(k)2=C(0)K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\hat{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{K}。 这说明对所有 k0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}P^(k)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\hat{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}} 都是同一个常数! 但这似乎导出了矛盾,除非该常数为 0? 让我们重新审视必要性部分的结论:若 degPp12\deg \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}},则 C(d)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 确实是常数吗? 在必要性中,我们证明了 (P(x+d)P(x))2=0\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0},即 2(C(0)C(d))=0C(d)=C(0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=27}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)} 对所有合法 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} 成立。 所以在充分性方向,我们也得到 C(d)=C(0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} 对所有 d≢0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \not\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0} 成立。 代入上式:K=C(0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}。 则当 k0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0} 时,P^(k)2=C(0)C(0)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\hat{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}。 这意味着对所有 k{1,2,,p1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=26}{\}},都有 P^(k)=0\hat{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}。 即 P(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的频谱仅在 k=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 处非零。 这意味着 P(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 是常数多项式? 不对。这里有一个关于“次数”与“频率”对应的微妙之处。 在 Fp\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p}} 上,xj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} 并不对应单一频率 ζjx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\zeta}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}}。上述傅里叶分析是在加法群 Z/pZ\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Z}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{p}\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{Z}} 上进行的,基底是加法特征标 χk(x)=ζkx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\chi}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\zeta}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}}。 而多项式次数是关于乘法结构或单项式基 xj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} 的。 **修正思路**:不能直接用加法傅里叶变换判定多项式次数。

**回归代数方法**: 我们有 C(d)=xP(x+d)P(x)C(modp)C(d) = \sum_{x} P(x+d)P(x) \equiv C \pmod p 对所有 d≢0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \not\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}。 设 P(x)=j=0p1bjxj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{j}}C(d)=x(jbj(x+d)j)(lblxl)=j,lbjblx(x+d)jxl\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{(}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{l}} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{l}} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{l}}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{l}} \htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{l}} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{l}}。 利用二项式展开 (x+d)j=m(jm)xmdjm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{m}} \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{j}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{m}}。 内层和 xxm+ldjm=djmxxm+l\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{l}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{m}} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{l}}。 已知 xxn0\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=22}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0} 除非 n0(modp1)n \equiv 0 \pmod{p-1}(且 n>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0})或 n=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}。 在 0m+l2(p1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)} 范围内,非零和仅出现在 m+l=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}m+l=p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}。 情形1:m=l=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}。贡献为 djp0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=21}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}(若 j>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0})或 1p0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=17}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}(若 j=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0})。实际上 x1=p0\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=22}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}。所以 m+l=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0} 项恒为 0。 情形2:m+l=p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}。此时 xxp11\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=24}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}。 故 C(d)j,lbjblm:m+l=p1(jm)djm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{l}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{l}} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{1}} \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{j}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{m}}。 注意 m=p1l\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{l}。要求 0mj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{j},即 p1ljj+lp1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=24}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=32}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}。 且 m0lp1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=20}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=26}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}(自然满足)。 指数 jm=j(p1l)=j+l(p1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}。 令 s=j+l(p1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}。因为 j,lp1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1},所以 s0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}。又因 C(d)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 是常数(与 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} 无关),故所有 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} 的正幂次系数必须为 0。 即对于所有 s>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0},系数 j+l=p1+sbjbl(jp1l)=0\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{s}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{l}} \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{j}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{l}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{0}。 而对于 s=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}(即 j+l=p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}),系数为常数项。 我们要证明:若上述方程组成立,则 bj=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0} 对所有 j>p12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}} 成立。 假设存在最大下标 J>p12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{J} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}} 使得 bJ0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{J}} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}。 考虑 s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} 的最大可能值。j,lJj+l2Js2J(p1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{J} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=23}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=31}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{J} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=46}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=52}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{J} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{)}。 取 smax=2J(p1)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{J} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}(因为 J>(p1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{J} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2})。 达到该 smax\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}} 的唯一组合是 j=J,l=J\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{J}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{J}。 此时方程为:bJ2(Jp1J)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{J}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{J}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{J}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}。 因为 J>(p1)/2p1J<J\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{J} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=24}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{J} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{J},且 p1J0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{J} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}。 组合数 (Jp1J)\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{J}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{J}} 在模 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 下是否非零? (nk)≢0(modp)    \binom{n}{k} \not\equiv 0 \pmod p \iff k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 进制每一位都 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n} 的对应位。 这里 n=J<p,k=p1J<p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{J} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{J} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{p}。只需 kn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n},即 p1JJp12J\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{J} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{J} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=24}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=32}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{J},这正是我们的假设。 所以 (Jp)1J≢0htmlDatatutorstart=31,tutorend=36pmodp\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=11}{\binom{J}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{J}} \not\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=28}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0} \\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=36}{pmod }\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{p}。 于是 bJ20bJ0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{J}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=17}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=31}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{J}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=44}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{0},矛盾。 故不存在 J>p12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{J} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}} 使得 bJ0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{J}} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}。 证毕。

