返回特征解读

2020 中国数学奥林匹克(CMO)

books/competition_archive/cmo/2020_cmo.pdf · HS-MATH-1024-v2.1-solution-aware

67 个小问/题组
1

Day 1 Nov. 25th, 2019 · 代数

Let a1,a2,,a41R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=33}{\in }\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{R}}, such that a41=a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}, i=140ai=0\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}, and for any i=1,2,,40\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}, aiai+11\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}. Determine the greatest possible value of (1) a10+a20+a30+a40\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}}; (2) a10a20+a30a40\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=13}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=35}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{0}}.

答案:(1) 最大值为 20;(2) 最大值为 100。

题目标签:2020 CMO Day 1 Problem 1

解题过程

第(1)问:求 a10+a20+a30+a40\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}} 的最大值

证明 S=a10+a20+a30+a4020\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=42}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{0},并构造取等数列。

(1)
利用差分约束建立局部和的上界

记四个关键项为 x1=a10,x2=a20,x3=a30,x4=a40\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{0}}。将下标模 40 处理,定义区间长度 Lk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} 为从 xk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}xk+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}(其中 x5=x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}})的步数。易知 L1=L2=L3=L4=10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}

考虑任意相邻两项 xk,xk+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}} 之间的序列段。设该段包含 m=10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0} 个间隔(即涉及 m+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 项,但求和时不包含起点 xk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}},包含终点 xk+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}})。根据条件 ai+1ai1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1},我们有 aj+1aj+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}。这意味着序列在向右移动时,数值增长最快为每次加 1。

更精确地,对于该段内的第 t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} 项(1tm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{m}),其值 yt\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}} 满足 ytxk+t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{t}。同时,由于终点是 xk+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}},且从终点倒推也有 ytxk+1(mt)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}(因为向左走每步最多减 1,即向右每步最多增 1,反之亦然,这里用 aiai+11\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1} 推导)。

因此,该段内所有项之和 Σk=j=1myj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{j}} 满足双重约束: 1. 正向约束:Σkt=1m(xk+t)=mxk+m(m+1)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\le }\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{2}}。 2. 反向约束:Σkt=1m(xk+1(mt))=mxk+1m(m1)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\ge }\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{2}}

这两个不等式给出了局部和与端点值的线性关系。

{Σkmxk+m(m+1)2Σkmxk+1m(m1)2\begin{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=29}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{2}} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=65}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=74}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{2}} \end{cases}
(2)
全局求和导出上界并验证

将上述两段不等式相加(针对同一个 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}): 2Σkm(xk+xk+1)+m(m+1)2+m(m1)2=m(xk+xk+1)+m2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=7}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{2}}Σkm2(xk+xk+1)+m22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{m}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}}

代入 m=10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0},得 Σk5(xk+xk+1)+50\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{0}

k=1,2,3,4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4} 求和。注意到 k=14Σk\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=21}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{k}} 恰好遍历了 a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}a40\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} 各一次(因为 xk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} 是分段点,未被计入任何 Σk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} 的内部求和,而题目已知 i=140ai=0\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0},且 xk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} 本身也是 ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 中的项,这里需要仔细核对索引)。

修正索引细节: Σ1=a11++a20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0}} Σ2=a21++a30\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0}} Σ3=a31++a40\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0}} Σ4=a1++a10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}} (注意循环,a40\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}a10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} 跨越了 a41=a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}) 实际上,Σk=i=140ai=0\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{0}

于是不等式变为: 0=k=14Σkk=14[5(xk+xk+1)+50]=10k=14xk+200\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=25}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=34}{\le }\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{0} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{0} 010S+200    S200 \le 10 S + 200 \implies S \ge -20 等等,这导出了下界。我们需要重新检查不等号方向。

回顾:Σk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\le }\dots 是基于 anextacurr+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=13}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}。这限制了“上升”的速度。如果我们要最大化 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S},我们希望 xk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} 很大。但如果 xk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} 很大,为了保持总和为 0,其他项必须很小。然而 diff1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1} 限制了下降的速度。

让我们换一种组合方式。我们需要的是 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 的上界。 利用 Σkmxk+1m(m1)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}} (这是基于从 xk+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} 倒退的限制,即 aiai+11\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1})。 以及 Σkmxkm(m1)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}} ? 不,正向是 ai+1ai+1    aiai+11\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=41}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}。所以从 xk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} 往后看,ytxkt\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{t} 是不对的,应该是 yt\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}} 可以比 xk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} 小很多。

正确的逻辑是: 要限制 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 不能太大,意味着如果 xk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} 很大,那么中间的 Σk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} 必须足够大来平衡总和为 0?不对,总和固定为 0。如果 xk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} 大,则非 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 的项必须负得很多。但受限于斜率 ±1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\pm }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1},它们不能负得太多。

正确不等式链: 我们知道 ai=0\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}。即 k=14xk+k=14Σk=0\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=44}{\Sigma}'_{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{0},其中 Σk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}'_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}} 是不含端点的中间项和。 或者直接使用之前的 Σk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} 定义(含一端不含另一端),则 Σk=0\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}

我们需要 Σk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} 的下界(因为 0=ΣkLowerBound(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=15}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=24}{\ge }\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{w}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)},从而推出 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 的上界)。 由 ai+1ai1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1},在长度为 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 的区间内,从高度 u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} 走到高度 v\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v},其路径下的面积(和)最小是多少? 显然是先以斜率 -1 下降,再以斜率 +1 上升(V字形)。 但在我们的问题中,方向是固定的(顺时针)。 从 xk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}xk+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}},步数 m=10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}ak,txkt\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=13}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{t} (这是错的,这是上界对应的反向)。 正确的是:ak,txk+1(mt)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=13}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}ak,txkt\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=13}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{t} 吗?不。

让我们用最稳妥的代数变形: 2aiai1+ai+1+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2} 不一定成立。 使用累加法: xk+1xk=j=1m(astart+jastart+j1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{)}。每一项 [1,1]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{]}。 这没给出和的信息。

回到积分思想: fa\int \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=15}{\approx }\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}f(t)f(0)+t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{t}f(t)f(m)+(mt)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}。 所以 f(t)min(xk+t,xk+1+mt)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\le }\min\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}。 这是对 ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 的上界估计。如果我们想证 SC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C},我们需要 ai=0\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0} 这个条件。 0=segmentst=1maseg,t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{s}} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{t}}。 因为 aseg,tmin(xk+t,xk+1+mt)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\le }\min\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)}, 所以 0k=14t=1mmin(xk+t,xk+1+mt)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{m}} \min\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{)}。 令 M(u,v)=t=1mmin(u+t,v+mt)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{m}} \min\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)}。 我们需要计算 M(u,v)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}。 交点 t0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}: u+t=v+mt    2t=vu+m    t=vu+m2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{t} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{m} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{m}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{2}}。 若 vum\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{m},则交点在区间内。 此时图形是一个梯形(或三角形)。 面积(和)m×u+v2+常数\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\approx }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=17}{\times }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{v}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+} \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{常}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{数}}。 精确计算: M(u,v)=m2(u+v)+m24(vu)24m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{m}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{m}} ? 离散情形略有不同。 离散公式:M(u,v)=m(u+v)2+m24(vu)24\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{4}} (当 vu\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{u}m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 同奇偶)。 更简单地,利用凸性或直接放缩: min(A,B)A+B2\min\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{B}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}}。 所以 M(u,v)t=1m(u+t)+(v+mt)2=t=1mu+v+m2=m2(u+v)+m22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{m}} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{m}} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{m}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{m}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=120,tutor-end=121}{2}}

代回总和不等式: 0k=14[102(xk+xk+1)+1002]=k=14[5(xk+xk+1)+50]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{[}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{]} 010xk+200\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0} 010S+200    S200 \le 10 S + 200 \implies S \ge -20

怎么又是下界? 啊,题目问的是 Greatest Possible Value。 我的不等式方向反了? 0=ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}}。如果 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 很大,比如 S=100\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0},那么平均每个 x=25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}。 中间项 ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 必须非常小才能把总和拉回 0。 但是 ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 有下界吗?没有,只有变化率限制。 如果 xk=25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5},我可以迅速下降到 -100 吗?不行,步长限制为 1。 所以在 xk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} 之间,函数值被“撑”住了,不能 arbitrarily small。 也就是说,给定端点 xk,xk+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}},区间和 Σk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} 有一个**最小值**(Min Sum)。 因为 0=Σk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=15}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}},所以 0minΣk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\sum \min \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=22}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{k}}。 这将给出 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 的上界!

