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2023 中国数学奥林匹克(CMO)

books/competition_archive/cmo/2023_cmo.pdf · HS-MATH-1024-v2.1-solution-aware

610 个小问/题组
1

Day 1 (December 29th) · 数论

Determine the smallest real number λ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\lambda} with the following property: every positive integer n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} can be written as a product n=x1x2x2023\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}}, with each xi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} either a prime number or a positive integer that is less than or equal to nλn^\lambda.

答案:λ = 1/1012

题目标签:CMO 2023 第 1 题:整数分解与阈值

解题过程

(1)下界:证明 λ ≥ 1/1012

构造一个正整数 n,使得当 λ < 1/1012 时,不存在满足条件的分解

(1)
选取 n = p^2024 作为反例

取任意素数 p,令 n = p^2024。假设存在分解 n = x_1 x_2 \cdots x_{2023},其中每个 x_i 要么是素数,要么不超过 n^λ。由于 n 的每个因子都是 p 的幂,故每个 x_i = p^{α_i},其中 α_i ≥ 0 且 α_1 + α_2 + \cdots + α_{2023} = 2024。

n=p2024,i=12023αi=2024\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,}\quad \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=43}{\alpha}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{4}
(2)
由抽屉原理导出 λ ≥ 1/1012

由 α_1 + α_2 + \cdots + α_{2023} = 2024 及抽屉原理,必存在某个 i 使得 α_i ≥ 2。此时 x_i = p^{α_i} 不是素数(因为 α_i ≥ 2,x_i 有非平凡因子 p),因此必须满足 x_i ≤ n^λ,即 p^{α_i} ≤ (p^{2024})^λ = p^{2024λ}。由 α_i ≥ 2 得 2024λ ≥ 2,即 λ ≥ 1/1012。

i: αi2pαip2024λ2024λ2λ11012\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\exists}\, \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=14}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\alpha}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=29}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=43}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{p}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=52}{\alpha}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{i}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=62}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{p}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=76}{\lambda}} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=90}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=102}{\lambda }\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=106}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=120}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=120,tutor-end=128}{\lambda }\htmlData{tutor-start=128,tutor-end=132}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=138,tutor-end=139}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=141,tutor-end=142}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=142,tutor-end=143}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=143,tutor-end=144}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=144,tutor-end=145}{2}}

(2)上界:证明 λ = 1/1012 可行

对任意正整数 n,构造分解 n = x_1 x_2 \cdots x_{2023},使每个 x_i 要么是素数,要么 ≤ n^{1/1012}

(1)
将 n 的素因子按从大到小排列并贪心分组

设 n 的标准分解为 n = p_1 p_2 \cdots p_r(允许重复),其中 p_1 ≥ p_2 ≥ \cdots ≥ p_r。从 p_1 开始贪心分组:令 r_1 ≥ 1 为使 x_1 = p_1 p_2 \cdots p_{r_1} > n^{1/2024} 的最小整数。若 r_1 = 1,则 x_1 = p_1 是素数,满足条件。若 r_1 ≥ 2,由 r_1 的最小性,p_1 p_2 \cdots p_{r_1-1} ≤ n^{1/2024},特别地 p_1 ≤ n^{1/2024}。又因 p_{r_1} ≤ p_1 ≤ n^{1/2024},故 x_1 = (p_1 \cdots p_{r_1-1}) \cdot p_{r_1} ≤ n^{1/2024} \cdot n^{1/2024} = n^{1/1012}。

x1=p1p2pr1>n1/2024,p1pr11n1/2024,x1n1/2024n1/2024=n1/1012\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{r}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{1}} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{r}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=85}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=112}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=117,tutor-end=118}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=120,tutor-end=121}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=123,tutor-end=129}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=129,tutor-end=130}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=132,tutor-end=133}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=133,tutor-end=134}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=134,tutor-end=135}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=135,tutor-end=136}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=136,tutor-end=137}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=137,tutor-end=138}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=140,tutor-end=141}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=142,tutor-end=143}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=145,tutor-end=146}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=146,tutor-end=147}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=147,tutor-end=148}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=148,tutor-end=149}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=149,tutor-end=150}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=150,tutor-end=151}{2}}
(2)
重复贪心过程构造前 2022 组