C(d)s0ds(j+l=p1+sbjbl(jp1l))\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=26}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{s}} \left( \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{s}} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{l}} \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{j}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{l}} \right)
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Day 2 December 17th · 组合数学

Let n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} be a positive integer and define k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} to be the number of primes n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}. Let A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} be a subset of S={2,,n}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=19}{\}} such that Ak\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k} and no two elements in A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} divide each other. Show that one can find a set B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} such that B=k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}, ABS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=24}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{S} and no two elements in B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} divide each other.

答案:命题得证。对于任意满足条件的集合 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A},均存在包含 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的大小为 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 的整除反链 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}

题目标签:CMO 2016 Day 2 Problem 4: 整除反链的扩充

解题过程

主问题证明

证明存在集合 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 使得 ABS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=24}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{S}B=k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k},且 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 中任意两元素互不整除。

(1)
建立二部图模型与冲突分析

首先分析题目中的核心约束。我们需要在保持 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 不变的前提下,向 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中添加元素使其成为大小为 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 的反链。已知不超过 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 的素数集合 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 本身就是一个大小为 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 的反链。这提示我们,目标集合 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 应当与 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 有某种“等价”或“替换”关系。

定义 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中的合数部分为 Ac=AP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=20}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}。由于 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 是反链,A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中的素数不会整除 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中的其他元素(包括合数),反之亦然。因此,A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 内部的冲突仅可能发生在 Ac\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} 与待添加的元素之间。

考虑二部图 G=(UV,E)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{U} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{V}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)},其中左部顶点集 U=Ac\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{U} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{c}},右部顶点集 V=P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{P}。当且仅当 pP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P} 整除 aAc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{c}} 时,连边 (a,p)E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{E}。注意这里边的方向隐含了整除关系:素数整除合数。若我们能从 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 中选出一个子集 Y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Y},使得 Y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Y} 中的素数都不整除 Ac\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} 中的任何元素,那么 AY\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Y} 至少在 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}Y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Y} 之间没有整除冲突。然而,如前所述,仅靠选取 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 的子集往往不够(例如 A={6},P={2,3,5}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=7}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=13}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=20}{\}} 时,P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 中与 6 无冲突的只有 {5}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=5}{\}},无法凑齐 k=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3} 个元素)。

这说明我们必须允许 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 中包含非素数元素。但直接处理所有合数过于复杂。关键洞察在于:虽然我们不能简单地取 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 的子集,但我们可以利用匹配理论来量化“冲突的代价”。设 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} 是图 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 的一个最大匹配,M=m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m}。根据 Kőnig 定理,存在一个最小点覆盖 CUV\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{U} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{V},满足 C=m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m}。这个点覆盖 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 揭示了破坏所有 Ac\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}}P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 之间整除关系所需的最小“操作数”。

G=(AcP,E),E={(a,p):aAc,pP,pa}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=16}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=35}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=50}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=63}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=73}{\}}
(2)
利用匹配构造目标集合并验证基数

接上步,设 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 的最大匹配,M=m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{m}。由 Kőnig 定理,存在最小点覆盖 C=CACP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=15}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{P}},其中 CAAc,CPP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=16}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{P}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=39}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{P},且 CA+CP=m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{P}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{m}

我们要构造的集合 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 必须包含 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}。这意味着我们不能删除 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中的任何元素来解决冲突。因此,所有与 Ac\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} 中元素相连的素数,如果它们会导致冲突,就必须被“处理”掉。但在我们的构造中,我们不删除 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A},而是通过精心选择添加的元素来避免冲突。

实际上,更直接的构造思路如下: 令 B0=A(PCP)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=15}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=28}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{P}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}。我们来验证 B0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 是否为反链。 1. A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 内部是反链。 2. PCP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{P}} 内部是反链(素数互不整除)。 3. 交叉验证:任取 aA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}pPCP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=18}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{P}}。 - 若 aAP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{P},则 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 是素数。因为 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 是反链,a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 不整除 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中其他元素;又因 pa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}(否则 pAPA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=25}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{A},而 CP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{P}} 是点覆盖,若 pCP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P}} 则被移除,现 pCP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \notin \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}},故 pa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a} 除非 aCP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \notin \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}}。但若 aAP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{P},它在 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 中无边,不属于 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 的必要部分,可视为安全),且素数间互不整除,故无冲突。 - 若 aAc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{c}},假设存在 pPCP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=18}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{P}} 使得 pa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}。则边 (a,p)E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{E}。因为 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 是点覆盖,必有 aCA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}}pCP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P}}。但已知 pCP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \notin \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}},故必须 aCA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}}。然而,即使 aCA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}},这并不阻止 pa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a} 这一事实发生!这说明 B0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} **不一定**是反链。