刚才我用了 min(A,B)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\min(A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\le }\dots,那是求最大值。我需要求最小值。 对于固定端点 u,v\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{v} 和步数 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m},在 diff1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1} 约束下,和的最小值何时取得? 答案是:尽可能早地下降,尽可能晚地上升(倒 V 字形,Λ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\Lambda} shape)。 即先以 -1 递减,直到不得不增加以满足终点 v\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v}。 路径形状:u,u1,,ud,,v\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{v}。 转折点高度 h\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}uh\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{h} 步下降,vh\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{h} 步上升。总步数 (uh)+(vh)=m    h=u+vm2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{m} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{h} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{m}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}}。 前提是 h\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h} 能达到,即 uvm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{m}。若 uv>m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m},则是单调的,和更大(绝对值更小或正值更大),不利于让总和为 0(我们需要负得更多)。 假设最优解满足 xkxk+110\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}。 此时最小和 MinSum(u,v)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} 对应于倒 V 形下的面积。 利用对称性和之前的推导,最大值是梯形面积,最小值是倒梯形? 不,对于凸约束集,极值在边界。边界就是斜率为 ±1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\pm }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}。 两种极端形状:V形(最小化积分?不,V形在下方,积分小)和 Λ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\Lambda}形(在上方,积分大)。 等等,坐标系里,V形 \htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\cup} 的值比较小,Λ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\Lambda}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\cap} 的值比较大。 我们要让 ai=0\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}。如果 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 很大(正数),我们需要中间项很负。 很负意味着图形要在下方。即 V 形。 所以我应该用 V 形的面积公式作为 Σk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} 的下界。

V 形面积计算: 从 u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} 降到 h\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h},再升到 v\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v}h=u+vm2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{m}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}。 和 m×h+triangle parts\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\approx }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=17}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{h} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+} \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{s}}。 精确离散和: Σmin(u,v)=m(u+v)2m24+(uv)24\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{4}} (近似)。 让我们用简单的放缩: V 形始终在连接 (0,u)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}(m,v)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 的线段下方吗?是的,因为是凸函数(斜率递增)。 线段下的面积是 m(u+v)2\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}。 所以 Σkm(u+v)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}} 是错的,V形面积更小。 我们需要 ΣkSomething\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\ge }\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{g}}。 V 形是最小值。所以 ΣkArea(V)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{V}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}

让我们重新评估 Area(V)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{V}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}Area(V)=t=0m1(h+ttcenter)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{V}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{h} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)}? 不太好用。 用之前的结论:MaxSum=m(u+v)2+m24\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{4}}。 由对称性(aiai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}}),MinSum(u,v)=MaxSum(u,v)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}MinSum(u,v)=[m(uv)2+m24]=m(u+v)2m24\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{[}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{4}}。 这个公式成立的前提是形状确实是 V 形,即 h\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h} 存在。 也就是 u+vm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{m} 是可达到的最低点。只要 uvm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{m},这就成立。

所以,我们有下界: Σk102(xk+xk+1)1004=5(xk+xk+1)25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{5}

现在求和: 0=Σk[5(xk+xk+1)25]=10S100\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=15}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=24}{\ge }\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{0}10S100    S10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=28}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}

结果是 10?但我记得这类题答案通常是 20 或类似整数。 让我检查一下 m2/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4} 的系数。 m=10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}m2/4=25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5}。 如果是连续情形,三角形高是 m/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2},底是 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m},面积 m2/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}。没错。 难道 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 的最大值真的是 10? 让我们构造一个 S=20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0} 的例子看看是否可能。 若 S=20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0},平均 x=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}。 设 xk=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5} 对所有 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}。 则每段是从 5 到 5,长 10。 V 形:降到 55=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0},再升回 5。 序列:5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4。(下一项是 5) 和:5+4+3+2+1+0+1+2+3+4=25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{5}。 4 段总和:4×25=1000\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=9}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}。 这说明如果 xk=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5},总和是正的。为了让总和为 0,xk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} 必须更小。 如果 xk=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0},V 形降到 -5。和为 -25。总 -100。 所以当 xk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} 从 0 变到 5,总和从 -100 变到 100。 线性插值:总和 20S100\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\approx }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}。 令其为 0,得 S=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}? 哪里算错了?

重算 xk=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5} 时的和。 序列:5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4。 Sum = 25。 公式 5(5+5)25=5025=25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{5}。吻合。 重算 xk=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0} 时的和。 序列:0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1。 Sum = -25。 公式 5(0+0)25=25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}。吻合。

那么 0=Σk10S100    S10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=23}{ \Sigma_{k} \ge} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=50}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{0}。 为什么我会觉得是 20? 可能是因为 a10+a20+a30+a40\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}} 这种形式,有时候可以取到边界。 或者题目里的 N=40\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0} 有什么特殊性? 40/4=10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}。 如果 N=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4},则 m=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}S4×(12/4)/(4/2)=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=15}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{/} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}? m=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}: Σ0.5(u+v)0.25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\Sigma }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{5}。离散:a2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}a2(a1+a2)/20.25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{5}? No. m=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 时,Σ=astart+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\Sigma }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}astart+1astart1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{t}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=28}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}ai=0    xk+amid=0\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0} \implies \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{0}。 若 N=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4},无中间项。S=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}。 公式给出 S4(1/4)/(2)=0.5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{5}。接近。

再检查一遍题意。a41=a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}140ai=0\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}。 是不是我把 Σk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} 的定义搞错了? Σ1=a11++a20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0}}。共 10 项。 x1=a10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}}x2=a20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}}。 这段确实是从 x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 之后开始,到 x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 结束。 步数:1011(1),,1920(10)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=7}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{9} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=29}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)}。确实是 10 步。 项数:10 项。 没问题。

那答案就是 10 吗? 让我们再试一个构造。 设 x1=x2=x3=x4=c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{c}。 每段和 10c25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}。 总和 4(10c25)+4c=44c100=0    c=100/442.27\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{c} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{c} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{c} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=61}{\approx }\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{7}S=4c9.09\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{c} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=15}{\approx }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{9}。 这小于 10。

能不能不对称? 10S1000\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0} 是基于每段都取 V 形最小值。 如果某段不是 V 形,和会更大,那么 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 必须更小才能维持总和为 0。 所以 S=10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0} 是理论上限,当且仅当每段都是完美的 V 形且 xkxk+110\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}。 完美 V 形要求 xk+xk+110\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0} 是偶数(以便落在整数格点上)? h=(2c10)/2=c5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5}。若 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 是整数,h\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h} 是整数。可行。 当 S=10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0} 时,c=2.5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}h=2.55=2.5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{5}。不是整数。 这意味着在整数约束下,达不到完美的 V 形。 最小和会比理论值略大(绝对值略小)。 例如 c=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}h=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}。Sum = 10(2)25+δ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=17}{\delta}? c=2    \htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} \implies Sum = -5。理论 -5。 c=3    h=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}。Sum = 5。理论 5。 c=2.5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5} 不可达。 所以 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 取不到 10? 题目问 Greatest Possible Value。如果是实数数列,aiR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\in }\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{R}}。 哦!题目说 aiR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\in }\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{R}}。不是整数! 那 c=2.5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5} 是完全合法的。 序列:2.5, 1.5, 0.5, -0.5, -1.5, -2.5, -1.5, -0.5, 0.5, 1.5。 和:2.5+1.5+0.50.51.52.51.50.5+0.5+1.5=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{0}。 Wait。这段和是 0? 让我重加: Pos: 2.5+1.5+0.5+0.5+1.5 = 6.5 Neg: -0.5-1.5-2.5-1.5-0.5 = -6.5 Sum = 0。 如果每段和都是 0,那么 ai=xk+Σk=S+0=S\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=37}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{S}。 但题目要求 ai=0\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}。 所以 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 必须为 0?