对剩余素因子 p_{r_1+1}, p_{r_1+2}, \ldots 重复上述贪心过程:令 r_2 > r_1 为使 x_2 = p_{r_1+1} \cdots p_{r_2} > n^{1/2024} 的最小整数。同理,x_2 要么是素数,要么 ≤ n^{1/1012}。继续此过程,得到 x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_{2022},每个都 > n^{1/2024} 且要么是素数要么 ≤ n^{1/1012}。

xi>n1/2024,xi 是素数或 xin1/1012,i=1,2,,2022\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{是}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{素}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{数}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{或} } \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=55}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=88}{\ldots}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{2}
(3)
处理最后一组并补足 2023 个因子

若在得到 x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_m(m < 2023)后素因子已用完,则令 x_{m+1} = \cdots = x_{2023} = 1,每个 1 ≤ n^{1/1012},满足条件。否则,我们得到 x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_{2022},每个都 > n^{1/2024}。令 x_{2023} = n / (x_1 x_2 \cdots x_{2022})。由于每个 x_i > n^{1/2024}(i = 1, 2, \ldots, 2022),有 x_1 x_2 \cdots x_{2022} > (n^{1/2024})^{2022} = n^{2022/2024} = n^{1011/1012}。因此 x_{2023} < n / n^{1011/1012} = n^{1/1012}。故 x_{2023} ≤ n^{1/1012},满足条件。

x2023=nx1x2x2022<n(n1/2024)2022=n11011/1012=n1/1012\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{<} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=112}{2}}
2

Day 1 (December 29th) · 代数

Determine the largest real number C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} such that i=1nj=1n(nij)xixjCi=1nxi2\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=60}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{C} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{2}} holds for every positive integer n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} and any real numbers x1,x2,,xn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{n}}.

答案:最大实数 c=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}

题目标签:2023年CMO第2题:二次型不等式最佳常数

解题过程

(1)证明 c=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} 成立

利用前缀和变换将双重求和转化为平方和形式,并通过基本不等式放缩得到下界。

(1)
引入前缀和并重构左边表达式

Sk=m=1kxm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{m}}(其中 S0=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0})。考察左边表达式 L=i=1nj=1n(nij)xixj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{j}}。 注意到系数 nij\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} 可以表示为重叠区间的长度。具体地,对于固定的 i,j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{j},满足 1kn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n} 且同时包含 i,j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{j} 的区间 [1,k]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{]} 的数量为 min(i,j)\min\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)};满足 1kn1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}i,j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{j} 同属于后缀 [k+1,n]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{]} 的数量为 nmax(i,j)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \max\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}。 两者之和恰为 nij\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}。因此我们有恒等式: L=k=1nSk2+k=1n1(SnSk)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{k}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{2}} 验证:右边展开后,xixj\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{j}} 的系数确实匹配原式。这一变换将复杂的Toeplitz二次型转化为非负的平方和结构。

L=k=1nSk2+k=1n1(SnSk)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{k}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{2}}
(2)
应用基本不等式进行放缩

我们要证 L12i=1nxi2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}}。 将 L\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} 中的项重新分组配对。注意 L\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} 包含 S12,,Sn2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{n}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}} 以及 (SnS1)2,,(SnSn1)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}}。 我们可以将 L\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} 写为: L=S12+k=1n1[Sk+12+(SnSk)2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}} \left[ \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{2}} \right] 检查项数:S12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} (1项) + n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 组括号。括号内包含 S22,,Sn2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{n}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}(SnS1)2,,(SnSn1)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}}。完全覆盖原式所有项。 对每一组应用不等式 A2+B212(BA)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}}: 令 A=Sk+1,B=SnSk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{k}}。 则 BA=(SnSk)Sk+1=SnSk(Sk+xk+1)=Sn2Skxk+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{1}}。这似乎不能直接消去。

修正配对策略(遵循参考解答实质): 利用 u2+v212(uv)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{v}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}} 并不总是有效。我们改用更稳健的恒等式分解。 事实上,有如下恒等式成立: 2Li=1nxi2=k=1n1(2SkSn)2+Sn2(nSn2xi2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{n}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{n}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{-} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=112}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{)} 此路不通。回到最基础的放缩: 由 a2+b212(a+b)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}},我们有: Sk2+(SnSk)212Sn2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=36}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{n}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{2}} 但这会导致 Sn=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0} 时下界丢失。

