返回特征解读

2021 中国数学奥林匹克(CMO)

books/competition_archive/cmo/2021_cmo.pdf · HS-MATH-1024-v2.1-solution-aware

67 个小问/题组
1

Day 1 · 平面几何

a,b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b} 为两个正实数,AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 是平面上长度为 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 的线段。C,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 是平面上的两个动点,使得 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 是一个非退化的凸四边形,且满足 BC=CD=b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}DA=a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}。容易看出存在一个与四边形 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 四边都相切的圆。求点 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}(该圆的圆心)的精确轨迹。

答案:I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 的轨迹是以线段 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 上满足 AO=a2a+b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O}' \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{b}} 的点 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}' 为圆心,半径为 aba+b\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{b}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{b}} 的圆位于直线 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 两侧、且在过 A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B} 分别垂直于 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 的两条直线之间的两段圆弧(不含端点)。

题目标签:2021年CMO第1题:双筝形内切圆圆心轨迹

解题过程

主问题:确定轨迹形状及范围

证明 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 的轨迹是定圆的一部分,并求出圆心、半径及有效弧段范围。

(1)
利用对称性与角平分线定理建立位似关系

首先分析四边形 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 的结构。由 AB=AD=a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}CB=CD=b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b} 可知,A,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C} 均在线段 BD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 的垂直平分线上,故 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 是四边形的对称轴。因此,内切圆圆心 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 必在对称轴 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 上。

由于 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 是内切圆圆心,它到 AB,BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C} 的距离相等,故 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 也在 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} 的平分线上。这意味着 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 实际上是 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C} 的内心(因为 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 平分 DAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}CAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B},且 BI\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{I} 平分 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C})。

ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C} 中,应用角平分线定理于 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B} 的平分线 BI\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{I},可得: AIIC=ABBC=ab\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{I}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{C}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{B}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{C}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{a}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{b}} 这表明点 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 分线段 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 的比为定值 a:b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}。用向量表示即为: AI=aa+bAC\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{I}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{b}} \vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{C}} 这说明点 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 是由点 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 经过以 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 为中心、位似比为 k=aa+b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{b}} 的位似变换得到的。

AI=aa+bAC\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{I}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{b}} \vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{C}}
(2)
推导轨迹圆的圆心与半径

由题设,点 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 满足 BC=b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b},即 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 在以 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 为圆心、b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b} 为半径的圆 (B,b)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\odot}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} 上运动。 根据上一步的位似变换 H(A,aa+b)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)},点 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 的轨迹必然是 (B,b)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\odot}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} 在该变换下的像。

1. **确定圆心**:原圆心 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 的像点 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}' 满足 AO=aa+bAB\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{O}'} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{b}} \vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{B}}。由于 A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B} 固定,O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}' 是线段 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 上的定点,且 AO=a2a+b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O}' \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{b}}。 2. **确定半径**:新半径 R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R} 等于原半径乘以位似比,即 R=baa+b=aba+b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{b}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{b}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{b}}

因此,点 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 始终位于以 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}' 为圆心、R=aba+b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{b}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{b}} 为半径的圆上。

OAB,AO=a2a+b,R=aba+b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}' \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=7}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{O}' \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{R} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{b}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{b}}
(3)
分析凸性与非退化条件确定精确弧段

虽然 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 在上述圆上,但并非圆上所有点都对应合法的凸四边形 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D}。需考虑以下限制:

1. **非退化条件**:四边形面积不为零,意味着 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 不能在直线 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 上。对应地,I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 也不能在直线 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 上。这排除了轨迹圆与直线 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 的两个交点。

2. **凸性条件**:筝形 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 为凸四边形当且仅当对角线 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}BD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 在四边形内部相交。由于 ACBD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{D},这等价于垂足 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 上的投影)严格位于线段 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 内部。即 BAC<90\angle BAC < 90^\circBCA<90\angle BCA < 90^\circ。 - BAC<90    ABAC>0\angle BAC < 90^\circ \iff \vec{AB} \cdot \vec{AC} > 0。在位似变换下,这等价于 ABAI>0\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=15}{\cdot }\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{I}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}。以 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 为原点,AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 轴正向,即要求 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 的横坐标 xI>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{I}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}。由于 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}'AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 上且 R=aba+b>AO=a2a+b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{b}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{b}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{O}' \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{b}}(当 b>a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a} 时)或 R<AO\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{O}'(当 b<a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a} 时),我们需要具体分析。实际上,BAC<90\angle BAC < 90^\circ 等价于 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 位于过 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 且垂直于 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 的直线的右侧(含 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 侧)。 - BCA<90    CBCA>0\angle BCA < 90^\circ \iff \vec{CB} \cdot \vec{CA} > 0。利用 CI=ba+bCA\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{I}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{b}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{b}}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{A}},这等价于 CBCI>0\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=15}{\cdot }\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{I}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}。进一步推导可知,这等价于 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 位于过 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 且垂直于 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 的直线的左侧(含 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 侧)。 *注:更直观的理解是,K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}    A,C\iff \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}BD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 异侧且投影在线段内。对于筝形,这等价于 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}A,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=17}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{C} 均为锐角。*

综上,点 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 的轨迹是上述圆位于两条垂线(过 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 垂直 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}、过 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 垂直 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B})之间带状区域内的部分,且除去与 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 的交点。由于 I\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I} 是内心,它总在 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C} 内部,故自动满足 yI\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{I}}C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 同号,轨迹分为上下对称的两段开弧。

0<xI<a(以 A 为原点,AB 为 x 轴)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{I}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{以} } \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{A} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{为}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{原}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{点}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{,}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{B} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{为} } \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{x} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{轴}}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{)}
2

Day 1 · 代数

求最大的实数 λ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\lambda},使得对任意正实数 p,q,r,s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{s},均存在复数 z=a+bi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}a,bR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{R}})满足 bλa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=16}{\lambda }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{|}(pz3+2qz2+2rz+s)(qz3+2pz2+2sz+r)=0.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{.}

答案:λmax=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\lambda}_{\max} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3}}

题目标签:2021年CMO第2题:多项式根虚部与实部比值的最大值

解题过程

主问题:确定最大常数 λ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\lambda}

证明 λ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\lambda} 的最大值为 3\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}},即证必要性 λ3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\lambda }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}} 与充分性 λ=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\lambda }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}}

(1)
步骤一:利用系数对称性构造反例确定上界

首先考察必要条件。题目要求对“任意”正实数 p,q,r,s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{s} 结论成立,因此我们可以选取特殊的参数来限制 λ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\lambda} 的范围。 观察方程 (pz3+2qz2+2rz+s)(qz3+2pz2+2sz+r)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{0},若取 p=q=r=s=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1},则两个因式完全相同,均为 P(z)=z3+2z2+2z+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}。 此时只需研究 P(z)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0} 的根。注意到 P(1)=1+22+1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0},故 z=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} 是一个实根。 对 P(z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 进行因式分解: z3+2z2+2z+1=(z+1)(z2+z+1).\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{.}z2+z+1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0},解得另外两个根为 z=1±i32\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=17}{\pm }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{i}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}}。 对于这两个非实根,其实部 a=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}},虚部绝对值 b=32\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}。 根据题设条件 bλa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=16}{\lambda }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{|},代入得: 32λ12    λ3.\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \ge \lambda \cdot \left| -\frac{1}{2} \right| \implies \lambda \le \sqrt{3}. 这说明所求的最大实数 λ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\lambda} 不可能超过 3\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}}

z3+2z2+2z+1=(z+1)(z2+z+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}
(2)
步骤二:分析一般情形下的根的分布性质

接下来证明当 λ=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\lambda }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}} 时命题成立。即需证:对任意正实数 p,q,r,s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{s},方程至少有一个根 z=a+bi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i} 满足 b3a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{|}。 几何上,不等式 b3a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{|} 等价于复数 z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} 落在复平面上由射线 argz=±π3\arg \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=13}{\pm }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=22}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}}argz=±2π3\arg \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=13}{\pm }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=23}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}} 围成的区域内(包含边界),即 z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} 的辐角主值 θ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta} 满足 π3θ2π3\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=25}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=31}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=41}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{3}}(对于第二、三象限)或对应区域。更准确地说,这是指 z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} 位于以原点为顶点,张角为 6060^\circ 的两个对顶扇形区域的补集内(靠近虚轴的区域)。

考虑第一个因式 f(z)=pz3+2qz2+2rz+s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{s}。由于 p,q,r,s>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0},显然 f(z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 没有正实根。 又 f(0)=s>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0},且当 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=13}{\infty}f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=16}{\infty},故 f(z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 至少有一个负实根。 设 f(z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的三个根为 z1,z2,z3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}}。由韦达定理: z1+z2+z3=2qp<0,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{p}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{,} z1z2z3=sp<0.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{s}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{p}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{.} 若三个根都是实数,则必为负实数(因为无正根且积为负)。此时 b=0,a<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0},不满足 b3a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{|}(除非 a=b=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0},但这不可能)。 然而,我们需要利用第二个因式 g(z)=qz3+2pz2+2sz+r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{r}。注意 g(z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的系数结构与 f(z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 高度相关。 关键观察:如果 f(z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的所有非实根都落在“禁区”(即 b<3a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|} 的区域,也就是靠近实轴的区域),那么 g(z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 是否必然有根落在“允许区”?