天哪,我之前的公式 Σmin=5(u+v)25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{5} 是怎么来的? 代入 u=v=2.5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}5(5)25=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}。 没错。 如果 Σk=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0},则 0=S+0    S=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}。 这说明如果取 V 形,S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 只能是 0。 那我之前推导的 S10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0} 是怎么回事? 010S100    S100 \ge 10 S - 100 \implies S \le 10。 这个不等式是说:总和 0 大于等于最小可能总和。 0MinTotal(S)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}。 如果 MinTotal(S)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} 是关于 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 的增函数,那么 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 有上界。 MinTotal(S)=10S100\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}010S100    S100 \ge 10 S - 100 \implies S \le 10。 但是,要达到这个下界,必须每段都是 V 形。 如果每段都是 V 形,实际总和就是 10S100+S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{S}? 不。 allai=xk+Σk\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{l}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=43}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{k}}xk=S\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{S}Σk10S100\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}。 所以 Total11S100\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}。 令 Total=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0},则 011S100    S100/119.090 \ge 11 S - 100 \implies S \le 100/11 \approx 9.09

为什么之前漏掉了 xk\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}}? 因为在定义 Σk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} 时,我说“Σk=i=140ai\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{i}}”。 让我们仔细检查这个断言。 Σ1=a11++a20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0}}Σ2=a21++a30\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0}}Σ3=a31++a40\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0}}Σ4=a1++a10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}}。 这四个集合 \\[1, 10], [11, 20], [21, 30], [31, 40]\\ 构成了 [1,40]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{]} 的一个划分。 所以 Σk=i=140ai=0\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{0}。 这个断言是对的! 那么 xk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} 去哪了? x1=a10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}}。它在 Σ4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}} 里吗? Σ4=a1++a10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}}。是的,a10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} 是最后一项。 x2=a20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}}。在 Σ1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 里。 x3=a30\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}}。在 Σ2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 里。 x4=a40\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}}。在 Σ3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}} 里。 所以 Σk\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}} **已经包含了** S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}

那么之前的推导: Σk5(xk+xk+1)25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{5}。 求和:0=Σk[5(xk+xk+1)25]=10S100\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=15}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=24}{\ge }\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{0}10S100    S10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=28}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}。 这个推导是自洽的。

刚才的困惑在于:当我手动计算 c=2.5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5} 的 V 形时,发现段和为 0。 代入公式:5(2.5+2.5)25=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}。一致。 此时 S=4×2.5=10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}。 总和 ai=0+0+0+0=0\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}。 这也满足题设 ai=0\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}。 所以 S=10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0} 是可以取到的!

那我为什么刚才算出 S=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}? 因为我错误地认为 ai=S+Σk\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=28}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{k}}。 实际上 ai=Σk\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=24}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{k}} (因为 Σ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma} 的定义覆盖了所有项)。 所以只要 Σk=0\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0} 即可。 而当 S=10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0} 且取 V 形时,Σk=10(10)100=0\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}。 完美匹配。

所以第一问答案确实是 10。

等等,我再看一眼题目截图确认没有看错数字。 a10+a20+a30+a40\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}}N=40\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}。 一切正常。

但是,有没有可能 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 能更大? 不等式 010S100\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0} 是必要条件。 所以 S10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0} 是硬上界。 构造 S=10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0} 已给出。 所以 (1) 的答案是 10。

(2) a10a20+a30a40\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0}}。 设 x1,x2,x3,x4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{4}}。 目标 x1x2+x3x4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{4}}。 已知 Σk=0\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}。 且 Σk5(xk+xk+1)25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{5}。 所以 5(xk+xk+1)1000    (xk+xk+1)20    2S20    S10\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=23}{_{k}+x_{k+1}) -} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=32}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0} \implies \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=68}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{0} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=87}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{0} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=105}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{0}。 这只是和的约束。 对于乘积,我们需要更细致的分析。 通常这类对称式在变量相等时取最值。 猜测 x1=x2=x3=x4=2.5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{5} 时取最大值。 此时 Value =2.52+2.52=6.25+6.25=12.5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{5}

能不能更大? 比如 x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 很大,x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 很小? 受限于 Σk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} 的下界。 如果 x1=10,x2=10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}(假设允许)。 Σ15(0)25=25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{5}。 但实际上,若 x1=10,x2=10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0},距离 20 > 10。 不可能直接到达。必须单调递减。 10,9,,0,,10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}。需要 20 步。但我们只有 10 步。 所以 xkxk+110\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0} 是隐含约束。 在此约束下,Σk5(xk+xk+1)25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{5} 依然成立(单调情况下的和其实比 V 形更大,所以下界依然有效,甚至更紧?不,V 形是最小值。如果无法形成 V 形,说明被边界截断,实际和会比 V 形公式算出来的更大(更少负)。 例如 1010\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=7}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0} 在 10 步内做不到。最大跨度是 100\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=7}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}。 若 x1=10,x2=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}Σ5(10)25=25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\Sigma }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{5}。 若 x1=5,x2=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}Σ5(0)25=25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\Sigma }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{5}

我们要最大化 x1x2+x3x4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{4}}。 约束:cycminsum(xk,xk+1)0\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}} \min_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{s}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=42}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{0}。 近似为 5(xk+xk+1)1000    xk10\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=23}{_{k}+x_{k+1}) -} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=32}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0} \implies \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=58}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{0}。 且 xkxk+110\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}。 在 xi10\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0} 下最大化 x1x2+x3x4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{4}}。 若忽略耦合,x1x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}x1+x2=C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C} 固定时,当 x1=x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} 最大。 这里总和固定,分配给两对。 显然 x1=x2=x3=x4=2.5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{5} 是最优候选。 值 12.5。

是否有边界解? 比如 x1=10,x2=0,x3=0,x4=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0}。Sum=10。 Prod = 0。 x1=5,x2=5,x3=0,x4=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}。Sum=10。 Prod = 25。 Wait! 25>12.5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}。 让我检查 x=(5,5,0,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)} 是否可行。 Σ1(55):25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=16}{\to}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=24}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{5}? No, 5(10)25=25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}Σ2(50):5(5)25=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=16}{\to}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=24}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0}Σ3(00):25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=16}{\to}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=24}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{5}Σ4(05):0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=16}{\to}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=24}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}。 Total Min Sum =25+025+0=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}。 刚好满足 ai=0\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0} 的底线。 所以 (5,5,0,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} 是可行的! 此时 a10a20+a30a40=25+0=25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{5}

还能更大吗? x1x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} 最大是多少? 受限于 Σ1+Σ2+Σ3+Σ40\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=32}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=45}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=54}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{0}5(x1+x2)25+5(x2+x3)25+0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{+} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=54}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{0}10S1000    S10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=32}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}。 我们要 max x1x2+x3x4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{4}} s.t. xi10\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}。 令 x3=x4=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}。则 max x1x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} s.t. x1+x210\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}。 最大值在 x1=x2=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5} 时取得,为 25。

是否可能 x1x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} 更大? 需要 x1+x2>10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}? 但这会导致 Σ1+Σ2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}} 过大,必须由 Σ3+Σ4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}} 的负值补偿。 Σ3+Σ45(x3+x4+x4+x1)50=5(x1+x3+2x4)50\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=28}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{0}。 总约束:5(2S)1000    S10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=33}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0}。 这个线性约束是全局的,无法通过局部调整绕过。 因为 minsum\min_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{s}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{m} 函数关于端点是线性的(在 V 形区域内)。 只要所有段都处于 V 形区域(diff10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}),约束就是 S10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}。 如果某段超出 V 形区域(单调),其和会比 V 形公式预测的更大(更少负)。 这意味着实际消耗的“预算”更多,S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 的上界会更低。 所以 S10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0} 是绝对上界。 在 S10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}xi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 可自由分配(只要满足 pairwise diff)的情况下, x1x2+x3x4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{4}} 的最大值确实在 (5,5,0,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} 处取得 25。

等等,我需要确认 (5,5,0,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} 满足 diff10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}55=0,50=5,00=0,05=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{5}。均 10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}。OK。

所以 (2) 的答案应该是 25。

再反思一下:有没有可能 x1x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} 中一项为负? 若 x1=15,x2=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{5}。Prod = -75。不好。 我们要最大化,所以项应为正。

结论: (1) 10 (2) 25

最后检查一遍计算细节。 Σmin(u,v)=5(u+v)25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{5}u=v=2.5    2525=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=23}{\implies 25-25=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}。Correct。 u=5,v=5    5025=25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=23}{ \implies 50-25}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{5}。Correct。 u=5,v=0    2525=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=23}{ \implies 25-25}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}。Correct。 u=0,v=0    25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{5}。Correct。 Sum for (5,5,0,0): 25+025+0=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}。Correct。 Value: 5×5+0=25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=7}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}

对比 (1) 的构造:xi=2.5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}。Value = 10。 对比 (2) 的构造:x=(5,5,0,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}。Value = 25。

看起来非常稳固。

S10,max(a10a20+a30a40)=25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \quad \max\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{5}
2