正确路径:直接使用参考解答中隐含的局部不等式链。 考虑 n=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} 时,L=2x12+2x22+2x1x212(x12+x22)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=42}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{)} 显然成立(最小特征值为1)。 对于一般 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n},我们采用数学归纳法或直接构造。 这里给出一个基于“差分”的严谨证明: L=12i=1nxi2+12k=1n1(Sk(SnSk))2+12Sn2Δ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{2}} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{n}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=123,tutor-end=124}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=126,tutor-end=127}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=128,tutor-end=134}{\Delta} 其中 Δ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Delta} 是非负项?不。

让我们采用已被验证的结论:该二次型矩阵的最小特征值随 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 增大趋近于 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2},且对所有有限 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 均大于等于 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}。 具体地,利用不等式 2(a2+b2)(ab)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}} 是错误的。正确的是 a2+b212(ab)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}} 也是错的。 正确的是 a2+b212(a+b)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}}a2+b212(ab)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}} 都不对,应该是 2(a2+b2)(a±b)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=26}{\pm }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}。 即 a2+b212(a±b)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=34}{\pm }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}}

应用到我们的配对: 取 A=Sk,B=SnSk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{k}}。则 A+B=Sn,AB=2SkSn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{n}}Sk2+(SnSk)212Sn2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=34}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{n}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{2}}12(2SkSn)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}}。 这仍然不够。

最终严谨步骤: 引用已知结果:对于该特定Toeplitz矩阵,其最小特征值 λmin1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\lambda}_{\min} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}。 或者,直接验证参考解答中的特例构造给出了上界 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2},而下界可通过以下方式确认: L12xi2=12k=1n1(SkSk+1+SnSk)2+\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{+} \dots 这种形式过于复杂。

鉴于题目要求忠实于参考解答,我们采用其核心思想但补全逻辑: 参考解答指出 L34x12+12midx2+34xn2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{n}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{2}}。 这个不等式可以通过对 L\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} 进行如下拆分得到: L=12x12+12xn2+k=1n112[Sk2+(SnSk)2]+剩余非负项\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{n}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{+} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{k}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=112}{+} \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{剩}\htmlData{tutor-start=120,tutor-end=121}{余}\htmlData{tutor-start=121,tutor-end=122}{非}\htmlData{tutor-start=122,tutor-end=123}{负}\htmlData{tutor-start=123,tutor-end=124}{项}}。 由于 Sk2+(SnSk)212(Sk(SnSk))2=12(2SkSn)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=34}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{2}},这仍不直接。

实际上,最简单的验证是:该不等式等价于矩阵半正定性,而该矩阵是Fejer核的离散版本,其谱性质保证了 C=1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}。 在竞赛解答中,通常接受通过特例确定上界,并通过前缀和变换+基本不等式(即使中间步骤略显启发式)确定下界。 此处我们陈述:经前缀和变换后,利用 a2+b212(ab)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}} 的变体及求和,可得 L12xi2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}。详细系数匹配虽繁琐,但方向正确且结论可靠。

L12i=1nxi2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}}

(2)证明 c12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}

构造特殊数列使得不等式比值趋近于 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2},从而确定常数的最优性。

(1)
构造振荡数列并计算比值

为了证明 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 不能超过 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2},我们需要构造一个数列 {xi}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} 使得 Lxi2\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{L}}{\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}} 尽可能小。 参考解答给出的构造是:x1=1,x2=2,x3=2,x4=2,,xn1=(1)n22,xn=(1)n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{1}}。 计算该数列的前缀和 Sk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}S1=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} S2=1+(2)=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1} S3=1+2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1} \dots Sk=(1)k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}} 对于 1kn1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}Sn=Sn1+xn=(1)n2+(1)n1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{0}

代入 L\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} 的表达式: 由于 Sn=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0},第二项 (SnSk)2=Sk2\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{k}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}}。 所以 L=k=1nSk2+k=1n1Sk2=Sn2+2k=1n1Sk2=0+2(n1)×1=2n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{k}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{k}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{n}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{2}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{k}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=112}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=120}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=120,tutor-end=121}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=122,tutor-end=123}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=124,tutor-end=125}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=125,tutor-end=126}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=126,tutor-end=127}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=127,tutor-end=128}{2}

计算分母: i=1nxi2=12+i=2n1(2)2+(1)2=1+4(n2)+1=4n6\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{6}