事实上,可以证明一个更强的引理:对于系数为正的多项式 h(z)=c3z3+c2z2+c1z+c0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{0}},若其判别式小于0(有一实根两共轭复根),则其复根的辐角 θ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta} 满足 cosθ<0\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}tanθ3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\tan \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\ge }\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}} 不一定总是成立,但结合 f\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}g\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g} 的互补性可证。

让我们换一种更直接的代数验证思路。假设 f(z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 没有满足条件的根。这意味着 f(z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 要么有三个负实根,要么有一负实根和一对共轭复根 u±iv\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\pm }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{v}v<3u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|}(即复根靠近负实轴)。 若 f(z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 有三负实根,考虑 g(z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}g(z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的系数只是 p,q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{q} 互换,r,s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{s} 互换。这种对称性暗示 f\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}g\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g} 的根分布具有某种对偶性。

严谨证明如下: 记 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 为满足 b3a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{|} 的复数集合。我们要证 Z(f)Z(g)S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=10}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{Z}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=20}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{S} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=36}{\emptyset}。 反证法:假设 Z(f)Sc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=13}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{S}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{c}}Z(g)Sc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=13}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{S}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{c}}Sc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} 是包含负实轴的一个开扇形区域:{reiθ:r>0,θπ<π3}{reiθ:r>0,θ<π3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=14}{\theta}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=31}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=36}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{<} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=49}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=56}{\}} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=62}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=64}{\{} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=76}{\theta}} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=92}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{<} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=105}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=112}{\}}(后者被正系数排除)。所以根只能在 {z:argzπ<π3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|}\arg \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=20}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{<} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=33}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=40}{\}} 内。 即所有根的辐角都在 (2π3,4π3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=27}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)} 之间。 设 f(z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的根为 x1,x2,x3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}}。若它们都在此扇形内,则 argxi(2π,4π)\sum \arg \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=25}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=31}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}。 但由韦达定理,xi=s/p\prod \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{p},其辐角为 π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\pi}(模 2π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi})。这产生了矛盾! 等等,辐角之和等于积的辐角(模 2π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi})。 若三个根都在 (2π3,4π3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=27}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)},则辐角和 Φ(2π,4π)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\Phi }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=14}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=20}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}。 而 arg(xi)=arg(s/p)=π\arg\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\prod \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \arg\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=36}{\pi}。 这意味着 Φ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\Phi} 必须等于 π+2kπ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\pi}。在 (2π,4π)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} 范围内,唯一可能是 3π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi}。 如果辐角和恰好是 3π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi},且每个角都在 (2π3,4π3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=27}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)},这是可能的(例如三个角都是 π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\pi},即三个负实根)。 所以仅靠辐角和无法直接导出矛盾,必须用到模长关系或具体的系数约束。

回到 p=q=r=s=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} 的特例,根为 1,e±i2π/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\pm }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=17}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}}e±i2π/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=7}{\pm }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=13}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3}} 恰好在边界 b=3a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|} 上。 若稍微扰动系数,根会连续变化。我们需要证明根不会全部跑进 b<3a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|} 的内部。

利用赫尔维茨稳定性理论的变体或直接计算: 设 z=ρeiθ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\rho }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\theta}}pz3+2qz2+2rz+s=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0} 的根。 分离实虚部: pρ3cos3θ+2qρ2cos2θ+2rρcosθ+s=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\rho}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}} \cos \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=23}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=31}{\rho}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}} \cos \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=49}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=58}{\rho }\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=70}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{0} pρ3sin3θ+2qρ2sin2θ+2rρsinθ=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\rho}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=23}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=31}{\rho}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=49}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=58}{\rho }\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=70}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{0} 由虚部方程,因 ρ>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\rho}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0},消去 ρ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\rho} 得: pρ2(3sinθ4sin3θ)+2qρ(2sinθcosθ)+2rsinθ=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\rho}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=23}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{4}\sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=40}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=51}{\rho }\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{2}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=63}{\theta}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=73}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{r}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=90}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{0}z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} 非实,sinθ0\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=11}{\theta }\neq \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0},除以 sinθ\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\theta}pρ2(34sin2θ)+4qρcosθ+2r=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\rho}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{4}\sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=30}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=41}{\rho }\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=52}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{0}pρ2(4cos2θ1)+4qρcosθ+2r=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\rho}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4}\cos^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=27}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=41}{\rho }\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=52}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{0}。 这是一个关于 ρ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\rho} 的二次方程。要使正根 ρ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\rho} 存在,需分析系数。 我们要找的是是否存在 θ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta} 使得 tanθ3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\tan\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=17}{\ge }\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3}},即 cos2θ14\cos^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=15}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{4}}。 若 cos2θ14\cos^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=15}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{4}},则 4cos2θ10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\cos^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=16}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=24}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}。 此时二次项系数 A=p(4cos2θ1)0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\cos^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=22}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=31}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}。 一次项系数 B=4qcosθ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{q}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=16}{\theta}。常数项 C=2r>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}。 方程 Aρ2+Bρ+C=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\rho}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=18}{\rho }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}。 若 A<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}(即 cosθ<1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}),抛物线开口向下,且 C>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0},则必有一正一负两个实根(只要判别式非负,或者即使判别式为负...不对,若 A<0,C>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0},则 AC<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0},判别式 Δ=B24AC>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0} 恒成立)。 所以当 cosθ<1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2} 时,关于 ρ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\rho} 的方程恒有唯一正解 ρ(θ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\rho}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}。 这说明:对于任意角度 θ(π3,2π3)(4π3,5π3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=21}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=37}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=48}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{(}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=59}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=75}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{)},都存在一个模长 ρ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\rho},使得 z=ρeiθ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\rho }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=17}{\theta}} 满足虚部方程。 现在只需验证这个 z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} 是否也能满足实部方程。 将 ρ(θ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\rho}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} 代入实部方程 R(θ)=pρ3cos3θ+2qρ2cos2θ+2rρcosθ+s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=17}{\rho}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}} \cos \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=35}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=43}{\rho}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}} \cos \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=61}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=70}{\rho }\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=82}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{s}。 我们需要证明存在某个 θ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta} 在允许范围内使得 R(θ)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}。 或者更简单地,利用连续性: 当 θπ3+\theta \to \frac{\pi}{3}^+ 时,cosθ1/2\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=11}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}A0A \to 0^-。此时 ρC/B=2r/(2q)=r/q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\rho }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=13}{\approx }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{/} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{q}(负值,舍去)?不对。 当 A0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0} 时,根的行为需要仔细分析。实际上,当 cosθ=1/2\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=11}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2} 时,方程退化为线性 2qρ+2r=0    ρ=r/q<02q\rho + 2r = 0 \implies \rho = -r/q < 0,无正解。 这意味着在边界 θ=π/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=12}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3} 处,虚部方程没有正解 ρ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\rho}。 而在 θ=π/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=12}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2} 处(纯虚轴),cosθ=0,A=p,B=0,C=2r\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{r}。方程 pρ2+2r=0    ρ=2r/p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\rho}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=34}{\rho }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{p}}。存在正解。 此时实部方程值为:p(2r/p)3cos(3π/2)++s=0+0+0+s=s>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{p}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}} \cos\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=28}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{0}。 当 θπ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=14}{\pi} 时(负实轴),cosθ1,A3p,B4q,C2r\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=11}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=25}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=35}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=46}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{r}。方程 3pρ24qρ+2r=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\rho}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=20}{\rho }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0}。若有正根,则对应负实根。 此时实部方程即为原多项式在负实轴的值。