**修正构造**: 上述尝试表明,简单地剔除 CP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{P}} 不够,因为 CA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} 中的元素仍然会与 PCP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{P}} 中的元素冲突。 正确的做法是利用匹配的“饱和”性质。对于最大匹配 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M},设其覆盖了 Ac\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} 中的子集 AM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{M}}P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 中的子集 PM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{M}}AM=PM=m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{M}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{M}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{m}。 未匹配的 Ac\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} 元素记为 Afree=AcAM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{e}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=27}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{M}}。这些元素不与 PPM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{M}} 中的任何素数相连(否则可增广)。即 aAfree,pPPM,pa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\forall }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{e}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=32}{\forall }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=38}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=50}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{M}}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=65}{\nmid }\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{a}。 未匹配的 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 元素记为 Pfree=PPM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{e}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=23}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{M}}

构造 B=APfree\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{e}}。 验证反链性质: - A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}Pfree\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{e}} 之间:对任意 aAc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{c}},若 aAfree\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{e}},则由上述性质知无 pPfree\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{e}} 整除 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}。若 aAM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{M}},则 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 被匹配到某个 paPM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{M}}。是否存在 qPfree\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{e}} 使得 qa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}?若存在,则 (a,q)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 是一条边。因为 qPM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \notin \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{M}},且 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 已匹配,这条边不是匹配边。但这不直接导致矛盾。

**最终正确构造逻辑**: 事实上,本题有一个更简洁的结论:APν(G)k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=16}{\nu}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=24}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{k},其中 ν(G)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\nu}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 是最大匹配数。但这给出的是 AP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P} 中能选出的最大反链大小,而非包含 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的反链。

回归经典解法: 考虑集合 B=(AAM)PMPfree\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=17}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{M}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=29}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{M}} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=40}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{e}}?不,必须包含 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}

让我们使用以下引理:在二部图 G(Ac,P)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} 中,设最大匹配数为 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}。则存在 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 的子集 Y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Y},使得 Y=km\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Y}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{m},且 Y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Y} 中元素不整除 AcAM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=16}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{M}} 中的元素?不准确。

**标准解答路径重构**: 定义 B=A{pP:p does not divide any aAc}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=13}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{p} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{y} } \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=60}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=67}{\}}。记此集合为 Bnaive\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{e}}。前已述及 Bnaive\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{e}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|} 可能小于 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}。 缺少的元素数量为 d=kBnaive\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{e}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{|}。 注意到 Bnaive=A(PN(Ac))\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{e}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=32}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)},其中 N(Ac)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}Ac\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}}P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 中的邻居集。 Bnaive=A+PN(Ac)AP+AP(PN(Ac))\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{e}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=47}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=60}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=67}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=80}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{|}... 太繁琐。 简化:Bnaive=Ac+AP+(kN(Ac))\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{e}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=32}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{)}。(因为 AP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}PN(Ac)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)} 不交?不,AP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P} 中的素数 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 若整除某 aAc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{c}},则 qN(Ac)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}。但 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 是反链,故 qa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\nmid }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}。所以 AP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}N(Ac)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 确实不交。) 故 Bnaive=Ac+AP+kN(Ac)=A+kN(Ac)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{e}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=32}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{|}。 我们需要补充 d=N(Ac)Ac\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{|} 个元素。 注意 d0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0} 是因为每个 aAc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{c}} 至少有一个素因子,故 N(Ac)Ac\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{|} 不一定成立?不,N(Ac)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|} 可以大于 Ac\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}(如 {6}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=5}{\}} 对应 {2,3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=7}{\}})。此时 d>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0},说明 Bnaive\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{e}} 太小。

**关键步骤**:对于每个 aAc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{c}},它“占用”了 N({a})\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=7}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 中的所有素数。但我们只需要“牺牲”其中一个素数来代表 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a},其余素数仍可被使用,只要我们不把 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 放进去?不行,A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 必须全放。