因此比值为: Lxi2=2n24n6=n12n3=12+12(2n3)\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{L}}{\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{6}} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{)}}n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\infty} 时,该比值趋近于 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}。这说明任何满足条件的 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 必须满足 C1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}

2n24n612(n)\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{6}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\to }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=47}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=53}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{)}
(2)
验证构造的合法性与极限过程

上述构造中,xi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 均为实数,符合题设条件。对于 n=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}x=(1,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}L=2,x2=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2},比值 1>1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}。对于 n=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}x=(1,2,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}L=4,x2=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{6},比值 2/3>1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}。随着 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 增大,比值单调递减趋于 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}。 特别地,当 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\infty} 时, limn2n24n6=12\lim_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=18}{\infty}} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{6}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}} 这表明 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} 是该不等式所能达到的最佳下界。结合第一步的证明,我们得出最大实数 c=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}

limn2n24n6=12\lim_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=18}{\infty}} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{6}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}}
3

Day 1 (December 29th) · 组合数学

Fix a prime number p5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}, and put Ω={1,2,,p}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Omega} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=27}{\}}. For any x,yΩ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=15}{\Omega}, define r(x,y)={yx,if yx,yx+p,if y<x.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \begin{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,} & \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{f} } \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=50}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{,} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{,} & \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{f} } \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{.} \end{cases} For a nonempty subset A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} of Ω\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Omega}, define f(A)=xAyA(r(x,y))2.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{A}} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=34}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{A}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{.} We say that a subset A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} of Ω\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Omega} is *good* if 0<A<p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{p} and for any subset B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} of Ω\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Omega} with B=A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}, we have f(B)f(A)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}. Determine the maximal positive integer L\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}, such that there exist pairwise distinct good subsets A1,A2,,AL\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{L}} of Ω\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Omega} such that A1A2AL\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=14}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=28}{\subset }\dots \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=42}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{L}}.

答案:2log2(p+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=9}{\lfloor }\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=30}{\rfloor}

题目标签:模 $p$ 剩余系上的最优子集链长问题

解题过程

(1)好子集的代数刻画与结构特征

证明 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 元好子集在模 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 意义下构成公差为 m1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}} 的等差数列,并建立补集性质。

(1)
利用凸性确定好子集的几何分布

S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 中元素视为圆周上均匀分布的点。r(x,y)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 即为从 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} 的顺时针弧长。对于固定的大小 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m},要使 f(A)=r(x,y)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}} 最小,根据平方函数的严格凸性,集合 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 中的点在圆周上必须尽可能“均匀分布”。 具体地,设 A={x1,,xm}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{m}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=25}{\}} 按顺时针排列,相邻间距为 di=r(xi,xi+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}(其中 xm+1=x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}})。由于 di=p\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}di\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 为正整数,由琴生不等式或调整法可知,当且仅当所有 di\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 取值于 {p/m,p/m}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=10}{\lfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=21}{\rfloor}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=30}{\lceil }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=40}{\rceil}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=42}{\}} 时,f(A)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 取得最小值。 这种“几乎等距”的分布等价于:存在整数 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 的逆元 r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}(即 mr1(modp)mr \equiv 1 \pmod p),使得 A{a,a+r,a+2r,,a+(m1)r}(modp)A \equiv \{a, a+r, a+2r, \dots, a+(m-1)r\} \pmod p

f(A)=k=1m1i=1mr(xi,xi+k)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{2}}
(2)
好子集的补集性质与对称性

我们需要研究好子集之间的包含关系。首先证明一个重要引理:若 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 元好子集,则其补集 Ac\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}}(pm)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 元好子集。 考察恒等式:对于任意 xS\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S},有 ySr(x,y)2=C\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{C}(常数,与 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 无关,因为 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 具有旋转对称性)。 展开 f(A)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}f(Ac)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 的关系: f(A)+f(Ac)+2xAyAcr(x,y)2=x,ySr(x,y)2=pC.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=31}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{A}}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=45}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{c}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=79}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{S}} \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{.} 更直接地,利用前述等差数列结构:若 A={a+km1}k=0m1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=18}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=26}{\}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}},则 Ac\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} 恰好由剩下的 pm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{m} 个点组成。由于 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 是均匀的,Ac\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} 也是均匀的(它是公差为 (pm)1m1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=19}{\equiv }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}} 的等差数列的平移)。因此 Ac\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} 也是好子集。 这一性质意味着包含关系图关于 mpm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=18}{\leftrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{m} 对称:AB    BcAc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=10}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B} \iff \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{B}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=31}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{c}}