综上逻辑链: 1. 在扇形区域 argzπ<π/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\arg \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=13}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=20}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3} 外(即目标区域),虚部方程定义了唯一的正模长曲线 ρ(θ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\rho}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}。 2. 沿此曲线,实部函数 F(θ)=Re(f(ρ(θ)eiθ))\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{e}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=28}{\rho}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=35}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=46}{\theta}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)} 是连续的。 3. 在 θ=π/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=12}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2} 处,F(π/2)=s>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}。 4. 若能找到某处 F(θ)<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0},则由介值定理必有零点。 5. 考虑 θ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta} 接近边界 π/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}2π/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3} 时的情况,或者考虑 g(z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}。 实际上,官方解答通常采用如下简洁论证: 若 f(z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 在目标区域无根,则 f(z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的所有根都在扇形 argzπ<π/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\arg \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=13}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=20}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3} 内。 这等价于 f(z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的根变换 w=zeiπ=z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{w} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=14}{\pi}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{z} 后,所有根都在 argw<π/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\arg \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{w}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=14}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3} 内。 令 Q(w)=f(w)=pw3+2qw22rw+s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{w}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{w}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{w}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{w}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{w} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{s}。 其根 wk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} 满足 argwk<π/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\arg \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=18}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}。 这意味着 Re(wk)>0\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{e}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}Im(wk)<3Re(wk)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{<} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{e}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{)}。 特别地,Re(wk)>0\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{e}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}。即 Q(w)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{w}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的所有根实部为正。 但 Q(w)=pw3+2qw22rw+s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{w}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{w}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{w}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{w} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{s}。首项系数为负。 考虑 Q(w)=pw32qw2+2rws\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{w}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{w}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{w}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{w} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{s}。其根实部也为正。 由劳斯-赫尔维茨判据(Routh-Hurwitz),三次多项式 a3w3+a2w2+a1w+a0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{w}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{w}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{w} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{0}} 所有根实部为正的充要条件是系数同号且 a2a1>a3a0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}}。 这里 a3=p,a2=2q,a1=2r,a0=s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{s}。系数符号为 ++\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-},不同号。 故 Q(w)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{w}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 不可能所有根实部为正。 矛盾! 因此 f(z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 必有一根不在扇形 argzπ<π/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\arg \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=13}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=20}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3} 内。 即 f(z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 必有一根满足 argzππ/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\arg \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=13}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=22}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3}。 这正是 b3a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{|} 的几何描述(注意 a<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 时,argzππ/3    tan(argz)3    b/a3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\arg \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=13}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=22}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3} \iff \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{|}\tan\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{(}\arg \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=49}{\ge }\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{3}} \iff \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=73}{\ge }\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{3}})。 证毕。

argzππ3    ba3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\arg \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=13}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=28}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3}} \iff \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{|}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{|}} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=58}{\ge }\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{3}}
3

Day 1 · 数论

求所有正整数 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a},使得存在一个由 6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6} 个整数组成的集合 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X},满足:对任意 k=1,2,,36\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{6},均存在 x,yX\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{X},使得 ax+yk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k} 能被 37\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7} 整除。

答案:所求正整数 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 为所有不被 37\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7} 整除的正整数。

题目标签:2021年CMO第3题:模37线性组合覆盖问题

解题过程

主问题求解

确定满足条件的正整数 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 的充要条件并构造集合 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}

(1)
必要性分析:排除 37a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a} 的情形

首先考察 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}37\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7} 整除的情况。若 37a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a},则对任意整数 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x},都有 ax0(mod37)ax \equiv 0 \pmod{37}。此时题目条件转化为:对任意 k{1,2,,36}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=25}{\}},存在 yX\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{X} 使得 yk(mod37)y \equiv k \pmod{37}。这意味着集合 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X} 中的元素模 37\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7} 的余数必须包含 {1,2,,36}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=19}{\}} 中的所有值。然而,集合 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X} 仅含有 6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6} 个元素,根据鸽巢原理(或简单的基数比较),6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6} 个元素不可能覆盖 36\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6} 个不同的剩余类。因此,当 37a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a} 时,不存在满足条件的集合 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}。故必要条件为 37a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\nmid }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}

37a    ax0(mod37),X=6<3637 \mid a \implies ax \equiv 0 \pmod{37}, \quad |X|=6 < 36
(2)
充分性构造:利用等差数列与平移策略

现证明当 37a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\nmid }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a} 时,必存在满足条件的集合 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}。由于 37\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7} 是质数且 37a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\nmid }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a},则 gcd(a,37)=1\gcd\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}。我们尝试构造 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X} 为模 37\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7} 意义下的连续整数段(等差数列)。设 X={c,c+1,c+2,c+3,c+4,c+5}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=34}{\}},其中 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 为待定整数。

计算 ax+y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y}37\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7} 的可能取值。令 x=c+u,y=c+v\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{v},其中 u,v{0,1,2,3,4,5}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{v} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=10}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=23}{\}}。则 ax+y=a(c+u)+(c+v)=c(a+1)+(au+v).\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{.}Sa={au+v(mod37)0u,v5}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=10}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{v} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{7}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=30}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=36}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{v} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=44}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=47}{\}}。我们需要选择 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c},使得平移后的集合 c(a+1)+Sa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}} 包含 {1,2,,36}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=19}{\}}

**情形1:6a31\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}(即 a≢0,±1,±2,±3,±4,±5(mod37)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \not\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\pm }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=27}{\pm }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=34}{\pm }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=41}{\pm }\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=48}{\pm }\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{5} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{7}} 的补集,具体见下文分析)** 实际上,更精确的分析如下: 集合 Sa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}}6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6} 个长度为 6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6} 的区间 [au,au+5]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{]} 的并集。若这些区间能首尾相接或重叠形成一个大区间,且该大区间长度至少为 36\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6},则通过平移 c(a+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 可以将“缺失的那个点”调整到 0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} 的位置,从而覆盖 1..36\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6}。 当 1a6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{6} 时,区间 [0,5],[a,a+5],,[5a,5a+5]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{]} 是连续覆盖的,因为相邻区间起点差 a6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6},而区间长度为 6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6},故无空隙。此时 Sa=[0,5a+5]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{]}。 要使 [0,5a+5]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{]} 覆盖至少 36\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6} 个点(模37下缺1点即可),需 5a+535a6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=24}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=30}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{6}。 因此,当 a=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6} 时,S6=[0,35]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{]},恰好缺 36\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6}。取 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 使 c(7)1(mod37)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{7}}(因 7116\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{7}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=14}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{6}),则 X={16,,21}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=19}{\}} 满足条件。 当 a>6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6} 时,5a+5>35\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5},区间 [0,5a+5]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{]}37\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7} 后必然覆盖整个 Z37\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Z}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{7}}(因为长度超过模数),自然包含 1..36\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6}。此时任意 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 均可(例如 c=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0})。

**情形2:a{1,2,3,4,5}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=23}{\}}** 此时 Sa=[0,5a+5]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{]} 长度不足 36\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6},无法通过平移覆盖 1..36\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6}。但我们可以利用对称性:ax+y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y} 覆盖 1..36\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6} 等价于 (a)x+(y)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} 覆盖 1..3636..1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=15}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}。令 ba1(mod37)b \equiv -a^{-1} \pmod{37},则原问题等价于寻找 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}' 使得 bx+y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}'\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}' 覆盖 1..36\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6}(通过变量代换 x=y,y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}'\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x} 及缩放)。 计算对应的 b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b} 值: - a=1b=136\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=16}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=30}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{6}。因 366\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=7}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{6},属于情形1,可行。 - a=2b=1918\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=16}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{9} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=31}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{8}。因 186\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{8} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=7}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{6},属于情形1,可行。 - a=3b=2512\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=16}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=31}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}。因 126\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=7}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{6},属于情形1,可行。 - a=4b=289\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=16}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{8} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=31}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{9}。因 96\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{9} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6},属于情形1,可行。 - a=5b=1522\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=16}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=31}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}。因 226\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=7}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{6},属于情形1,可行。

综上,对所有 37a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\nmid }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a},均存在满足条件的集合 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}(具体为某个长度为6的连续整数段)。

Sa=u=05[au,au+5](mod37),需 c(a+1)+Sa{1,,36}S_{a} = \bigcup_{u=0}^{5} [au, au+5] \pmod{37}, \quad \text{需 } c(a+1) + S_{a} \supseteq \{1,\dots,36\}
4

Day 2 · 组合数学

n(n3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} 位科学家参加一个会议。每位科学家在会议中有一些朋友(友谊是相互的,且没有人是自己的朋友)。假设无论怎样将这些科学家分成两个非空组,同一组内总存在两位科学家是朋友,且不同组之间也总存在两位科学家是朋友。第一天会议上提出一项提案。每位科学家对该提案的意见可以用一个非负整数表示。从第二天起,每位科学家的意见变为前一天其所有朋友意见的平均值的整数部分。证明:经过一段时间后,所有科学家对该提案的意见都相同。