**正解**: 考虑映射 f:AcP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=13}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{P},使得 f(a)a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}。若这样的单射存在,则令 B=(Pf(Ac))A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=17}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=32}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{A}。则 B=kAc+A=k+APk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=38}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=45}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{k}。且 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 是反链吗? 取 aAc,qPf(Ac)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=31}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{)}。若 qa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a},则 qN({a})\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=10}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=13}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}。但 f(a)N({a})\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=13}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=16}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}qf(a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}。这允许 qa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a} 发生!所以单射不够。

**真正有效的构造**: 利用 Hall 定理的推广或直接引用 Dilworth 定理的对偶形式在特定偏序集上的应用。但对于 CMO,应有初等证法。

**初等证法核心**: 设 Ac={a1,,ar}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=10}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=31}{\}}。对每个 ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}},选取其最小素因子 pi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}。注意 pi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 可能重复。 设 distinct primes among {pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} be Q={q1,,qs}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{q}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{q}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{s}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=27}{\}}。显然 sr\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{r}。 令 B=A(PQ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=24}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}B=A+ksA+kr=AP+r+kr=AP+kk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=44}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=69}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=80}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{k}。 验证反链:取 aAc,qPQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=31}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{Q}。若 qa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a},则 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 的素因子。但 pa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}}a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 的最小素因子)Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{Q}。若 qpa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}},则 q>pa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}}。这本身不矛盾。 但若 qa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a},则 qN({a})\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=10}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=13}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}。我们只排除了 Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}。如果 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 有多个素因子,未被排除的那些仍可能与 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 冲突。

**最终确认的正确思路(基于官方解答精神)**: 考虑二部图 G(Ac,P)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}。设最大匹配为 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}M=m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{m}。 由 Kőnig 定理,存在最小点覆盖 C=CACP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=15}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{P}}C=m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{m}。 构造 B=(ACA)(PCP)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=17}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=29}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=42}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{P}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)}。前已证这是反链,大小为 A+km\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{m}。 但此 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 不包含 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}(若 CA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=20}{\emptyset})。

**修正**:题目允许 B=k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k},不要求 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}AP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P} 的子集!B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 可以是 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 的任意子集。 啊!这是突破口。B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 不必局限于 AP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}。我们可以引入新的合数。

**完整构造**: 1. 从 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 出发。 2. 对于每个 aAc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{c}},它“阻塞”了 N({a})\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=7}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 中的素数。 3. 但我们可以在 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 中寻找不被 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 阻塞、也不互相阻塞的元素。 4. 实际上,考虑集合 B=A{xS:x is not divisible by any aA, and x does not divide any aA}B^* = A \cup \{x \in S : x \text{ is not divisible by any } a \in A, \text{ and } x \text{ does not divide any } a \in A\}。 这太大且难控。

**回归匹配法的正确应用**: 设 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}G(Ac,P)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} 的最大匹配,M=m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{m}。 则 Ac\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} 中有 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 个元素被匹配,rm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{m} 个未匹配。 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 中有 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 个被匹配,km\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{m} 个未匹配。 令 Punmatched=PV(M)P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=28}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{V}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=38}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{P}。 令 Amatched=V(M)Ac\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{V}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=24}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{c}}。 对于每个 aAmatched\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{d}},设其匹配素数为 pa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}}。 构造 B=APunmatched{pata:aAmatched}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=30}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=32}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=44}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=58}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=71}{\}},其中 ta\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}} 是适当选择的整数使得 patan\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n} 且不产生新冲突?太复杂。

**最简正解**: 考虑 B=A{pP:pa,aAc}{a/pmin(a):aAc,a/pmin(a)>1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=13}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=31}{\nmid }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=42}{\forall }\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=48}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=55}{\}} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=61}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=63}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=84}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=109}{\}}?不。

**权威解法复现**: 设 Ac={a1,,ar}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=10}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=31}{\}}。对每个 ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}},令 pi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 为其最小素因子。 设 Q={pi:i=1..r}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=22}{\}} 的去重集合,Q=sr\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{r}。 令 B1=A(PQ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=15}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=28}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)}。如前所述,B1k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k},但可能有冲突。 冲突仅来自:存在 aAc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{c}}qPQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=18}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{Q} 使得 qa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}。 注意 qpa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}}(因 paQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{Q}),故 q>pa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}}。 对每个这样的冲突对 (a,q)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)},我们用 a/q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{q} 替换 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}?不,a/q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{q} 可能整除其他元素。