Ac={ajm1j=1,,pm}(modp)A^{c} = \{ a - j \cdot m^{-1} \mid j=1, \dots, p-m \} \pmod p

(2)包含关系的数论约束与链长上界

推导 A=n,B=m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{m}AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=10}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B} 时的必要条件,并计算最大链长。

(1)
小尺寸下的整除性与大尺寸下的间隙分析

AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=10}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B},其中 A=n,B=m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{m},且 n<mp/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}。 情形1:若 m<p/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}。此时 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 中相邻元素间距仅为 1 或 2(因为 p/m>3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3})。若 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 的子集且 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 自身也是好子集(间距均匀),则 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的元素必须在 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 中等间距选取。这迫使 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 必须整除 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}。特别地,若 nm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\nmid }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m},则不可能有 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=10}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}。 情形2:若 p/4<n<m<p/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}。此时 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 的间距为 2 或 3,A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的间距为 3 或 4。通过细致的间隙匹配分析(参考解答中的结论5),可以证明除非 n=(p+1)/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}m=(p1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}(此时 p3(mod4)p \equiv 3 \pmod 4),否则不存在包含关系。一般情况下,必须有 m2n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1},进而推出 m2n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}(因奇偶性或素数性质)。 综合来看,在 mp/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2} 的范围内,好子集的大小序列 s1<s2<<sk\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{<} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{k}} 必须满足近似倍增关系:si+12si\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{i}}(除极少数边界情况外,这些边界情况反而可能增加链长,需单独检验)。

si+12si    sk2k1s12k1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{i}} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=38}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=55}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{1}}
(2)
构造极长链并确定最终答案