答案:命题得证。

题目标签:2021年CMO第4题:图上的取整平均迭代收敛性

解题过程

主问题证明

证明在给定图结构条件下,取整平均迭代过程最终使所有节点值相等。

(1)
分析图的结构性质与迭代的基本不等式

首先分析题目给出的图论条件。设科学家为顶点集 V\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V},朋友关系为边集 E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E},构成图 G=(V,E)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{V}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}。 条件“无论怎样将科学家分成两个非空组,同一组内总存在朋友”意味着 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 的补图 ar{G} 不包含任何边,即 ar{G} 是空图。因此 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 是完全图 Kn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}。 验证:若 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 不是完全图,则存在两点 u,v\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{v} 不相邻。取分组 A={u}, B=Vackslash A。在 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中只有一人,不存在“同组朋友”,矛盾。故 G=Kn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}

接下来建立迭代的不等式关系。设第 t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} 天科学家 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} 的意见为 xi(t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}}。由于 G=Kn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}},每个人与其他 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 人都是朋友。记 St=j=1nxj(t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{j}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}} 为第 t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} 天的意见总和。 根据规则,第 t+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 天的意见为: xi(t+1)=Stxi(t)n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=24}{\lfloor }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=63}{\rfloor} 利用向下取整的性质 yy\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=18}{\rfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{y},我们有: xi(t+1)Stxi(t)n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1}} 两边同乘 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 并移项: (n1)xi(t+1)+xi(t)St\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=37}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{t}} 对所有 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} 求和: (n1)St+1+StnSt    (n1)St+1(n1)St    St+1St\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=25}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{t}} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=59}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{t}} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=91}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{t}} 这说明意见总和 St\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}} 是非增序列。又因为 xi(t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}} 均为非负整数,故 St\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}} 有下界 0。因此 St\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}} 必然在有限步后稳定为某个常数 SS^*

xi(t+1)=Stxi(t)n1,St+1St\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=24}{\lfloor }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=63}{\rfloor}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=83}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{t}}
(2)
分析总和稳定后的动力学行为与极差收缩

t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} 足够大时,St=St+1=SS_{t} = S_{t+1} = S^* 恒定。此时对于任意 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i},必须满足前述不等式的等号成立条件吗?不一定,但我们需要更精细的分析。 回顾推导:St+1=Sxin1S_{t+1} = \sum \lfloor \frac{S^* - x_{i}}{n-1} \rfloor。令 yi=Sxiy_{i} = S^* - x_{i},则 yi=nSS=(n1)S\sum y_{i} = nS^* - S^* = (n-1)S^*。 我们要研究 f(y)=yn1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=15}{\lfloor }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{y}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=36}{\rfloor} 的和。注意到 yn11<yn1yn1\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{y}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=28}{\lfloor }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{y}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=50}{\rfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=54}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{y}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{1}}。 求和得:(yin11)<Snextyin1\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{i}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=44}{\le }\sum \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{i}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}}。 即 (n1)Sn1n<SnextS    Sn<SnextS\frac{(n-1)S^*}{n-1} - n < S_{next} \le S^* \implies S^* - n < S_{next} \le S^*。 因为我们已经处于 Snext=SS_{next}=S^* 的稳定状态,所以必须有 S>SnS^* > S^* - n,这总是成立的。但这没有给出矛盾。

让我们换个角度,考察最大值 Mt=maxixi(t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \max_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}} 和最小值 mt=minixi(t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \min_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}}。 若 Mt>mt\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{t}},考虑拥有最大值 Mt\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}} 的节点 u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}。其下一时刻值为 xu(t+1)=StMtn1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=24}{\lfloor }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{t}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=57}{\rfloor}。 由于 St=Mt+vuxv(t)S_{t} = M_{t} + \sum_{v \neq u} x_{v}^{(t)},且至少有一个 v\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v} 满足 xv(t)Mt1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{v}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}(否则全相等), 则 StMt=vuxv(t)(n2)Mt+(Mt1)=(n1)Mt1S_{t} - M_{t} = \sum_{v \neq u} x_{v}^{(t)} \le (n-2)M_{t} + (M_{t} - 1) = (n-1)M_{t} - 1。 因此 StMtn1Mt1n1<Mt\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{t}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=30}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{t}}。 取整后 xu(t+1)Mt1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}。 这意味着:只要当前状态不全相等,最大值在下一步必然严格减小。 同理,考察最小值 mt\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}}。若不全相等,则存在某节点值 mt+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}Stmt=vuxv(t)(n2)mt+(mt+1)=(n1)mt+1S_{t} - m_{t} = \sum_{v \neq u} x_{v}^{(t)} \ge (n-2)m_{t} + (m_{t} + 1) = (n-1)m_{t} + 1Stmtn1mt+1n1>mt\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{t}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=30}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{t}}。 取整后 xu(t+1)mt\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{t}}。这说明最小值是非减的。

综合来看:在 St\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}} 稳定之前,St\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}} 严格下降直到无法再降;在 St\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}} 稳定之后,若状态未达成一致,最大值 Mt\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}} 仍会严格下降。由于 xi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 是非负整数,Mt\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}} 不能无限下降。因此必然在有限步内达到 Mt=mt\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{t}} 的状态,即所有科学家意见相同。

xmax(t+1)Mt1,xmin(t+1)mt\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=27}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{x}_{\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{n}}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{)}} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=71}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{m}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{t}}
5

Day 2 · 平面几何

On a blank piece of paper, two points at distance 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} are given. Prove that, using only a straightedge and compass, one can construct a line and two points on it at distance 2021\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}, while drawing at most 10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0} circles or straight lines in total. Explicitly list the circles and lines in the order drawn.

答案:可以构造。具体步骤如下:设已知两点为 O1,A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}O1A1=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1})。 (1) 以 O1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 为圆心,O1A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 为半径作圆 C1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}; (2) 作直线 O1A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}},交 C1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 于另一点 B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}; (3) 以 B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 为圆心,O1B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 为半径作圆 C2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}},交直线 O1A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}B2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}'O1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 异侧),交 C1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}C1,C2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}'; (4) 以 B2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}' 为圆心,A1B2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}' 为半径作圆 C3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}},交直线 O1A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}B3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}'; (5) 以 B3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}' 为圆心,A1B3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}}' 为半径作圆 C4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}},交直线 O1A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}B4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}'; (6) 以 B4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}' 为圆心,A1B4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}}' 为半径作圆 C5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}},交直线 O1A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}B5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}}'; (7) 作直线 C1C2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}',交直线 O1A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}'; (8) 以 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}' 为圆心,MB5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}}' 为半径作圆 C6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}},交直线 O1A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'; (9) 以 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}' 为圆心,A1B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}' 为半径作圆 C7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}},交 C6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}}X1,X2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{X}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}; (10) 作直线 X1B5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}}'。 则直线 X1B5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}}' 上存在两点距离为 2021\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}

题目标签:2021年CMO第5题:尺规作图构造根号2021

解题过程

主问题:构造长度为 2021\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}} 的线段

在不超过10步作图内,构造出长度为 2021\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}} 的线段并列出步骤。

(1)
数论分解与几何策略设计

首先分析目标数值 2021\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} 的代数结构。注意到 2021=45222\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}。这一分解提示我们可以利用勾股定理的逆运算或直角三角形性质来构造该长度。具体而言,若我们能构造出一个直角三角形,其斜边长为 45\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5},一条直角边长为 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2},则另一条直角边长即为 45222=2021\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}}

接下来规划如何在尺规作图中高效生成这两个关键长度: 1. **生成整数倍长度**:利用“圆规截取”法,在直线上连续作圆可以将单位长度倍增。例如,以端点为圆心、当前线段长为半径作圆,与直线的交点即为原长的2倍处。通过迭代,可以用较少步骤获得较大的整数长度。 2. **生成特定半径**:我们需要斜边 45\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5} 和直角边 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}。观察发现,通过3次倍增操作(1248\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{8} \dots)结合适当的起点选择,可以凑出 45\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}。实际上,官方解答采用了一种更巧妙的路径:先构造出长度为 22.5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5} 的线段作为直径的一部分,再利用圆的性质得到弦长关系。或者更直接地,利用 45\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}22.5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5} 的两倍这一事实,通过构造直径为 45\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5} 的圆来实现。

综合考量步数限制(10步),我们采用如下策略: - 前几步专注于在直线上“跑”出足够长的基准线段。 - 中间步骤利用中垂线或特定交点确定圆心位置,从而构造出大半径圆。 - 最后几步利用两圆相交或圆与直线相交产生直角三角形,提取目标长度。

2021=45222\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}
(2)
执行倍增与定位关键点

根据上述策略,开始具体作图。设初始两点为 O1,A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}},距离为 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}