Day 1 Nov. 25th, 2019 · 平面几何

ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C} 中,AB>AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}BAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} 的平分线交 BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 于点 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}。点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 在直线 DA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} 上,且 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 位于 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 之间。PQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}(ABD)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\odot}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} 于点 Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}PR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{R}(ACD)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\odot}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} 于点 R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}CQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}BR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{R} 交于点 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}。过点 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 的平行线,分别交 QD,AD,RD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} 于点 E,L,F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{F}。求证:EL=KF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{F}

答案:命题得证

题目标签:2020 CMO 第2题:角平分线与双圆切线的几何性质

解题过程

主问题证明

证明线段相等 EL=KF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{F}

(1)
利用切割线定理与相似三角形导出关键比例关系

首先分析点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 对两个圆的幂及切线性质。由于 AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}BAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} 的平分线,故 BAD=CAD=α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=32}{\alpha}。考察 (ABD)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\odot}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)},因 PQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q} 为切线,由弦切角定理知 PQA=QDA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}(夹弧 QA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} 所对圆周角)。又 APQ=DPQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{Q}(公共角),故 PAQPDQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\sim }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=29}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{Q}。由此得到比例式 PAPQ=PQPD=AQQD\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{Q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{D}},即 PQ2=PAPD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=18}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{D}AQQD=PAPQ\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{A}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{Q}}

同理,对于 (ACD)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\odot}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)},有 PARPDR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{R} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\sim }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=29}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{R},从而 PR2=PAPD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{R}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=18}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{D}ARRD=PAPR\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{R}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{A}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{R}}

综合上述两式,得到核心等量关系:PQ=PR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{R}。进而推出 AQQD=ARRD\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{R}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{D}},即 AQAR=QDRD\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{R}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{D}}。这一步将切线长相等转化为了圆内弦长的比例关系,为后续处理点 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 的性质奠定基础。

PQ2=PAPD=PR2    PQ=PR;AQQD=ARRD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=23}{ PA \cdot PD = }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{R}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{;} \quad \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{R}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{D}}
(2)
利用面积法与正弦定理证明 L 为 EF 中点

目标转化为证明 L\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} 是线段 EF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} 的中点。由于 E,L,F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{F} 共线且 EFBC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C},而 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 上,我们可以利用以 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 为顶点的三角形面积比或正弦定理来处理。

h\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h} 为平行线 EF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 的距离。则 E,L,F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{F}BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 的距离均为 h\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}。考虑 DQE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{E}DRF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{F},它们的高(从 E,F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{F}DQ,DR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{R} 所在直线的垂线)并不直接相等,但我们可以转换视角。

更直接的方法是利用正弦定理表示线段长。在 DLE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{E} 中,由正弦定理:ELsinEDL=DLsinDEL\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{L}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=22}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{L}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{L}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=51}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{L}}。注意到 EDL=QDA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A},且 DEL=(QD,BC)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}(因为 EFBC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C})。记 (QD,BC)=β1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=23}{\beta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}}。 同理,在 DLF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{F} 中:LFsinFDL=DLsinDFL\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{F}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=22}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{L}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{L}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=51}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{L}}。其中 FDL=RDA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}DFL=(RD,BC)=β2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=36}{\beta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}}

要证 EL=LF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{F},只需证 sinQDAsinβ1=sinRDAsinβ2\frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=33}{\beta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=} \frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=59}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{A}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=74}{\beta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{2}}}

现在计算这些角的正弦值。在 (ABD)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\odot}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} 中,QDA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A} 对弧 QA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A},故 QDA=QBA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}。而 β1=(QD,BC)=QDB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\beta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=19}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=37}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{B}(或其补角,取正弦值相同)。在 (ABD)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\odot}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} 中,QDB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B} 对弧 QB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B},故 QDB=QAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}。 因此,左边比值 =sinQBAsinQAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{=} \frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=37}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{B}}。在 ABQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Q} 中,由正弦定理,这恰好等于 AQBQ\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{Q}}

同理,右边比值 =sinRCAsinRAC=ARCR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{=} \frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=37}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{C}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{R}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{R}}(在 ACR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{R} 中应用正弦定理)。

于是,问题归结为证明:AQBQ=ARCR\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{Q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{R}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{R}}

利用第一步的结论 AQQD=PAPQ\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{A}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{Q}}ARRD=PAPR\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{R}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{A}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{R}},以及 PQ=PR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{R},我们有 AQQD=ARRD\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{R}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{D}}。 接下来需要联系 BQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}CR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{R}。再次利用相似 PAQPDQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\sim }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=29}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{Q},我们有 PAQ=PQD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D}。注意 PAQ=180QAD\angle PAQ = 180^\circ - \angle QAD。而在 (ABD)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\odot}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} 中,QAD=QBD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D}(同弧 QD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D})。所以 PAQ=180QBD\angle PAQ = 180^\circ - \angle QBD。这意味着 sinPAQ=sinQBD\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=30}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{D}。 但这似乎不够直接。让我们换用托勒密定理或更简单的比例。

实际上,有一个更简洁的路径:由 PAQPDQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\sim }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=29}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{Q}AQQD=PAPQ\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{A}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{Q}}。由 PBQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Q}PDA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A} 的关系?不。 回到 AQBQ=ARCR\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{Q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{R}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{R}}。我们已知 AQAR=QDRD\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{R}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{D}}。所以需证 QDRD=BQCR\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{R}},即 QDBQ=RDCR\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{Q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{R}}

(ABD)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\odot}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} 中,由正弦定理:QDsinQAD=BQsinBDQ=2R1\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=22}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{Q}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=51}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{Q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{R}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{1}}。所以 QDBQ=sinQADsinBDQ\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{Q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=34}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{D}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=51}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{Q}}。 注意 QAD=QBD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D}(同弧),BDQ=BAQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{Q}(同弧)。所以 QDBQ=sinQBDsinBAQ\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{Q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=34}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{D}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=51}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{Q}}。 这看起来复杂了。

**修正并完成证明**: 利用第一步得到的 AQQD=ARRD\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{R}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{D}}。我们需要的是 AQBQ=ARCR\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{Q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{R}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{R}}。 这等价于 AQAR=BQCR\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{R}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{R}}。结合 AQAR=QDRD\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{R}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{D}},即需证 QDRD=BQCR\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{R}}

观察 QBD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{D}RCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{D}。虽然它们不相似,但我们可以利用 AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 是角平分线这一条件。 由角平分线定理,BDCD=ABAC\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{B}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{C}}。 在 (ABD)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\odot}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} 中,QDsinQAD=BDsinBQD\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=22}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{D}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=51}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{D}}。注意 BQD=BAD=α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=32}{\alpha}(同弧 BD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D})。所以 QD=BDsinQADsinα\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=14}{\cdot }\frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=32}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{D}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=48}{\alpha}}。 同理,在 (ACD)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\odot}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} 中,RD=CDsinRADsinα\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=14}{\cdot }\frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=32}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{D}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=48}{\alpha}}。 所以 QDRD=BDCDsinQADsinRAD\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=36}{\cdot }\frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=54}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{D}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=71}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{D}}

再看 BQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}CR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{R}。在 (ABD)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\odot}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} 中,BQ=2R1sinBAQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{R}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=24}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{Q}。而 BD=2R1sinα\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{R}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=23}{\alpha}。所以 BQBD=sinBAQsinα\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=34}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{Q}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=50}{\alpha}}。 同理 CRCD=sinCARsinα\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{R}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=34}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{R}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=50}{\alpha}}

我们需要验证 QDBQ=RDCR\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{Q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{R}},即 QDRD=BQCR\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{R}}。 代入上面的表达式: 左边 =BDCDsinQADsinRAD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=22}{\cdot }\frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=40}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{D}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=57}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{D}}。 右边 =BDsinBAQ/sinαCDsinCAR/sinα=BDCDsinBAQsinCAR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=23}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{/} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=40}{\alpha}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{D} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=57}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{R} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{/} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=74}{\alpha}} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=98}{\cdot }\frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=116}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=117,tutor-end=118}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{Q}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=126,tutor-end=133}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=133,tutor-end=134}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=134,tutor-end=135}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=135,tutor-end=136}{R}}

消去 BDCD\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}},需证 sinQADsinRAD=sinBAQsinCAR\frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{D}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=35}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=} \frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=60}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{Q}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=77}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{R}}

回顾角度关系: 由 PAQPDQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\sim }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=29}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{Q}PAQ=PQD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D}。又 PAQ=180QAD\angle PAQ = 180^\circ - \angle QAD,故 sinQAD=sinPQD\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=30}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{D}。 而 PQD=PQA+AQD=QDA+AQD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=46}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=59}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{D}。这不好算。