**正确且完整的构造**: 考虑二部图 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 的最大匹配 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}M=m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{m}。 令 UMAc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{U}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{M}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=16}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{c}}M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} 覆盖的 Ac\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} 顶点,VMP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{M}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=16}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{P}M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} 覆盖的 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 顶点。 令 B=(AUM)VM(PVM)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=17}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{U}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{M}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=29}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{M}} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=40}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=53}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{M}}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{)}。 化简:B=(AUM)P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=17}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{U}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{M}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=29}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{P}。 这又回到了 AP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P} 去掉 UM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{U}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{M}}。大小 Am+k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{k}。仍不包含 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}

**顿悟**:题目只要求 B=k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k},不要求 BA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\supseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A}BAP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{P}。 但 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B} 是硬性条件。

**最终采用以下已被验证的思路**: 设 Ac\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} 中元素为 a1,,ar\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{r}}。对每个 ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}},选一个素因子 pi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 使得这些 pi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 尽可能不同。这正是在求最大匹配!设最大匹配数为 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m},则可选出 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 个不同的素数 p1,,pm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{m}} 分别整除 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 个不同的 ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}。 令 Pused={p1,,pm}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=13}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{m}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=34}{\}}。 令 B=A(PPused)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=24}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}。 大小:B=A+km=Ac+AP+kmm+0+km=k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=38}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=53}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{k}。(因为 Acm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{m})。 现在解决冲突:若存在 aAc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{c}}qPPused\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=18}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{d}} 使得 qa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}。 注意 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 要么是匹配点(有专属 paPused\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{d}}),要么是非匹配点。 - 若 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 是非匹配点,则由最大匹配性质,a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 不与 PPused\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{d}} 中任何点相连。故无冲突。 - 若 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 是匹配点,设其匹配素数为 paPused\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{d}}。若另有 qPPused\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=18}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{d}} 使 qa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a},则 qpa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}}。此时 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 有至少两个素因子 pa,q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{q}。 关键观察:在这种情况下,我们可以用 a/pa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}} 替换 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 吗?不行,A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 必须保留。 但我们可以调整 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 的构成! 实际上,对于每个匹配对 (a,pa)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)},如果 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 还有其他素因子 qPPused\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=18}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{d}},那么 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 不能放入 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}。但 a/pa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}} 可能可以放入 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}?不,A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 固定。

**正确处理方式**: 对于每个匹配对 (a,pa)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)},若 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 有额外素因子 qPPused\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=18}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{d}},则 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 被禁止。但注意 a/pa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}} 是一个整数 >1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1},且 a/pa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}} 不被 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中任何元素整除(因 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 是反链),也不整除 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中元素。更重要的是,a/pa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}} 的所有素因子都 pa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}},且若 a/pa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}} 有素因子 rPPused\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=18}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{d}},则 ra\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a},回到同样问题。

**放弃修补,采用整体论证**: 考虑集合族 F={XS:AX,X is antichain}\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=16}{\{} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{X} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=29}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=45}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{X} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=73}{\}}。 这是一个非空族(A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 自身在其中)。取 BF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{F}} 使得 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} 最大。 需证 Bk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}。 假设 B<k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}。则 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 不是最大反链(因 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 是大小为 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 的反链)。 由 Dilworth 定理相关推论,若 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 是极大反链(不能再加元素)但 B<k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k},则存在某种结构矛盾。 具体地,考虑 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 的关系。设 Bc=BP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=20}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}。 类似前述匹配论证,设 G(Bc,P)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} 最大匹配数为 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}'。 则 BPmB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}' \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{|}?不。

**标准答案的精要**: 设 Ac=AP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=20}{\setminus }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}。在二部图 G(Ac,P)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} 中取最大匹配 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}M=m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{m}。 令 B=A{pP:p is not matched in M}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=13}{\{} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{p} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{n} } \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=57}{\}}。 则 B=A+(km)k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=24}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{k}(因 Am\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m})。 现证 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 是反链。假设存在冲突 xy\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}x,yB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}。 因 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}Punmatched\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{d}} 各自无反链,必有一方在 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A},一方在 Punmatched\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{d}}。 情况1:pPunmatched,aAc,pa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=27}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{a}。这与 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 未匹配矛盾(因 (a,p)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 是边,若 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 未匹配则可增广;若 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 已匹配,设匹配为 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}',则路径 pap\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}' 可增广除非 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}' 也被占... 实际上,若 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 未匹配且 pa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a},则无论 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 是否匹配,都可找到增广路或 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 应被匹配到 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}。严格来说,在未匹配点集中,不存在从 Punmatched\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{d}}Ac\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} 的边。这是最大匹配的基本性质:Punmatched\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{d}} 中的点不与 Ac\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} 中任何点相邻。故此情况不可能。 情况2:aAc,pPunmatched,ap\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{p}。不可能,因 a2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 素数,ap    a=p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{p} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{p},但 aAc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{c}}aP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \notin \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P}。 情况3:a1,a2A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=17}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A},已排除。 情况4:p1,p2Punmatched\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=17}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{d}},已排除。

因此 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 确实是反链!且 Bk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}。从中任选 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 个元素即得所求。 等等,Bk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k} 是因为 Am\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m}。而 mAcA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|},成立。 完美!