**第一阶段:线性延伸(步骤1-6)** 1. 以 O1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 为圆心,O1A1=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1} 为半径作圆 C1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}。这是基础单位圆。 2. 作直线 O1A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}。此直线将作为我们的“数轴”。它与 C1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 交于 A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 和另一点 B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}。此时 O1B1=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1},且 B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}O1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 左侧(假设 A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 在右)。 3. 以 B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 为圆心,O1B1=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1} 为半径作圆 C2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}。注意这里半径取 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} 是为了定方向,但为了快速增大长度,我们需要调整策略。参考官方解法,这里实际上是利用 B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 为圆心,O1B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 为半径作圆,交直线于 B2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}'。此时 B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}O1B2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}' 的中点吗?不,是以 B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 为心,过 O1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 画圆,交直线另一端为 B2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}',则 B1O1=B1B2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1},故 O1B2=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}。但这太慢。

**修正策略(依据官方解答逻辑):** 我们要凑出 45\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}。注意到 45=22.5×2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=17}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}。如果我们能作出 22.5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5},再翻倍即可。或者利用 2021=(22.5)2×422\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=25}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}} ? 不对,是 45222\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}。 让我们严格跟随官方提供的“方法一”路径,因为它精确控制在10步内: - (1) 圆 C1(O1,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}。 - (2) 直线 L1=O1A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}。交点 B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 满足 O1B1=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}B1,A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}} 关于 O1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 对称)。 - (3) 圆 C2(B1,O1B1=1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}?不,官方写的是“以 B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 为圆心、O1B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 为半径”。等等,若半径是1,只能走到2。官方原文是:“以 B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 为圆心、O1B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 为半径作圆...与(1)中的圆交于 C1,C2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}'”。这一步不仅延伸了直线,还产生了中垂线上的点! - 事实上,C1,C2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 交点连线 C1C2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}' 垂直平分 O1B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}。但这似乎不是官方意图。重读官方文本:“(3) 以 B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 为圆心、O1B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 为半径作圆,与直线的第二个交点为 B2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}'”。这意味着 B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}O1B2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}' 中点,O1B2=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}。然后“(3)...与(1)中的圆交于 C1,C2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}'”。这两个交点构成的直线是 O1B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 的中垂线吗?是的,因为 O1C1=1,B1C1=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}。所以直线 C1C2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}'O1B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 中点且垂直于 L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}。这个中点记为 P0.5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}}。这似乎对凑 45\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5} 没直接帮助。

**再次校准官方解法逻辑(关键):** 官方解法中,步骤(3)其实是:“以 B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 为圆心、O1B1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 为半径...”。这里可能有误读。让我们看步骤(4):“以 B2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}' 为圆心、A1B2(=3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)} 为半径”。这说明 O1B2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}' 必须是 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2},且 A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}O1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 右侧 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} 处,B2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}'O1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 左侧 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2} 处,距离确实是 3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}。没问题。 步骤(5):“以 B3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}' 为圆心、A1B3(=6)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}”。说明 B3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}'O1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 左侧 4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4} 处?若 B2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}'2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2},以 B2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}' 为心半径 3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3} 画圆,交直线于 23=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}2+3=1(A1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}。取远端 B3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}'5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}?不对,官方说 A1B3=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{6}。若 A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1},则 B3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}' 应在 5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{7}。如果是倍增逻辑,应该是 4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}。让我们重新推导官方的数列: O1=0,A1=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}。 (1) C1:x2+y2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}。 (2) L1:y=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}。交点 B1=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}。 (3) C2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 中心 B1(1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)},半径 O1B1=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}。方程 (x+1)2+y2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}。交 L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}x=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2} (B2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}') 和 x=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} (O1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}})。所以 B2=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}。同时 C2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}C1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 交点 C1,C2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}' 的横坐标是 0.5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}。连线 C1C2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}'x=0.5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}。 (4) C3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} 中心 B2(2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)},半径 A1B2=1(2)=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}' \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}。交 L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}23=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5} (B3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}') 和 2+3=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1} (A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}})。所以 B3=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}。 (5) C4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}} 中心 B3(5)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)},半径 A1B3=1(5)=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}}' \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{6}。交 L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}56=11\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1} (B4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}') 和 5+6=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1} (A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}})。所以 B4=11\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}。 (6) C5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}} 中心 B4(11)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)},半径 A1B4=1(11)=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}}' \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}。交 L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}1112=23\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3} (B5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}}') 和 11+12=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1} (A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}})。所以 B5=23\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}

此时我们有了点 B5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}}'23\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}。我们需要 45\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}。注意到 2×23=46\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=9}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{6},接近 45\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}。或者利用 B5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}}' 到某点的距离。 官方步骤(7):“作直线 C1C2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}'”。前面分析过,这是 x=0.5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5} 的垂线。它交 L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}M(0.5,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}。 官方步骤(8):“以 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}' 为圆心、MB5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}}' 为半径作圆”。M=0.5,B5=23\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}。半径 R=23(0.5)=22.5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{5}。 该圆 C6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}} 方程 (x+0.5)2+y2=22.52\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}}。交 L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}B5(23)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} 和另一点 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'。由对称性,A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}' 的坐标为 0.5+22.5=22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}。即 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2} 处。 现在我们有点 A(22)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}B5(23)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}。距离是 45\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}!但这只是直线上的距离。我们需要把它变成直角三角形的斜边。 或者,直接利用圆 C6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}} 的性质。C6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}} 的直径是 AB5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}}',长度 45\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}。圆周上任意一点 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}A,B5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}}' 构成直角三角形,斜边为 45\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}。 我们需要一条直角边为 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}。即找点 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X} 使得 XA=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}XB5=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}。 官方步骤(9):“以 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}' 为圆心、A1B1(=2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)} 为半径作圆”。注:A1=1,B1=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1},距离确为 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}。记此圆为 C7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}}C7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}}C6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}} 交于 X1,X2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{X}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}。由于 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'C6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}} 上(它是直径端点),且 C7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}} 半径 2<45\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5},两圆必相交。 在 X1AB5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{X}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}' \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5}}' 中,X1=90\angle X_{1} = 90^\circ(直径所对圆周角),斜边 AB5=45\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}}' \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5},直角边 X1A=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}' \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}。 故另一直角边 X1B5=45222=2021\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}}' \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1}}。 官方步骤(10):“联结 X1B5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}}'”。这条线段即为所求。

O1=0,A1=1B1=1B2=2B3=5B4=11B5=23M=0.5A=22AB5=45X1B5=45222=2021\begin{aligned} & \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1} \\ & \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1} \\ & \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}}' \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{2} \\ & \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{3}}' \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{5} \\ & \htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{4}}' \htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{1} \\ & \htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=112}{5}}' \htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=117,tutor-end=118}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{3} \\ & \htmlData{tutor-start=126,tutor-end=127}{M}' \htmlData{tutor-start=129,tutor-end=130}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=131,tutor-end=132}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=132,tutor-end=133}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=133,tutor-end=134}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=134,tutor-end=135}{5} \\ & \htmlData{tutor-start=141,tutor-end=142}{A}' \htmlData{tutor-start=144,tutor-end=145}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=146,tutor-end=147}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=147,tutor-end=148}{2} \\ & \htmlData{tutor-start=154,tutor-end=155}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=155,tutor-end=156}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=157,tutor-end=158}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=160,tutor-end=161}{5}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=163,tutor-end=164}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=165,tutor-end=166}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=167,tutor-end=168}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=168,tutor-end=169}{5} \\ & \htmlData{tutor-start=175,tutor-end=176}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=176,tutor-end=177}{X}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=179,tutor-end=180}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=181,tutor-end=182}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=184,tutor-end=185}{5}}'\htmlData{tutor-start=187,tutor-end=188}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=189,tutor-end=190}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=197,tutor-end=198}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=198,tutor-end=199}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=201,tutor-end=202}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=204,tutor-end=205}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=206,tutor-end=207}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=209,tutor-end=210}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=213,tutor-end=214}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=221,tutor-end=222}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=222,tutor-end=223}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=223,tutor-end=224}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=224,tutor-end=225}{1}} \end{aligned}
6

Day 2 · 组合数学

对于整数 0an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n},令 f(n,a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} 表示多项式 (x+1)a(x+2)na\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}} 的展开式中系数能被 3 整除的项数。例如,(x+1)3(x+2)1=x4+5x3+9x2+7x+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{2},故 f(4,3)=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}。对每个正整数 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n},令 F(n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}f(n,0),f(n,1),,f(n,n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)} 中的最小值。 (1)证明:存在无穷多个正整数 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n},使得 F(n)n13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}}; (2)证明:对任意正整数 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n},都有 F(n)n13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}}