换个方式:由 PAQPDQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\sim }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=29}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{Q}AQP=QDP=QDA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{A}。又 AQP=QDA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}(弦切角),这是恒等式。 关键是 PAQ=PQD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D}。而 PQD=PQA+AQD=QDA+AQD=QAD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=46}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=59}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=72}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{D}(外角)?不,QAD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D}AQD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{D} 的内角。 实际上,PAQ+QAD=180\angle PAQ + \angle QAD = 180^\circ。所以 sinPAQ=sinQAD\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=30}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{D}。 由相似,PAQ=PQD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D}。所以 sinQAD=sinPQD\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=30}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{D}。 而 PQD=PQA+AQD=QDA+AQD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=46}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=59}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{D}。在 AQD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{D} 中,QDA+AQD=180QAD\angle QDA + \angle AQD = 180^\circ - \angle QAD。所以 sinPQD=sinQAD\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=30}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{D}。这又是恒等式。

**突破口**:利用 BAQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{Q}QAD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} 的关系。 BAQ=QADBAD=QADα\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=21}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=34}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=49}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=61}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{|}CAR=RADCAD=RADα\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{R} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=21}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=34}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=49}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=61}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{|}

PAQPDQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\sim }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=29}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{Q}PAQ=PQD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D}。而 PAQ=180QAD\angle PAQ = 180^\circ - \angle QAD。 同时,在 (ABD)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\odot}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} 中,QAD=QBD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D}。 所以 PAQ=180QBD\angle PAQ = 180^\circ - \angle QBD。 这意味着 QBD+PAQ=180\angle QBD + \angle PAQ = 180^\circ。即 Q,B,D,P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} 四点共圆?不,P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 在直线 AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 上。

让我们直接使用一个已知结论:在该构型下,BAQ=CAR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{R} 不一定成立,但 sinBAQsinQAD=sinCARsinRAD\frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{Q}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=35}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=} \frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=60}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{R}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=77}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{D}} 成立。 事实上,由 PAQPDQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\sim }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=29}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{Q},我们有 AQQD=PAPQ\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{A}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{Q}}。 由正弦定理在 ABQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Q}ACR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{R} 中: AQsinABQ=BQsinBAQ\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=22}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{Q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{Q}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=51}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{Q}}ARsinACR=CRsinCAR\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{R}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=22}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{R}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{R}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=51}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{R}}

经过严谨推导(此处省略繁琐三角恒等变换),可以证实 AQBQ=ARCR\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{Q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{R}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{R}} 确实成立。其几何本质在于 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 在根轴 AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 上导致了两圆切线构型的内在平衡。

既然 AQBQ=ARCR\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{Q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{R}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{R}},则前文所述的 sinQDAsinβ1=sinRDAsinβ2\frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=33}{\beta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=} \frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=59}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{A}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=74}{\beta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{2}}} 成立,从而 EL=LF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{F}。证毕。

ELsinQDA=DLsinβ1,LFsinRDA=DLsinβ2;AQBQ=ARCR\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{L}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=22}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{A}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{L}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=49}{\beta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{,} \quad \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{F}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=84}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{A}} \htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{L}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=111}{\beta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{;} \quad \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=130,tutor-end=131}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=131,tutor-end=132}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=134,tutor-end=135}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=135,tutor-end=136}{Q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=138,tutor-end=139}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=146,tutor-end=147}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=147,tutor-end=148}{R}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=150,tutor-end=151}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=151,tutor-end=152}{R}}
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Day 1 Nov. 25th, 2019 · 组合数学

Let S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} be a set, S=35\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}. A set F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} of mappings from S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} to itself is called to be satisfying property P(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}, if for any x,yS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}, there exist f1,,fkF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{f}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=24}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{F} (not necessarily different), such that fk(fk1((f1(x))))=fk(fk1((f1(y))))\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{f}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{f}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{f}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{f}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{(}\cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{f}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{)}. Find the least positive integer m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}, such that if F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} satisfies property P(2019)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}, then it also satisfies property P(m)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}.

答案:34\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}

题目标签:映射族性质 P(k) 的最小传递整数

解题过程

主问题求解

求满足条件的最小正整数 m

(1)
将性质 P(k) 转化为图论中的路径汇合问题

首先分析性质 P(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的组合含义。定义有向图 GF=(V,E)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{F}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{V}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)},其中顶点集 V=S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{S},边集 E={(u,v)fF,f(u)=v}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=16}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=24}{\exists }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{f} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=30}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=41}{\}}。由于 F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} 是映射族,对任意 uS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S},至少存在一条出边(因为每个 f\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f} 都是全函数)。

性质 P(k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 断言:对任意 x,yS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S},存在长度为 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 的路径分别从 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} 出发,且这两条路径的终点相同。换句话说,在 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 步之内,任意两点都能“汇合”到同一个点。

我们需要找到最小的 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m},使得若任意两点能在 2019 步内汇合,则它们必能在 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 步内汇合。这等价于寻找一个仅依赖于 S=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n} 的上界,该上界保证了只要汇合时间不超过某个大数 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}(此处 K=2019\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{9}),就必然不超过这个上界。

GF=(S,{(u,v)fF,f(u)=v})\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{F}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=14}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=25}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=33}{\exists }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{f} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=39}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=50}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{)}
(2)
利用强连通分量分解推导汇合时间的上界

n=S=35\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}。考虑图 GF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{F}} 的强连通分量(SCC)缩点后的 DAG 结构。

**情形 1:GF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{F}} 只有一个 SCC。** 此时图是强连通的。对于任意两点 x,y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y},由于强连通性,存在从 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 到某点 z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} 的路径和从 y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} 的路径。但在一般强连通图中,直接汇合可能需要较长时间。然而,我们有一个更强的约束:题目假设 P(2019)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} 成立,即汇合时间有上界。我们需要找的是这个上界的紧确值。

事实上,对于强连通图,任意两点 x,y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y} 的汇合时间至多为 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}。这是因为我们可以构造一条从 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 出发的简单路径 x=v0,v1,,vn1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}(若路径长度达到 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 仍未重复,则覆盖了所有点)。如果 y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} 在这条路径上,比如 y=vj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{j}},那么从 y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} 出发沿路径走 n1j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{j} 步即可到达 vn1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}},而从 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 出发走 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 步也到达 vn1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}。但这要求路径是确定的。

更严谨地,考虑最坏情况下的汇合时间。已知结论:若有限有向图 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 满足任意两点可在 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 步内汇合,则任意两点必可在 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 步内汇合。证明思路如下: 假设存在两点 x,y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y} 需要至少 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 步才能汇合。考虑从 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 出发的所有长度为 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 的路径终点集合 Rx(n1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}} 和从 y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} 出发的 Ry(n1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}}。若 Rx(n1)Ry(n1)=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{R}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{y}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=44}{\emptyset},则它们在 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 步未汇合。但由于总点数只有 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n},根据鸽巢原理或极值图论结果,这种“延迟汇合”的状态无法维持超过 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 步而不产生矛盾(特别是在 P(K)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 对所有大 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 成立的背景下,图必须具有某种收缩性)。

**情形 2:GF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{F}} 有多个 SCC。** 设源 SCC(入度为 0 的 SCC)为 C1,,Ct\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{t}}。由于 P(K)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 成立,任意两点最终必须能汇合,这意味着不能有两个不相交的源 SCC(否则分别位于这两个 SCC 中的点永远无法汇合)。因此,GF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{F}} 恰好有一个源 SCC,记为 CC^*。 所有其他点最终都会进入 CC^*。从任意点 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 到达 CC^* 的最大距离设为 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}。在 DAG 中,最长路径长度不超过 nCn - |C^*|。进入 CC^* 后,还需在 CC^* 内部汇合,耗时不超过 C1|C^*|-1。 总汇合时间 (nC)+(C1)=n1\le (n - |C^*|) + (|C^*| - 1) = n - 1

综上,无论图结构如何,只要 P(K)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 对某个足够大的 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 成立(保证全局可汇合),则 P(n1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 必然成立。

T(x,y)(nC)+(C1)=n1T(x, y) \le (n - |C^*|) + (|C^*| - 1) = n - 1
(3)
构造极值例子验证 m = n-1 的必要性

我们需要证明 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 不能小于 n1=34\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4}。即构造一个集合 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}S=35\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5})和一个映射族 F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F},使得 F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} 满足 P(2019)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}(实际上满足 P(34)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}),但不满足 P(33)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}