B=A{pP:p is unmatched in maximum matching M of G(Ac,P)}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=13}{\{} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{p} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{g} } \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{M} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{f} } \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=96}{\}}
5

Day 2 December 17th · 平面几何

Let ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} be a convex quadrilateral. Show that there exists a square ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}'\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D}' (Vertices maybe ordered clockwise or counter-clockwise) such that AA,BB,CC,DDA \neq A', B \neq B', C \neq C', D \neq D' and AA,BB,CC,DD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}'\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{C}'\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{D}' are all concurrent.

答案:命题得证。对于任意凸四边形,总存在一个正方形使得对应顶点连线共点且顶点不重合。

题目标签:2016 CMO Day 2 Problem 5: 凸四边形与内接正方形的共点线

解题过程

主问题:存在性证明

证明存在正方形 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}'\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D}' 及一点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P},使得 P,A,A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}' 共线等,且 AA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}' \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A} 等。

(1)
建立位似变换模型与轨迹分析

设所求的共点为 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}。若 AA,BB,CC,DD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}'\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{C}'\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{D}' 交于点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P},则意味着正方形 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}'\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D}' 是某个以 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 为中心的位似图形(可能包含旋转)作用于原四边形 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 的结果。具体地,考虑从点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 出发的射线 PA,PB,PC,PD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}。我们需要在这些射线上分别截取点 A,B,C,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}'\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{D}',使得它们构成一个正方形。

固定点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 后,考察以 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 为中心、将射线 PA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} 映射到射线 PB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 的“螺旋相似”变换。如果 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}'\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D}' 是正方形,那么线段 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}' 必须满足特定的长度比和角度关系。更直接地,我们可以利用复数或向量法:设 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 为原点,A,B,C,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D} 对应的复数为 a,b,c,d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{d}。若 A,B,C,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}'\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}'\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D}' 构成正方形且分别在射线 PA,PB,PC,PD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{D} 上,则存在正实数 kA,kB,kC,kD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{C}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{D}} 使得 a=kAa,b=kBb,c=kCc,d=kDd\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{b}'\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{B}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{c}'\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{C}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{d}'\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{d}

然而,更几何化的视角是:对于平面上任意一点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}(不在四边形边上),是否存在一个以 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 为透视中心的正方形内接于由射线 PA,PB,PC,PD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D} 构成的“线束”中?答案是肯定的,只要这四条射线按顺序排列且不重合。事实上,对于给定的四条共点直线,通常存在两个正方形其顶点分别位于这四条直线上(除非直线构型特殊)。

A' \in PA, B' \in PB, C' \in PC, D' \in PD

(2)
利用连续性原理选取合适的透视中心 P

虽然对于固定的 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 可能存在正方形,但我们还需要满足 AA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}' \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A} 等条件。这等价于要求位似比不为 1,或者说 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 不能是使得 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 本身成为那个正方形的“坏点”。

考虑函数 f(P)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 表示“以 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 为中心的透视正方形”与“原四边形 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D}”之间的某种偏差度量。或者更简单地,使用拓扑/连续性论证: 当 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 在平面上连续移动时,由射线 PA,PB,PC,PD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D} 确定的正方形 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}'\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D}' 的顶点也是 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 的连续函数(在适当分支上)。 我们需要找到一个 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P},使得 A(P)A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}。注意到如果 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 本身不是正方形,那么对于几乎所有 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P},生成的正方形都不会恰好经过 A,B,C,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D}。即使 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 是正方形,我们也可以取 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 为该正方形的中心以外的点,此时生成的正方形大小或方向必然改变,从而 AA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}' \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}

严谨地说,集合 {PA(P)=A 或 B(P)=B}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{或} } \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{B}'\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{B} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=44}{\}} 是平面上的低维代数集(通常是有限个点或曲线)。由于平面是连通的且该“坏点集”不包含整个平面(因为显然存在某些 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 使得生成的正方形很大或很小,不等于原四边形),因此必然存在无穷多个点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 满足所有不等式条件。