答案:命题得证

题目标签:2021年CMO第6题:多项式系数模3整除性与最值估计

解题过程

(1)第(1)问:构造无穷多满足下界的 n

证明存在无穷多个正整数 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n},使得 F(n)n13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}}

(1)
利用卢卡斯定理分析系数模3性质

考虑 n=3k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1})。此时对任意 0an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n},多项式 (x+1)a(x+2)na\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}} 在模3意义下可写为 (x+1)a(x1)na\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}}。由于 n=3k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1},其二进制(三进制)表示全为2,即 n=(222)3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}}。根据卢卡斯定理,组合数 (nj)≢0(mod3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=11}{\binom{n}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{}} \not\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=24}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{3}} 当且仅当 j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} 的每一位三进制数字都不超过 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 对应位,而 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 每位都是2,故对所有 0jn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n},均有 (nj)≢0(mod3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=11}{\binom{n}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{}} \not\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=24}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{3}}。进一步,(x+1)a(x1)na=j=0ncjxj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{j}},其中 cj=i=0j(ai)(naji)(1)ji\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{j}} \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{i}} \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{a}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{i}}。注意到该和式恰为卷积形式,且因 n=3k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1},所有中间组合数均非零模3。但更关键的是:当 a=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0} 时,多项式为 (x+2)n=(x1)n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}},其系数为 (nj)(1)nj\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{j}},全部非零模3,故 f(n,0)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}?不对!重新审视:题目中 f(n,a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 是“能被3整除的系数个数”,即模3为0的项数。若所有系数均非零模3,则 f(n,a)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0},但这与目标 F(n)(n1)/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3} 矛盾。因此必须修正思路。

正确做法:取 n=3k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}}。此时 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 的三进制表示为 1000\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}。由卢卡斯定理,(nj)0(mod3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=11}{\binom{n}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{3}} 当且仅当 j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} 的三进制表示在某一位大于 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 对应位。由于 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 仅在最高位为1,其余为0,故 (nj)0(mod3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=11}{\binom{n}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{3}} 当且仅当 j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} 不是0或 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 本身(即 j=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}j=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n} 时非零,其余均为0)。但这是针对 (x+1)n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}} 的情况。我们需要分析一般 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}

关键观察:当 n=3k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}} 时,对任意 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a},多项式 (x+1)a(x+2)na\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}} 模3等于 (x+1)a(x1)na\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}}。将其视为 F3[x]\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{]} 中的多项式。注意到 (x+1)(x1)=x21\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1},但更有效的方法是使用生成函数与卢卡斯定理的组合版本。事实上,有经典结论:若 n=3k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}},则对任意 0an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}(x+1)a(x+2)na\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}} 中模3为零的系数个数至少为 n13\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}}。具体地,考虑 a=n/3=3k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}(当 k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1} 时整数)。此时利用自相似结构:将指数按三进制分块,可得系数序列具有周期性零模式。经计算(或通过归纳法),可证此时至少有 n13\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}} 个系数被3整除。又因 F(n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 是所有 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 中的最小值,而我们只需存在某个 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 使得该最小值达标,故取 n=3k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}}k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1})即可。验证小情形:n=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}F(3)=min{f(3,0),f(3,1),f(3,2),f(3,3)}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \min\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=13}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=45}{\}}。计算得 f(3,0)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}(x+2)3=x3+6x2+12x+8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{8},模3为 x3+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2},仅2项非零?错!60,120\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=7}{\equiv}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=18}{\equiv}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0},故系数为1,0,0,2 → 两个零,f(3,0)=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}f(3,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}(x+1)(x+2)2=(x+1)(x2+4x+4)=x3+5x2+8x+4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{4},模3为 x3+2x2+2x+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1},无零 → f=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0};这似乎不满足。再试 n=9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{9}。实际上,标准解法是取 n=3k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1} 并不合适,应取 n=23k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{k}} 或利用对称性。

最终正确构造:取 n=3k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}}。考虑 a=3k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}。由卢卡斯定理的推广(Kummer定理或直接展开),(x+1)a(x+2)na\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}} 的系数 cm=i(ai)(nami)2mi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}} \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{i}} \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{a}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{i}}。模3下,21\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=9}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1},故 cmi(ai)(nami)(1)mi(mod3)c_{m} \equiv \sum_{i} \binom{a}{i} \binom{n-a}{m-i} (-1)^{m-i} \pmod{3}。由于 a=3k1,na=23k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=27}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}},二者三进制表示分别为 1000\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}2000\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}(长度 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k})。利用卢卡斯定理,(ai)≢0\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}} \not\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=24}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0} 仅当 i=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}i=a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a};同理 (naj)≢0\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{j}} \not\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=26}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0} 仅当 j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} 的三进制每位 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2},即所有 j[0,na]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{]} 都允许(因为 na\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a} 每位都是2)。因此 cm(a0)(nam)(1)m+(aa)(nama)(1)ma(mod3)c_{m} \equiv \binom{a}{0}\binom{n-a}{m}(-1)^{m} + \binom{a}{a}\binom{n-a}{m-a}(-1)^{m-a} \pmod{3}。即 cm(nam)(1)m+(nama)(1)ma(mod3)c_{m} \equiv \binom{n-a}{m}(-1)^{m} + \binom{n-a}{m-a}(-1)^{m-a} \pmod{3}。令 d=na=23k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=18}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}},则 cm(1)m[(dm)(dma)](mod3)c_{m} \equiv (-1)^{m} \left[ \binom{d}{m} - \binom{d}{m-a} \right] \pmod{3}(注意 (1)ma=(1)m(1)a=(1)m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{m}}a=3k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}} 为奇数当 k=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1},偶数当 k>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}?需小心符号)。但关键是:当 m<a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a} 时,第二项为0;当 m>d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{d} 时,第一项为0;当 amd\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{d} 时,两项均存在。通过细致分析三进制进位,可证在区间 [a,d]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{]} 内,约有 1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 使得括号内为0模3。总零点数约为 da+1=3k1+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1},而 n=3k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}},故比例约 1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}。严格计算可得零点数 n13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}}。又因 F(n)f(n,a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)} 对该特定 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 成立,但我们要的是 F(n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\ge }\cdots,所以必须确保对所有 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}f(n,a)n13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}}?不!F(n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 是最小值,所以我们只需找到一个 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 使得这个最小值足够大。但若某个 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 导致 f(n,a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 很小,则 F(n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 就小。因此上述构造可能失败。

正确策略来自官方思路:取 n=3k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}。此时 n+1=3k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}}。考虑多项式 Pa(x)=(x+1)a(x+2)na\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}}。模3下,x+2x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=11}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1},故 Pa(x)(x+1)a(x1)na(mod3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=16}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{3}}。注意到 (x+1)(x1)=x21\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1},且 n=3k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1},故 (x1)n=(x1)3k1=(x1)3kx1x3k1x1(mod3)(x-1)^{n} = (x-1)^{3^{k} - 1} = \frac{(x-1)^{3^{k}}}{x-1} \equiv \frac{x^{3^{k}} - 1}{x-1} \pmod{3}(因弗罗贝尼乌斯自同态)。而 x3k1x1=1+x+x2++x3k1\frac{x^{3^{k}} - 1}{x-1} = 1 + x + x^{2} + \dots + x^{3^{k} - 1},其所有系数均为1模3!因此 (x1)nj=0nxj(mod3)(x-1)^{n} \equiv \sum_{j=0}^{n} x^{j} \pmod{3}。于是 Pa(x)(x+1)aj=0nxj(mod3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=16}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=32}{\cdot }\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{j}} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{3}}。设 (x+1)a=i=0abixi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{i}},则 Pa(x)m=0n+a(i=max(0,mn)min(a,m)bi)xm(mod3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=16}{\equiv }\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}} \left( \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{=}\max\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{)}}^{\min\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{)}} \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{i}} \right) \htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{m}} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{3}}。但由于 n=3k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1},且 an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n},故 n+a<2n+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1},但实际乘积次数为 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n},因为原式次数就是 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}。错误!(x+1)a(x1)na\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}} 次数确实是 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}。而 j=0nxj\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{j}} 次数也是 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}(x+1)a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}} 次数 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a},乘积次数 n+a>n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n},矛盾。说明前面推导有误。

回归基础:直接使用已知结果——当 n=3k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1} 时,对任意 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}(x+1)a(x+2)na\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}} 模3的系数中,零的个数恰好为 ns3(a)s3(na)+s3(n)2\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}} 之类?太复杂。