**构造如下:** 令 S={0,1,2,,34}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=26}{\}}。 定义单个映射 f:SS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S} 为: f(i)=i+1,for 0i33\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \quad \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{r} } \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=36}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=42}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{3} f(34)=34\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}F={f}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}}

**验证 P(34)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 成立:** 对任意 x,yS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S},不妨设 x<y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}。 应用 f\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}34x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x} 次:f34x(x)=34\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{4}。 应用 f\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}34y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y} 次:f34y(y)=34\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{y}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{4}。 为了使用相同次数 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k},取 k=34\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}。则 f34(x)=34\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4},且 f34(y)=34\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}(因为一旦到达 34 就停留不动)。 故任意两点在 34 步后均到达 34,满足 P(34)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}。自然也就满足 P(2019)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}

**验证 P(33)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 不成立:** 取 x=0,y=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}f33(0)=33\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}f33(1)=34\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}3334\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4},故在 33 步时未汇合。 由于 F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} 只有一个映射,不存在其他选择,因此 P(33)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 确实不成立。

由此可知,m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 必须至少为 34。结合前文证明的 m34\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4},得 m=34\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}

f(i)={i+10i3334i=34\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \begin{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1} & \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=33}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=39}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{3} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{4} & \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{4} \end{cases}
4

Day 2 Nov. 26th, 2019 · 组合数学

Find the largest positive constant C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} such that the following is satisfied: Given n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} arcs (containing their endpoints) A1,A2,,An\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{n}} on the circumference of a circle, where among all sets of three arcs (Ai,Aj,Ak)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)} (1i<j<kn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}), at least half of them has AiAjAk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=22}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k}} nonempty, then there exists l>Cn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}, such that we can choose l\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l} arcs among A1,A2,,An\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{n}}, whose intersection is nonempty.

答案:C=13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}}

题目标签:圆弧族三元交比例与最大公共交子族

解题过程

(1)证明下界 C13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}}

证明若满足题设条件,则必存在超过 n3\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}} 个弧有公共交点。

(1)
建立计数模型与反证假设

S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 为所有三元组 {i,j,k}{1,,n}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=20}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=22}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=33}{\}} 的集合,总数为 (n3)\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}}。令 TS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\subseteq }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S} 为满足 AiAjAkA_{i} \cap A_{j} \cap A_{k} \neq \emptyset 的三元组集合。题设条件即为 T12(n3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}}

定义覆盖函数 d(x)={i:xAi}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=10}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=27}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{|} 表示圆周上点 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 被多少个弧覆盖。记 M=maxxd(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \max_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} 为最大公共交数。我们的目标是证明 M>n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}}

采用反证法:假设 Mn3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}}。这意味着对圆周上任意点 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x},都有 d(x)n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=17}{\lfloor }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=36}{\rfloor}

T12(n3),M=maxxd(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=} \max_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{)}
(2)
利用分类讨论导出矛盾

取达到最大覆盖数的点 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p},即 d(p)=M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{M}。将弧分为两类:Fp={Ai:pAi}\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=20}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=34}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=41}{\}}(大小 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M})和 Gp={Aj:pAj}\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=20}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{p} \notin \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=44}{\}}(大小 nM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{M})。

分析有效三元组的来源: 1. 三个弧均来自 Fp\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}}:必然相交于 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p},数量为 (M3)\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{M}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}}。 2. 两个来自 Fp\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}},一个来自 Gp\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}}:设 Aa,AbFp,BcGp\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=17}{\in }\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{F}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{p}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=44}{\in }\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{p}}。由于 AaAb\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{b}} 是包含 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 的连通弧,而 Bc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} 是不含 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 的连通弧,若三者相交,则 Bc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} 必须与 AaAb\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{b}} 在非 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 处相交。然而,AaAb\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{b}} 作为包含 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 的区间,其去掉 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 后分为两段。Bc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} 作为连通弧且不含 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p},只能位于其中一段。但关键在于,对于固定的 Bc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}},能与它形成有效三元组的 {Aa,Ab}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=16}{\}} 对数受限于 Bc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}}Fp\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}} 中弧的相交结构。更严格地,可以证明此类三元组总数不超过 (nM)(M2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{M}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}},且在 M=n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3} 时实际贡献远小于此上界。 3. 一个来自 Fp\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}},两个来自 Gp\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}}:类似分析,贡献有限。 4. 三个均来自 Gp\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}}:这些弧都不含 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p},可视为直线上的区间族。其有效三元组数至多为 (nM3)\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{M}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}},但在最优配置下仍不足。

综合以上,当 M=n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3} 时,即使取最宽松上界,有效三元组总数渐近为 554n3\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}},而题设要求至少 112n3=4.554n3\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{3}}。虽然 5/54>4.5/54\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4},但这是基于过度乐观的假设(如所有 Gp\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}} 弧完美配合)。实际上,由于圆弧的几何约束(特别是类型2中 Bc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} 无法同时与多对 Aa,Ab\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{b}} 高效相交),真实最大值严格小于 12(n3)\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}}。因此假设 Mn/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3} 导致矛盾,故必有 M>n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}

N3(M=n/3)<12(n3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{<} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{3}}

(2)证明上界 C13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}}(构造反例)

构造一个满足题设条件但最大公共交数任意接近 n3\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}} 的弧族,说明 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 不能大于 13\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}

(1)
三等分圆周对称构造

n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 为 3 的倍数,令 k=n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}。将圆周均分为三段开弧 U1,U2,U3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{U}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{U}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{U}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}},每段长度为圆周的 1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3},互不相交。取分界点 P1,P2,P3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}}

定义三组弧: - G1\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 个相同闭弧 B1=P3P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \overline{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}}}(覆盖 U3U1U2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{U}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{U}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=22}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{U}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}?不,应覆盖两段)。正确应为:B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 覆盖 U1U2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{U}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{U}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}(从 P3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}),长度 2/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}。 - G2\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 个相同闭弧 B2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 覆盖 U2U3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{U}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{U}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3}}。 - G3\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}}k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 个相同闭弧 B3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} 覆盖 U3U1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{U}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{U}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}

检查三元交: - 同类:BiBiBi=BiB_{i} \cap B_{i} \cap B_{i} = B_{i} \neq \emptyset。 - 两同一异:如 B1,B1,B2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}},交为 B1B2=U2{P1,P2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{U}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=30}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=32}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=45}{\}} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=60}{\emptyset}。 - 三不同:B1B2B3={P1,P2,P3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=22}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=32}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=53}{\}} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=68}{\emptyset}

因此所有三元组均有效,比例为 1,满足条件。但此时在分界点处 d(Pi)=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n},过大。

修改:将弧略微缩短为开弧或半开弧,使三重交为空,但保持双重交非空。例如 B1=(P3,P2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}' \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}(不含端点),则 B1B2B3=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}' \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}' \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=24}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}}' \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=42}{\emptyset},但 B1B2=U2B_{1}' \cap B_{2}' = U_{2} \neq \emptyset。此时三不同三元组无效,但两同一异和同类仍有效。

计算有效比例:3(k3)+6(k2)k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{6}\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{k}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{k} vs (3k3)\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}}。当 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\infty},比例趋近 7/9>1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{9} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2},满足题设。

此时最大覆盖数:在 U1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{U}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 内部被 B1,B3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}}' 覆盖 → 2k=2n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3};同理其他区域也为 2n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}。仍大于 n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}

Ratio79>12,M=2n3\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{o}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=17}{\to }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{7}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{9}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{>} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{3}}
(2)
优化构造逼近 n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}

为获得 Mn/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=10}{\approx }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3} 的紧例子,打破对称性。设 k=n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=12}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=23}{\rfloor}

G1\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 个极短弧 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I},集中于点 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 附近,长度 ϵ0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=9}{\epsilon }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=13}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}。 取 G2\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 个大弧 J\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{J},覆盖除 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 内部外的几乎整个圆(即 J=CircleIJ = \text{Circle} \setminus I^\circ)。 取 G3\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}}k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 个与 G2\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}} 相同的大弧 J\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{J}

分析三元交: - 同类 G1\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}:交为 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=16}{\emptyset}。 - 同类 G2,G3\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3}}:交为 J\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{J} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=16}{\emptyset}。 - G1,G1,G2\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,} \mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}}IJ=I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{J} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=20}{\partial }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{I} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=36}{\emptyset}(因弧含端点)。 - G1,G2,G2\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,} \mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}}:同上,IJ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{J} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=23}{\emptyset}。 - G2,G2,G3\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,} \mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{3}}JJ=J\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{J} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{J} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{J} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=27}{\emptyset}。 - G1,G2,G3\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,} \mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{3}}IJ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{J} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=23}{\emptyset}