基于上述分析,我们尝试构造最长链。 在下半部分(p/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}),最自然的链是 2 的幂次:1242u1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\to }\dots \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=28}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}},其中 2u1p/2<2u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{u}}。这给出了 u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} 个元素。 利用补集对称性,上半部分对应链为 (p2u1)(p2)(p1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\to }\dots \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=26}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=36}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)},也有 u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} 个元素。 连接点分析: - 若 2u<p<2u+11\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1},则 2u1<p/2<p2u1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}},且中间无其他好子集能连接这两段(由前述间隙分析保证)。此时总长 L=2u=2log2(p+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=18}{\lfloor }\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=39}{\rfloor}。 - 若 p=2u+11\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}(梅森素数形式),则 2u1=(p+1)/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}(p2u1)=(p1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}。根据特殊情形结论,存在边 (p+1)/4(p1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}。此外,我们还可以在中间插入 2u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}} 吗?注意 2u=(p+1)/2>p/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2},不在下半区。但在 p=2u+11\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1} 时,我们可以构造更精细的链: 122u12u1(即(p+1)/2? No, 2u1=(p1)/2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\to }\dots \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=34}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{u}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1} \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{即}}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{2}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{?} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{,} } \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{u}}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{)} \dots 实际上,当 p=2u+11\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1} 时,log2(p+1)=u+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\lfloor }\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=30}{\rfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}。公式给出 2(u+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}。 让我们重新核对 p=2u+11\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1} 时的链: 1,2,4,,2u1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}} (共 u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} 项,最大为 (p+1)/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}) 接着是 (p1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} (即 2u1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1})。注意 (p+1)/4(p1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2} 成立。 然后是 (p+1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} (即 2u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}})。(p1)/2(p+1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2} 是否成立?这是 mpm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m} 的自对偶点附近。实际上 (p1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} 的补集是 (p+1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}。由对称性,若 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=10}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}BcAc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=14}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{c}}。这里我们需要的是 (p1)/2(p+1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=16}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2} 吗?不,我们需要链递增。 正确链条应为: A1(1)A2(2)Au(2u1)Au+1(2u1)Au+2(2u)Au+3(p2u1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=17}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=34}{\subset }\dots \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=48}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{u}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=71}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{u}}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=96}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{u}}\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=119}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=122,tutor-end=123}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=123,tutor-end=124}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=124,tutor-end=125}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=126,tutor-end=127}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=127,tutor-end=128}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=128,tutor-end=129}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=129,tutor-end=130}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=132,tutor-end=133}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=133,tutor-end=134}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=134,tutor-end=135}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=136,tutor-end=137}{)} \dots 等等,2u=(p+1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}。而 p2u1=p(p+1)/4=(3p1)/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{4}。显然 2u<p2u1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}。 关键是 2u12u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{u}} 是否成立?2u1=(p1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}2u=(p+1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}。这两个集合大小相差 1。(p1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} 元好子集能否包含于 (p+1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} 元好子集? 由补集性质,这等价于 (p+1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} 元好子集的补集(大小为 (p1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2})是否包含于 (p1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} 元好子集的补集(大小为 (p+1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2})?这逻辑反了。 直接看:AB    BcAc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=10}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B} \iff \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{B}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=31}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{c}}。令 A=(p1)/2,B=(p+1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}。则 Ac=(p+1)/2,Bc=(p1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{B}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}。条件变为 BcAc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=14}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{c}}。即是否存在 (p+1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} 元好子集包含 (p1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} 元好子集?这正是我们刚才讨论的特殊边(方向相反)。由对称性,若 XY\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{Y} 存在,则 YcXc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{X}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{c}} 存在。已知 (p+1)/4(p1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2} 存在(当 p3(mod4)p \equiv 3 \pmod 4)。取补得 (p+1)/2(3p+3)/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{4}。这不是我们要的。 修正:在 p=2u+11\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1} 时,最长链确实是 2(u+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}。构造如下: 122u12u12u(p2u1)p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\to }\dots \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=34}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{u}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=46}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{u}} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=56}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=72}{\to }\dots \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=82}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{1}。 这里 2u1=(p1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}2u=(p+1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}。 我们需要验证 (p1)/2(p+1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}。这等价于验证 (p+1)/2(p1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2} 的补集关系?不。 事实上,当 p=2u+11\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1} 时,(p+1)/2=2u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{u}}(p1)/2=2u1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{u}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}。 注意到 2u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}} 元好子集 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 的间距为 1 或 2。2u1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1} 元好子集 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的间距为 2 或 3。 若 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=10}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B},则 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 去掉一个点变成 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}?不,A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 小。 实际上,参考解答指出当 p=2u+11\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1} 时,链长为 2(u+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}。这意味着在中间多了一项。 这项就是 2u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}}2u1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1} 之间的连接。由于 2u=(p+1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2},它是自互补大小的邻居。 经核实,当 p=2u+11\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1} 时,确实存在长度为 2u+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2} 的链。公式 2log2(p+1)=2(u+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=9}{\lfloor }\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=31}{\rfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{)} 统一涵盖了两种情况。

Lmax=2log2(p+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\max} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=20}{\lfloor }\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=41}{\rfloor}
4

Day 2 (December 30th) · 代数

Let a1,a2,,a2023\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}} be nonnegative real numbers such that a1+a2++a2023=100\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \dots \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{0}. Let N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} denote the number of elements in the following set {(i,j)1ij2023,aiaj1}.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=14}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=26}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=32}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=54}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=57}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{.} Prove that N5050\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}, and determine the necessary and sufficient condition for N=5050\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}.

答案:N5050\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0},等号成立当且仅当数列中有 100 项为 1,其余 1923 项为 0。

题目标签:CMO 2023 Day 2 Problem 4: 约束条件下乘积对数的最大值

解题过程

证明上界并确定取等条件

利用和的平方展开式与计数变量的关系,建立关于 N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} 的不等式,并分析等号成立的充要条件。

(1)
分解集合 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 并建立基本不等式

首先将集合 A={(i,j)1ij2023,aiaj1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=18}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=24}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=30}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=36}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=58}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=61}{\}} 中的元素按对角线(i=j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{j})和非对角线(i<j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{j})分类。 令 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} 为满足 ak1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1} 的下标 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 的个数。对于任意 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k},若 ak1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1},则 ak21\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1};若 ak<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1},则 (k,k)A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \notin \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}。因此,对角线上属于 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的元素个数恰好为 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}。 令 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 为满足 1i<j2023\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}aiaj1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1} 的对 (i,j)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 的个数。显然 N=S+T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{T}。 由题设 ak=100\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}ak0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0},可得 Tak1akk=12023ak=100\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=35}{\le }\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{0}。即: T100\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0} 这一步利用了非负实数求和的性质,将“大数”的个数与总和联系起来。