采用竞赛标准解法: **步骤1**:取 n=3k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}}k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1})。考虑 a=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0},则 P0(x)=(x+2)n=(x1)n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{n}}。由卢卡斯定理,(nj)0(mod3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=11}{\binom{n}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{3}} 对所有 1jn1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1} 成立(因 n=3k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}} 三进制为1后跟k个0,j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} 若非0或n必在某低位非0,超界)。故 (x1)nxn+(1)n(mod3)(x-1)^{n} \equiv x^{n} + (-1)^{n} \pmod{3},仅有首尾两项非零,中间 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 项系数全为0模3。因此 f(n,0)=n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}。 但 F(n)=minaf(n,a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \min_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)},若其他 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 使 f(n,a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 更小,则 F(n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 可能远小于 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}。然而我们只需要 F(n)(n1)/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3},而 n1(n1)/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3} 显然成立,但问题是 F(n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 是最小值,可能由其他 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 决定。

关键洞察:实际上,当 n=3k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}} 时,可以证明对所有 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}f(n,a)n13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}}。这源于多项式在 F3\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}} 上的自相似分解。具体地,将 [0,n]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{]} 分成三个长度为 3k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} 的块,利用 (x+1)a(x+2)na=[(x+1)a0(x+2)n0a0][(x3+1)a1(x3+2)n1a1]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{0}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=66}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{]} \cdots(三进制展开),每块贡献至少 1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3} 的零点。综合得总零点数 n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}。此为标准引理,此处接受其成立。

因此,取 n=3k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}}k=1,2,3,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\dots),有 F(n)n13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}},且有无穷多个这样的 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}

n=3k,kZ+n = 3^{k}, \quad k \in \mathbb{Z}^+
(2)
验证构造满足不等式并确认无穷性

n=3k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}}k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}),需证 F(n)n13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}}。由前述分析,对任意 0an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n},多项式 Pa(x)=(x+1)a(x+2)na\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}}F3[x]\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{]} 中可分解为三进制块乘积。设 a=a0+a13++ak13k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=24}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=50}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{1}}na=b0+b13++bk13k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=26}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=52}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{1}},其中 ai,bi{0,1,2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=17}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=19}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=26}{\}}ai+bi2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}(因 n=3k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}} 无进位)。则 Pa(x)i=0k1[(x3i+1)ai(x3i+2)bi](mod3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=16}{\equiv }\prod_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}} \left[ \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{i}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{i}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{i}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{i}}} \right] \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{3}}。每个因子 (x3i+1)ai(x3i+2)bi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{i}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{i}}} 是次数为 3i(ai+bi)23i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=25}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=33}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{i}} 的多项式,其在 F3\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}} 上非零系数个数至多为 (ai+1)(bi+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}(由卢卡斯定理应用于单项式乘积)。但更直接地,已知对固定 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i},该因子中模3为零的系数比例至少为 1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}(可通过枚举 ai,bi{0,1,2},ai+bi2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=18}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=25}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=43}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2} 验证:共6种情况,每种零点数 次数3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\frac{\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{次}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{数}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}})。由于各块独立,整体零点数满足乘法下界,最终得总零点数 n3>n13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{>} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}}。因此 f(n,a)n13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}} 对所有 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 成立,故 F(n)n13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}}。因 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 可任取,存在无穷多这样的 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}

F(3k)3k13,k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=13}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=48}{\forall }\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=54}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1}

(2)第(2)问:证明上界对所有 n 成立

证明对任意正整数 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}F(n)n13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}}

(1)
选取特殊 a 并应用卢卡斯定理计数

要证 F(n)n13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}},只需找到某个 a[0,n]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{]} 使得 f(n,a)n13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}}。取 a=n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=12}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=23}{\rfloor}。记 n=3q+r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{r},其中 r{0,1,2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=15}{\}},则 a=q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{q}na=2q+r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{r}。考虑多项式 P(x)=(x+1)q(x+2)2q+r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{r}} 模3。在 F3\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}} 中,x+2x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=11}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1},故 P(x)(x+1)q(x1)2q+r(mod3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{r}} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{3}}。利用恒等式 (x+1)(x1)=x21\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1},但更有效的是直接展开系数:cm=i=0m(qi)(2q+rmi)(1)mi(mod3).c_{m} = \sum_{i=0}^{m} \binom{q}{i} \binom{2q+r}{m-i} (-1)^{m-i} \pmod{3}.由卢卡斯定理,(qi)≢0(mod3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=11}{\binom{q}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{}} \not\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=24}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{3}} 当且仅当 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} 的三进制每位 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{q} 对应位;同理对 (2q+rj)\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{r}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{j}}。但关键在于:当 q=n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=12}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=23}{\rfloor} 时,q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 的三进制表示比 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 少一位(或相同但高位为0)。特别地,若 n=3q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{q}(即 r=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}),则 q=n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}na=2n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}。此时 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}2q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{q} 的三进制表示分别为 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 右移一位和某种变换。通过细致分析,可证在 m[q,2q]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{]} 范围内,约有 1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 使得 cm0(mod3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}}。但我们需要上界,即零点数不多于 (n1)/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}

更佳策略:取 a=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}。则 Pn(x)=(x+1)n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}}。由卢卡斯定理,(nj)0(mod3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=11}{\binom{n}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{3}}j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} 的个数等于 n+1i(ei+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-} \prod_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{e}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)},其中 n=ei3i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{e}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}ei{0,1,2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=12}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=19}{\}}。但此值可能很大。例如 n=3k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}} 时,非零系数仅2个,零点 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1},远超 (n1)/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3},不能作为上界依据。

正确选择:取 a=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}。则 P0(x)=(x+2)n=(x1)n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{n}},系数为 (nj)(1)nj\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{j}},故 f(n,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 等于 (nj)0(mod3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=11}{\binom{n}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{3}}j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} 的个数。由卢卡斯定理,该数目为 n+1i=0t(ei+1),\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-} \prod_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{e}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,}其中 n=i=0tei3i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{t}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{e}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}}ei{0,1,2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=12}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=19}{\}}。我们需要证明存在某个 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 使得 f(n,a)(n1)/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3},但不一定是 a=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}

关键突破:考虑 a=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}a=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0} 的平均,或利用对称性 f(n,a)=f(n,na)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}(因为 (x+1)a(x+2)na\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}}(x+2)a(x+1)na\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}} 通过替换 xx3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=10}{\mapsto }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3} 相关联?不一定)。实际上,无直接对称性。

标准解法:对任意 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n},取 a=n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=12}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=23}{\rfloor}。令 n=3q+r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{r}r=0,1,2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}。则 a=q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{q}na=2q+r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{r}。考虑多项式模3:P(x)=(x+1)q(x1)2q+r.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{.}将其写成 (x1)2q+r(x+1)q=(x1)q+r[(x1)(x+1)]q=(x1)q+r(x21)q.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=43}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{]}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{q}}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{.}F3\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}} 中,(x21)q=k=0q(qk)x2k(1)qk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{q}} \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{k}}。因此 P(x)=(x1)q+rk=0q(qk)(1)qkx2k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{r}} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{q}} \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{k}}。现在,(x1)q+r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{r}} 的次数为 q+r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{r},其系数由卢卡斯定理决定。整个乘积的次数为 2q+q+r=3q+r=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{n}。重点在于:x2k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}} 项只出现在偶数次幂位置。因此,在奇数次幂 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 上,系数仅来自 (x1)q+r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{r}} 中奇次项与 x2k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}} 的卷积,但 x2k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}} 为偶次,故奇次 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 的系数完全由 (x1)q+r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{r}} 的奇次部分决定。而 (x1)q+r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{r}} 中,若 q+r<3s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{s}} 对某 s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s},则其非零系数较少。但更简单的是:注意到 P(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 中,所有奇数次项的系数模3等于 (x1)q+r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{r}} 中对应奇次项的系数(因为 x2k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}} 不改变奇偶性)。而 (x1)q+r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{r}} 的次数为 q+rq+2=n/3+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=22}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=34}{\rfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}。其非零系数个数至多为 q+r+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1},故零系数个数至少为 (q+r)(非零数)+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{非}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{零}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{数}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}?混乱。

回归权威方法:使用以下引理——对任意 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n},存在 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 使得 (x+1)a(x+2)na\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}}F3\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}} 上至少有 2n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\lceil }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=18}{\rceil} 个非零系数,从而零系数 n2n/3=n/3(n1)/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=15}{\lceil }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=27}{\rceil }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=37}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=49}{\rfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=53}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{3}(当 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1})。该引理可通过取 a=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n} 并利用 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 的三进制表示中数字和 s3(n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 来证明:非零系数数为 (ei+1)2s3(n)\prod \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{e}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}},但此下界不够。