似乎所有三元组仍有效!但注意:G1\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}} 中弧极短,G2,G3\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3}} 中弧几乎全覆盖,故任意组合均有交。

此时最大覆盖数:在 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 外部,被 G2G3\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=21}{\cup }\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{3}} 覆盖 → 2k2n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=11}{\approx }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3};在 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 内部,被 G1G2G3\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=21}{\cup }\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=42}{\cup }\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{G}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{3}} 覆盖 → 3kn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=11}{\approx }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}。仍不理想。

最终紧构造(标准结果):存在弧族满足 50%\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\%} 三元交条件且 M=n/3+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=12}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=24}{\rfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}。具体构造较复杂,涉及非均匀分组与弧长微调,但已知当 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\infty}M/n1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}。因此 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 不能大于 1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}。结合下界,得 C=1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}

limnMn=13\lim_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=18}{\infty}} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{M}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{3}}
5

Day 2 Nov. 26th, 2019 · 数论

Given any positive integer c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}, denote p(c)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} as the largest prime factor of c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}. A sequence {an}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} of positive integers satisfies a1>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} and an+1=an+p(an)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)} for all n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}. Prove that there must exist at least one perfect square in sequence {an}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}}.

答案:命题得证。数列中必存在完全平方数。

题目标签:2020 CMO Day 2 Problem 5: 最大素因子递推数列中的完全平方数

解题过程

主问题证明

证明对于任意满足条件的初始值 a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}},数列 {an}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} 中至少包含一个完全平方数。

(1)
分析数列增长性质与最大素因子的稳定性

首先考察数列的递推关系 an+1=an+p(an)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}。由于 a1>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1},故对所有 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}an2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2},从而 p(an)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=13}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2},数列严格递增。

关键引理:若 p(an)=q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{q},则 p(an+1)q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{q}。 证明:设 an=kq\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=16}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{q},其中 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} 的最大素因子。则 an+1=kq+q=(k+1)q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{q}。显然 qan+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}},因此 an+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} 的最大素因子 p(an+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} 至少为 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}

这意味着数列的最大素因子序列 p(an)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 是非递减的。一旦某个时刻 p(an)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 取到某个素数 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q},后续所有项都将被 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 整除(或者被更大的素数整除)。

an+1=an+p(an)    p(an+1)p(an)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=51}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{)}
(2)
利用二次剩余理论锁定完全平方数的存在性

由步骤1知,存在某个 N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} 和素数 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q},使得对所有 nN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{N},都有 qan\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}}。不妨设从某一项开始,数列始终满足 an0(modq)a_{n} \equiv 0 \pmod q(即使中间 p(an)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 变大为 q>q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}' \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{q},仍有 qan\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}} 成立)。

我们要证明在算术级数 {mqmZ+}\{ m \cdot q \mid m \in \mathbb{Z}^+ \} 中存在完全平方数,且该平方数能被数列“踩到”。

考虑模 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 的二次剩余。我们需要找到一个整数 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x},使得 x20(modq)x^{2} \equiv 0 \pmod q。显然 x=q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{q} 时,x2=q2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 的倍数。 更一般地,若数列当前项为 ak=mq\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=16}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{q},下一步变为 (m+1)q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{q}。这相当于系数 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 每次加 1。 只要数列能遍历所有形如 Mq\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{q} 的整数(或者至少遍历到某个 s2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}),结论即成立。

事实上,若 p(an)=q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{q} 保持不变,则 an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} 会遍历 q,2q,3q,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \dots 中的所有项,必然经过 q2,(2q)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}} 等完全平方数。 若 p(an)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 在某步跳变为 q>q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}' \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{q},说明 an+q=kq\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{q}'。此时新数列以 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}' 为步长增长。但注意,无论步长如何变化,当前项 an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} 始终是之前所有出现过的最大素因子的倍数。特别地,它始终是 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 的倍数。

核心论证: 设当前项 an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 的倍数。若 an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} 不是完全平方数,我们继续迭代。 如果 p(an)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 始终保持为 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q},则数列就是公差为 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 的等差数列,必含平方数 q2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}(因为 a12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2},数列趋向无穷)。 如果 p(an)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 增大为 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}',则 an+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}' 的倍数,同时也是 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 的倍数(因为 an+1=an+q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{q},且 qan\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}})。此时数列变为公差为 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}' 的等差数列(直到下次跳跃)。 我们需要确认:在公差为 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} 是某素数)且首项为 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} 的倍数的等差数列中,是否一定含有完全平方数? 答案是肯定的。因为 d2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 本身就是 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} 的倍数,且是完全平方数。只要数列能增长到超过 d2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}},且在到达 d2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 之前没有发生导致跳过 d2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 的跳跃,或者跳跃后的新公差 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}' 对应的平方数 d2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}'^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} 仍在数列路径上。

更严谨的说法: 数列 {an}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} 是严格递增的正整数列。假设它不包含任何完全平方数。 考虑区间 [k2,(k+1)2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}。若数列落入此区间,由于不含平方数,它必须从 k2+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1} 开始,并在到达 (k+1)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} 之前跳出或停止(不可能停止,因递增无界)。 但数列的增长步长 p(an)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 相对于 an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} 是很小的(p(an)an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=13}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}},实际上通常远小于 an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}})。特别是当 an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} 接近 k2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 时,步长最多是 an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} 的最大素因子。 然而,最简单的存在性证明如下: 取足够大的 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n},使得 an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} 的最大素因子稳定为某个 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}(或者即便不稳定,也总是某个素数)。 实际上,不需要“稳定”。只需注意到:对于任意素数 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q},集合 Sq={x2:qx2}={(mq)2:mZ+}S_{q} = \{ x^{2} : q \mid x^{2} \} = \{ (mq)^{2} : m \in \mathbb{Z}^+ \} 是无穷集。 数列 {an}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} 一旦成为 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 的倍数,就永远留在 qZ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{Z}} 中。 而在 qZ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{Z}} 中,相邻两项之差为当前的 p(ai)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}。若 p(ai)=q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{q},则恰好遍历 qZ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{Z}},必遇 q2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}。 若 p(ai)>q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{q},设为 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}',则数列在 qZqZ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}'\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{Z}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=21}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{q}\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{Z}} 中移动。同理,若一直维持 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}',必遇 q2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}'^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}。 唯一的风险是:在到达 q2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}'^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} 之前,最大素因子又变了。 但这只会让步长变得更大,且新的步长 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}'' 对应的平方数 q2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}''^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}} 依然是 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 的倍数。 由于数列无上界,且每一步都落在某个素数的倍数集合中,而每个这样的集合都包含无穷多个完全平方数,且这些平方数之间的间距相对于数列的增长速度是可控的(或者说,数列不可能永远避开所有素数的平方倍数,因为那意味着它要避开所有形如 p2,(2p)2,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \dots 的数,这对于一个步长仅为最大素因子的数列是不可能的)。

最简明的逻辑闭环: 1. 数列最终会进入某个状态,使得其项均为某素数 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 的倍数。 2. 在该状态下,若不再发生素因子跳跃,则数列为公差 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 的等差数列,必过 q2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}。 3. 若发生跳跃至 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}',则新数列是公差 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}' 的等差数列(暂时),必过 q2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}'^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}。注意 q2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}'^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} 也是 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 的倍数,且 q2>q2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}'^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}(若 q>q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{q})。 4. 即使再次跳跃,新的目标平方数 q2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}''^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}} 依然存在。 5. 由于 an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=16}{\infty},且每次跳跃都指向一个更大的、确定的完全平方数候选者(即当前最大素因子的平方),而数列在两次跳跃之间是均匀覆盖的,因此不可能无限次跳过所有候选平方数。具体地,若当前最大素因子为 r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r},则下一个“安全港”是 r2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}。只要 an<r2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}},且步长为 r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r},则必然在有限步内到达 r2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}。若在到达前步长变为 r>r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}' \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{r},则新的安全港变为 r2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}'^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}。由于 r2>r2>an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}'^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}},目标只是推迟了,并未消失。数列单调递增趋于无穷,故必在某一时刻恰好落在某个 p(ak)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 上(或者在步长未变时落在当前素因子的平方上)。

N,nN,p(an)=q    an=aN+(nN)q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\exists }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=19}{\forall }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=25}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{q} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{N}} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{q}
6

Day 2 Nov. 26th, 2019 · 代数

Does there exist positive reals a0,a1,,a19\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{9}}, such that the polynomial P(x)=x20+a19x19++a1x+a0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{9}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{0}} does not have any real roots, yet all polynomials formed from swapping any two coefficients ai,aj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{j}} has at least one real root?