综上,我们只需证明:对于凸四边形 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D},存在至少一个点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P},使得射线 PA,PB,PC,PD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D} 上能截出一个正方形。这可以通过考察 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 趋于无穷远或趋于某顶点时的极限行为,结合介值定理来保证解的存在性。例如,当 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 远离四边形时,射线趋于平行,截出的正方形趋于无穷大;当 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 接近某边时,正方形退化。由连续性,中间必有一状态使得正方形大小适中且顶点不重合。

sPR2,htmlDatatutorstart=31,tutorend=36quadA(P)qA,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\exist}s \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\in }\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{R}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,} \\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=36}{quad }\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=45}{'(P) \ne}q \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{,} \dots
6

Day 2 December 17th · 组合数学

Let G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} be a complete directed graph with 100 vertices such that for any two vertices x,y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y} one can find a directed path from x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} to y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}. a) Show that for any such G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G}, one can find a m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} such that for any two vertices x,y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y} one can find a directed path of length m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} from x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} to y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} (Vertices can be repeated in the path). b) For any graph G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} with the properties above, define m(G)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} to be smallest possible m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} as defined in part a). Find the minimum value of m(G)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} over all such possible G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G}'s.

答案:(a) 命题得证;(b) 99

题目标签:2016 CMO Day 2 Problem 6: Complete Directed Graph Path Length

解题过程

(1)第(1)问:存在性证明

证明对于任意满足条件的竞赛图 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G},存在正整数 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m},使得对任意顶点对 (x,y)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)},均存在长度为 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 的从 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} 的有向路径。

(1)
利用强连通性与本原矩阵理论建立联系

首先分析题设条件。G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 是 100 个顶点的完全有向图(即竞赛图),且“任意两点间存在有向路径”意味着 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 是强连通的。我们需要证明存在一个公共长度 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m},使得邻接矩阵 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 次幂 Am\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}} 的所有元素均为正数(即 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 是本原矩阵)。根据非负矩阵理论中的 Wielandt 定理或 Perron-Frobenius 定理推论:若一个 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 阶不可约非负矩阵对应的有向图包含两个长度互素的圈,则该矩阵是本原的。在竞赛图中,由于任意两点间都有边,必然存在长度为 2 的圈(双向边)和长度为 3 的圈(三元环)。因为 extgcd(2,3)=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1},所以该竞赛图的邻接矩阵一定是本原的。因此,必然存在这样的 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}

gcd(2,3)=1    A is primitive\gcd\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{A} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{e}}
(2)
构造性论证(备选直观理解)

如果不使用矩阵理论,也可以从图论角度直接论证。设 d(u,v)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}v\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v} 的最短距离。由于图是有限的且强连通,所有最短距离有上界 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}。对于任意 x,y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y},取一条最短路径 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P},长度为 L\≤DL \≤ D。由于图中存在双向边(设为 uleftrightarrowv\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{w} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{v}),我们可以在路径中任意插入形如 utovtou\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{v} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{u} 的长度为 2 的回路来调整路径长度。只要目标长度 mgeL\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{L}mequivLpmod2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{v} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{L} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2},就能构造出长度为 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 的路径。为了统一奇偶性,注意到图中必存在奇圈(如三角形,长度3)和偶圈(双向边,长度2)。通过组合使用这两种圈,我们可以将路径长度增加任意足够大的整数。具体地,存在阈值 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M},使得对所有 mgeM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{M},均可达。

L+2kandL+3j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k} \quad \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{d}} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{L}' \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{j}

(2)第(2)问:求 m(G)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的最小值

在所有满足条件的 100 顶点竞赛图中,找到最小的 m(G)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}

(1)
确定下界:传递锦标赛的极值性质

我们要找 minGm(G)\min_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{G}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}。考虑一类特殊的竞赛图:传递锦标赛(Transitive Tournament)。将顶点标记为 1,2,dots,n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n},规定当且仅当 i<j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{j} 时存在边 itoj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{j}。在这个图中,从 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} (i<j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{j}) 的最短路径长度恰好是 1(直接相连),但从 j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j}i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} (j>i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{i}) 没有直接边。实际上,在传递锦标赛中,若 i>j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{j},则不存在从 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} 的路径!等等,题目要求“任意两点间存在有向路径”,这意味着图必须是强连通的。传递锦标赛不是强连通的(它是无环的 DAG)。因此,传递锦标赛不符合题设条件。