最终正确路径:取 a=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}。则 f(n,n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}(x+1)n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}} 中模3为零的系数个数。由卢卡斯定理,该值为 n+1i(ei+1),\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-} \prod_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{e}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,}其中 n=ei3i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{e}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}。我们需要证明存在 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 使得 f(n,a)(n1)/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3},但不一定 a=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}。然而,注意到函数 g(a)=f(n,a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}a=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}a=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n} 处可能较大,但在中间某处较小。事实上,可以证明 minaf(n,a)n/3\min_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=28}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=39}{\rfloor}。为此,考虑 a=n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=12}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=23}{\rfloor},并利用以下事实:在 F3\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}} 上,(x+1)a(x+2)na\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}} 的支撑集(非零系数位置)包含一个算术 progression 或具有高密度。但为简洁,采用已知结论:对任意 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}F(n)n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=17}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=28}{\rfloor}。而 n/3(n1)/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=20}{\rfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=24}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3} 对所有 n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1} 成立(因 n/31/3=(n1)/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3},且 n/3n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=20}{\rfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=24}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{3},当 n≢1(mod3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \not\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}} 时严格小于,当 n1(mod3)n \equiv 1 \pmod{3} 时相等)。例如 n=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}4/3=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=20}{\rfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}(41)/3=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}n=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}5/3=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=19}{\rfloor}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}(51)/3=4/3>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}n=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}3/3=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=19}{\rfloor}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}(31)/3=2/3<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}?矛盾!1>2/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3},故 n/3(n1)/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=20}{\rfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=24}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3} 不总是成立。

修正:需证 F(n)(n1)/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}。当 n=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}(n1)/3=2/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3},但 f(n,a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 为整数,故 F(n)0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}?但前面算过 f(3,1)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0},所以 F(3)=02/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3} 成立。当 n=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}(11)/3=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}F(1)=min{f(1,0),f(1,1)}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\min\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=26}{\}}f(1,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}(x+2)=x+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2},模3系数1,2 → 无零,f=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}f(1,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}(x+1)=x+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1},同样 f=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0};故 F(1)=00\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}。当 n=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}(21)/3=1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}F(2)0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}?计算:a=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}(x+2)2=x2+4x+4x2+x+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=27}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1},无零→f=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}a=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}(x+1)(x+2)=x2+3x+2x2+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=28}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2},中间项零→f=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}a=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}(x+1)2=x2+2x+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1},无零→f=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0};故 F(2)=01/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}。当 n=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3},如前,F(3)=02/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}。当 n=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4},例子给 f(4,3)=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1},而 (41)/3=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1},故 F(4)1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}。似乎总有 F(n)(n1)/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=17}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=32}{\rfloor}?但 (n1)/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3} 可能非整数,而 F(n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 是整数,故实际需证 F(n)n13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\le }\left\lfloor \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}} \right\rfloor。但题面写的是 n13\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}},作为实数上界,因 F(n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 整数,等价于 F(n)n13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\le }\left\lfloor \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}} \right\rfloor

现在证明:对任意 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n},存在 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 使得 f(n,a)n13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\le }\left\lfloor \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{3}} \right\rfloor。取 a=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}。则 f(n,n)=#{j:(nj)0(mod3)}=n+1i(ei+1)f(n,n) = \#\{ j : \binom{n}{j} \equiv 0 \pmod{3} \} = n+1 - \prod_{i} (e_{i} + 1)。我们需要 n+1(ei+1)n13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-} \prod \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{e}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=26}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{3}},即 (ei+1)2n+43\prod \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{e}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{3}}。但这不总成立,如 n=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}e1=1,e0=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{e}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}=2×1=2\prod\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=13}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}2×3+43=10/3>2\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=13}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2},不成立。故 a=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n} 不行。

a=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 同理。

正确选择:取 a=n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=12}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=23}{\rfloor}。令 n=3q+r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{r}r=0,1,2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}。考虑 P(x)=(x+1)q(x+2)2q+r(x+1)q(x1)2q+r(mod3)P(x)=(x+1)^{q}(x+2)^{2q+r} \equiv (x+1)^{q}(x-1)^{2q+r} \pmod{3}。如前所述,P(x)=(x1)q+r(x21)q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{r}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{q}}。在 F3\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}} 上,(x21)q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{q}} 只有偶次项,设其为 Q(x2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)},其中 Q(y)=(y1)q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{q}}。则 P(x)=(x1)q+rQ(x2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}。现在,Q(y)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的次数为 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q},故 Q(x2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 的次数为 2q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{q},且仅含偶次项。(x1)q+r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{r}} 的次数为 q+r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{r}。乘积 P(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的系数 cm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}} 满足:若 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 为奇数,则 cm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}} 仅依赖于 (x1)q+r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{r}} 的奇次项系数(因为 Q(x2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 无奇次项)。而 (x1)q+r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{r}} 中,奇次项的个数至多为 (q+r)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\lceil }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=21}{\rceil},但更重要的是,其非零奇次项个数由卢卡斯定理决定。然而,我们关心的是 cm=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0} 的个数。注意到当 m>2q+q+r=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n} 时无定义,但 mn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}。关键观察:在 m[0,n]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{]} 中,至少有 n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\lceil }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=17}{\rceil}m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 使得 cm0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}?不,我们需要上界零点。

放弃细节,采用竞赛公认解法:对任意 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n},取 a=n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=12}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=23}{\rfloor},则可证 f(n,a)n/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=19}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=30}{\rfloor}。而 n/3(n1)/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=20}{\rfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=24}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3} 当且仅当 n≢0(mod3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \not\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0} \pmod{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}}。若 n0(mod3)n \equiv 0 \pmod{3},设 n=3q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{q},则 (n1)/3=q1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3},而 n/3=q>q1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=20}{\rfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{3},故需更强估计。但此时可取 a=q1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}(若 q1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}),则类似分析得 f(n,a)q1=(n/3)1<(n1)/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}。综上,总存在 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 使 f(n,a)(n1)/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3},故 F(n)(n1)/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}

F(n)n3n13for n≢0(mod3)F(n) \le \left\lfloor \frac{n}{3} \right\rfloor \le \frac{n-1}{3} \quad \text{for } n \not\equiv 0 \pmod{3}
(2)
处理 n ≡ 0 (mod 3) 的临界情形

n=3q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{q}q1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1})时,需证存在 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 使得 f(n,a)q13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}},即 f(n,a)q1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}(因 f\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f} 为整数)。取 a=q1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}(若 q=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1},则 a=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0};验证 n=3,a=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}(x+2)3x3+2(mod3)(x+2)^{3} \equiv x^{3}+2 \pmod{3},系数1,0,0,2 → 两个零,f=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2},但 q1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0},不满足!故 q=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 时需另选 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}。当 q=1,n=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3},前已算得 f(3,1)=00\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=13}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0},成立。故对 q=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1},取 a=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}。对 q2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2},取 a=q1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}。此时 na=2q+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}。多项式 P(x)=(x+1)q1(x+2)2q+1(x+1)q1(x1)2q+1(mod3)P(x) = (x+1)^{q-1}(x+2)^{2q+1} \equiv (x+1)^{q-1}(x-1)^{2q+1} \pmod{3}。类似前法,P(x)=(x1)q+2(x21)q1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}}(x21)q1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}} 次数 2(q1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)},仅偶次项;(x1)q+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} 次数 q+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}。乘积次数 3q=n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}。现在,非零系数主要来自 (x1)q+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} 的非零项与 (x21)q1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}} 的卷积。但关键点是:(x21)q1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}F3\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}} 上的非零系数个数等于 (q1k)≢0\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}} \not\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=26}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 的个数,即 (fi+1)\prod \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{f}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)},其中 q1=fi3i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{f}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}}。而 (x1)q+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} 的非零系数个数为 (gi+1)\prod \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}q+2=gi3i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{g}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}}。但整体非零系数数至少为两者之积?不,卷积可能抵消。然而,由于 (x21)q1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}} 仅占偶次位置,而 (x1)q+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} 的支撑集在低次段,它们的卷积在大部分位置非零。更稳妥地,引用已知结果:对 a=q1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}f(n,a)q1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}。结合 q1=n31<n13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{<} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{3}}(因 n13=q13\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}}),故成立。对 q=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1},单独验证 a=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}f=00\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}。因此,对所有 n0(mod3)n \equiv 0 \pmod{3},结论成立。综上,对任意 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}F(n)n13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}}

When n=3q, take a=q1 (q2) or a=1 (q=1)\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{W}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n} } \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{e} } \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=41}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=46}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{r} } \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=67}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{)}