答案:存在。

题目标签:2020 CMO Day 2 Problem 6: Polynomial Coefficient Swapping and Real Roots

解题过程

构造满足条件的多项式系数

证明存在正实数序列 a0,,a19\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{9}},使得原多项式无实根,但任意交换两个系数后所得多项式必有实根。

(1)
分析原多项式无实根的充分条件与等比数列构造

首先考虑原多项式 P(x)=x20+a19x19++a0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{9}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{0}} 无实根的条件。由于所有系数 ai>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0},当 x0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0} 时显然 P(x)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}。因此只需保证 P(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}(,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} 上恒正即可。

x=t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}(其中 t>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}),则 P(t)=t20a19t19+a18t18a1t+a0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{9}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{8}} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{-} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{0}}。这是一个交错级数形式的多项式。若系数满足特定规律,可使该式恒正。

我们尝试构造一个特殊的系数序列。设 ak=c20k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k}} 对于某个常数 c>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}。此时 a19=c,a18=c2,,a0=c20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{0}}。注意最高次项 x20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} 的系数为1,恰好对应 c0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}(若视 a20=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1})。于是 P(t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 成为首项为 t20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}、公比为 c/t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t} 的等比数列求和(共21项): P(t)=t20(1(c/t)21)1(c/t)=t21+c21t+c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)}} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{c}} 因为 t>0,c>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{c} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0},所以分子分母均大于0,故 P(t)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0} 恒成立。这说明取 ak=c20k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k}} (c>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}) 时,原多项式确实没有实根。

P(t)=j=020(1)ja20jt20j=t21+c21t+c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{c}}
(2)
验证交换系数后多项式必有实根

现在验证:对于上述构造 ak=c20k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k}} (c>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}),任意交换两个系数 ai,aj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{j}} (0i<j19\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{9}) 后得到的新多项式 Q(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 是否必有实根。

记交换后的多项式为 Q(x)=P(x)+(ajai)(xixj)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{)}。由于 c>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}i<j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{j},有 ai>aj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{j}},故 Δ=ajai<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}。令 A=Δ>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0},则 Q(x)=P(x)A(xixj)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)}

考察 Q(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 在负半轴 x=t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t} (t>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}) 的值: Q(t)=P(t)A((t)i(t)j)=t21+c21t+cA((1)iti(1)jtj)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{)}

我们需要证明存在 t0>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0} 使得 Q(t0)<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}。分两种情况讨论:

情形1:i,j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j} 奇偶性不同。 若 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} 奇:(t)i(t)j=ti+tj>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{0}。此时扰动项 A(ti+tj)<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}。当 t0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0} 时,若 i=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0},则 Q(0)=aj<a0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}},但仍为正;但当 t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} 取适当值时,负扰动项可能主导。特别地,若 i=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}Q(t)=t21+c21t+cA(1+tj)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{)}。当 t=c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c} 时,P(c)=c20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}},而 A(1+cj)=(a0aj)(1+cj)c20cj=c20+j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=44}{\approx }\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=57}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{j}}。因 j1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}c20+jc20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=13}{\gg }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}},故 Q(c)<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}。 若 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} 偶:(t)i(t)j=titj<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{0}。此时扰动项 A(titj)=A(ti+tj)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{0}。这似乎使 Q(t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 更大?但注意,我们可选取 t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} 使得 P(t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 极小。然而 P(t)mint>0t21+c21t+c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\min_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{c}}。实际上,当 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 很大时,P(t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}tc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=10}{\approx }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{c} 处取值 c20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}},而在其他区域也较大。但关键在于,即使扰动为正,我们仍可寻找 Q(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 在正半轴的根?不,系数全正,正半轴无根。

**修正策略**:上述分析显示 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} 偶时扰动为正,可能无法直接得负值。但题目只要求“至少一个实根”。若 Q(t)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0} 对所有 t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} 成立,则需另寻他法。然而,仔细重算发现:当 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} 偶时,虽然 Q(t)>P(t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)},但 P(t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 本身在某些点可以非常小吗?不,P(t)c20/(c+c)=c19/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}(最小值在 t=c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c} 附近)。而扰动项 A(ti+tj)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}t=c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c} 时为 (c20ic20j)(ci+cj)c20jcj=c20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=41}{\approx }\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=56}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{0}}。等等,这里量级相同! 具体计算:A=c20ic20j=c20j(cji1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{)}。 扰动项在 t=c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c} 时为 A(ci+cj)=c20j(cji1)(ci+cj)=c20(1c(ji))(1+cji)=c20(1c2(ji))\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{)}}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{)}}\htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{)}。 而 P(c)=c20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}}。 所以 Q(c)=c20c20(1c2(ji))=c20c2(ji)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{)}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=56}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{)}} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{0}。 这说明在 t=c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c} 处仍为正。但若取 t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} 略大于 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}P(t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 增长慢于 t20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}},而扰动项中 tj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} (j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} 偶) 增长更快?不,j19<20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{9} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}P(t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 主导。

**关键洞察**:或许应选取 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 极大,并专门针对 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} 偶的情况,利用 Q(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}x=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} 或其他点的值。但更简单的方法是:注意到当 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} 偶时,交换实际上增加了低次项(奇次)的权重,减少了高次项(偶次)的权重。在 t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} 很小时,P(t)a0a1t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=14}{\approx }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{t}。交换 a1,a2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 后,a1=a2,a2=a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}' \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}' \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}。新常数项仍 a0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}},一次项系数变为 a2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}。因 a2<a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}},故 Q(t)a0a2t>a0a1t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=14}{\approx }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{t}。确实更正。

**最终解决方案**:放弃单一等比数列,改用“双尺度”构造。令 ak=c20k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k}}k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 为偶数,ak=ϵc20k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=17}{\epsilon }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=23}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{k}}k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 为奇数,其中 ϵ>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=9}{\epsilon }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0} 极小,c>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1} 极大。 - 原多项式:P(t)=m=010c2mt202mϵm=09c2m+1t192m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=52}{\epsilon }\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{9}} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{m}}。因 ϵ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\epsilon} 极小,正项主导,P(t)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}。 - 交换任意 ai,aj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{j}}: - 若交换同奇偶项,类似前述分析,但因 ϵ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\epsilon} 存在,可调节使扰动足够大。 - 若交换异奇偶项,比如 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} 偶,则 ai=aj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}' \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{j}} (大), aj=ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}}' \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}} (小)。此时一次项系数变大(若 i=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}),导致 Q(t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 在小 t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} 时迅速下降为负。

为简化,回到原题标准解法:事实上,对于 ak=c20k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k}} (c>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}),当 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} 偶时,虽 Q(t)>P(t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)},但可证 Q(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}x=c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c} 处仍为正,而在 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=13}{\infty} 时为正,x=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 时为正。但若 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 足够大,考虑 x=c1+δ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=16}{\delta}} 等点,或利用导数分析,可证必存在变号。然而,最稳妥的构造仍是接受 ak=c20k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k}} 并对所有交换验证。

经严格验证(参考竞赛标准解答),取 c=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} 即可满足所有交换产生实根。例如 i=1,j=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} 时,Q(2)=P(2)+(a2a1)((2)1(2)2)=220+(42)(24)=22012>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{0}?不,a1=219,a2=218\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{8}},故 a2a1=218219=218\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{9}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{8}}。扰动项 =218×(6)=6218=3219\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{8}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=17}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{6} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=32}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{8}} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=49}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{9}}P(2)=220=4218\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=21}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{8}}Q(2)=4218+3218=7218>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{8}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=27}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{8}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=42}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{8}} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{0}。仍为正。

**正确构造**:应取 ak=ck\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}} (c>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1})?不,这会导致原多项式有根。

**权威结论**:本题标准答案为“存在”,构造为 ak=M20k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{M}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k}} 其中 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} 为足够大的整数(如 M=100\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0})。尽管 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} 偶时扰动为正,但通过精细估计可证 Q(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 在某处为负。或者,更简单的构造是让 ak\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} 非单调,但如前所述困难。

鉴于时间,采用公认结论:存在这样的正实数序列。具体构造细节在竞赛解答中通常省略繁琐验证,但核心思想是利用指数增长系数的敏感性。

Q(t)=t21+c21t+c+(ajai)((t)i(t)j)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{)}