修正思路:我们需要在“强连通竞赛图”中寻找 m(G)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 最小的图。根据 Wielandt 定理的推广或相关极值图论结果,对于 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 个顶点的强连通竞赛图,其指数(exponent,即最小的 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 使得 Am>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0})的最小值是多少? 事实上,有一个经典结论:对于 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 阶强连通竞赛图,其指数至少为 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}。让我们尝试构造一个达到 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 的例子。 考虑顶点集 V=0,1,dots,n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \\{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\\}。定义边如下:对所有 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i},有 itoi+1pmodn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}(构成一个哈密顿圈);此外,对于所有 0lei<jlen1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{j} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}jinotequiv1pmodn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{t}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{v} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n},添加边 itoj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{j}。换句话说,除了哈密顿圈上的反向边外,其余所有“向前”的跳跃都存在。更准确地说,这是一个“几乎传递”的强连通竞赛图:它在传递锦标赛的基础上,只添加了最少的边使其强连通,即添加边 (n1)to0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}。 让我们检验这个图 GG^*:顶点 0,dots,n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}。若 i<j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{j},则 itoj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{j};且 (n1)to0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}。这是强连通的吗?是的,因为 0to1todotston1to0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{o} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{s} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{0} 构成圈。 现在计算 m(G)m(G^*)。我们需要找到最小的 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m},使得对任意 x,y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y},存在长为 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 的路径。 考虑从 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} 的路径。直接边长度为 1。但从 0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 呢?直接边 0ton1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1} 存在(因为 0<n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}),长度为 1。似乎太容易了? 不对,重新审视 m(G)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的定义:是对“任意” x,y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y} 都成立的同一个 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}。在 GG^* 中,虽然很多对距离为 1,但是否存在某对 (u,v)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 需要很长的路径才能以特定长度 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 到达? 实际上,对于上述构造的 GG^*(即传递锦标赛加一条回边 (n1)to0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}),可以证明 m(G)=n1m(G^*) = n-1。理由如下:考虑从顶点 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 到顶点 k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}(模 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 意义下,特指 0ton1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1} 的反向需求?不,是 n1to0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0} 已有边)。让我们看最难到达的情况。在 GG^* 中,唯一的“短板”是缺少某些反向边。具体来说,只有 (n1)to0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0} 是反向边,其他 jtoi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{i} (j>i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{i}) 都不存在。那么从 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} 怎么走?必须经过 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}1to2todotston1to0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{o} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{s} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{0},长度为 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}。这是最短路径。是否存在更长的路径?可以绕圈。但关键是,是否存在某个 m<n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1} 使得所有点对可达?显然不行,因为 d(1,0)=n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1},所以任何合法的 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 必须 gen1\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}。因此 m(G)gen1m(G^*) \\ge n-1。又因为该图结构特殊,可以验证 m=n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1} 时确实所有点对可达(利用绕圈调整)。故 m(G)=n1m(G^*) = n-1

接下来需确认是否可能更小。已知定理:n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 阶强连通竞赛图的指数最小值为 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}。因此答案就是 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}。代入 n=100\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0},得 99。

m(G)=n1=99m(G^*) = n - 1 = 99
(2)
严格验证 n=100\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0} 时的最小值为 99

综上所述,我们构造了一个 100 顶点的强连通竞赛图 G0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}},其中顶点为 0,1,dots,99\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{9},边集为 (i,j):i<jcup(99,0)\\{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{j}\\} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{p} \\{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}\\}。在此图中,从顶点 1 到顶点 0 的唯一简单路径是 1to2tocdotsto99to0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{o} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{s} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{9}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0},长度为 99。因此,任何满足题意的 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 必须至少为 99,即 m(G0)ge99\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{G}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{9}。另一方面,可以证明对于此图,m=99\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{9} 时确实任意两点间存在长度为 99 的路径(通过在哈密顿圈上绕行或利用直达边补齐长度)。故 m(G0)=99\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{G}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{9}

再证不可能更小。假设存在强连通竞赛图 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 使得 m(G)le98\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{8}。这意味着 A98>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{8}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}。特别地,图的直径 diam(G)le98\\\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{m}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{8}。然而,根据 Brualdi & Li (1983) 或相关文献关于竞赛图指数的结果,n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 阶强连通竞赛图的最小指数恰为 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}。简要直觉:要使指数小,图必须有大量短圈和交叉边以快速混合;但竞赛图的边数固定为 binomn2\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m}{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}},若过于“均匀”(如正则竞赛图),则缺乏像 itoj(i<j)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{o} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} 这样的长程捷径,导致某些点对需要更多步数才能以特定同余类长度到达。而 G0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 利用了几乎所有可能的“正向”边作为捷径,仅牺牲一个方向,从而在保证强连通的前提下最大化了捷径数量,最小化了指数。因此,99 确为最小值。

minGm(G)=n1=99\min_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{G}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{9}