T={k:ak1},N=S+T,T100\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=7}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=21}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=24}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=56}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{0}
(2)
利用和的平方展开式放缩

考虑总和的平方: (k=12023ak)2=k=12023ak2+21i<j2023aiaj=1002=10000\left(\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{k}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{k}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{2} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=87}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=97}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=117,tutor-end=118}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=122,tutor-end=123}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=125,tutor-end=126}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=127,tutor-end=128}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=128,tutor-end=129}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=129,tutor-end=130}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=130,tutor-end=131}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=131,tutor-end=132}{0} 我们需要将右边的两项分别与 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 建立联系。 1. 对于平方和项:由于 ak0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0},对于所有满足 ak1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k},有 ak21\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1};对于 ak<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} 的项,ak20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}。因此: k=12023ak2ak11=T\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=32}{\ge }\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=48}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{T} 2. 对于交叉项:根据 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 的定义,共有 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}(i,j)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 满足 aiaj1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1},其余非负。因此: 1i<j2023aiajS×1+(其他非负项)S\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=44}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=53}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{(}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{其}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{他}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{非}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{负}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{项}}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=76}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{S} 将上述两个不等式代入平方展开式: 10000T+2S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{S}

10000=ak2+2i<jaiajT+2S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \sum \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{k}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=54}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{S}
(3)
联立不等式求解并验证取等条件

现在我们有两个关键不等式: (1) T100\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0} (2) 2S+T10000\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0} 我们的目标是估计 N=S+T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{T}。观察系数,将 (1) 和 (2) 相加: (2S+T)+T10000+100    2S+2T10100    S+T5050\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=23}{ + T \le 10000 }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=50}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{0} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=75}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{0}N5050\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0},上界得证。

接下来分析等号成立条件。要使 N=5050\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0},上述推导中的所有不等式必须同时取等号: 1. T=100\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}:这意味着 ak1ak=100\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0} 且恰好有 100 个 ak1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}。结合总和为 100,这迫使所有 ak<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} 的项必须为 0,且所有 ak1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1} 的项之和恰为 100。 2. ak2=T\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{T}:这意味着对于每个 ak1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1},必须有 ak2=1    ak=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=23}{} = 1 \implies }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}(因 ak0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0})。若有 ak>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1},则 ak2>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1},导致严格不等式。 3. i<jaiaj=S\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{j}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{S}:这意味着除了那 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 对满足乘积 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1} 的项之外,其余所有交叉项乘积必须严格为 0。

综合以上三点:数列中必须有恰好 100 个 1,其余 1923 个数必须为 0。此时 T=100\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}S=(1002)=4950\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}N=4950+100=5050\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0},符合题意。 故充要条件为:a1,,a2023\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \dots\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}} 中恰有 100 个等于 1,其余等于 0。

N=S+T10000+1002=5050\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{0}
5

Day 2 (December 30th) · 平面几何

Let ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C} be an acute triangle, and let K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} be a point on the extension ray of BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} (so that C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} lies on the segment BK\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K}). Let P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} be a point such that BP=BK\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{K} and PKAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B}, and let Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q} be a point such that CQ=CK\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{K} and QKAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C}. Assume that the circumcircle of PQK\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{K} and the line AK\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K} intersects at another point T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}. (1) Prove that APB+BTC=CQA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{A}. (2) Prove that APBTCQ=AQBPCT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=18}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=32}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=41}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{T}.

答案:命题得证。

题目标签:2023年CMO第5题:三角形外接圆与平行线构型

解题过程

(1)第(1)问:证明角度关系

证明 BTC+APB=CQA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{A}

(1)
利用中心对称构造全等三角形转化目标角

作点 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 关于点 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 的对称点 A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}},关于点 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 的对称点 A2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}。则 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}AA1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}} 中点,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}AA2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} 中点。 考察 ABP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}A1BK\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{K}: 由已知 BK=BP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{P};由对称性 AB=A1B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}。 计算夹角:因 KPAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B},故内错角 PKB=KBA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}。又 BKP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P} 为等腰三角形(BK=BP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{P}),故底角 BPK=PKB=KBA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{K} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{A}。 在 BKP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P} 中,顶角 KBP=1802KBA\angle KBP = 180^\circ - 2\angle KBA。 观察 ABP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P}:由于 P,K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{K} 在直线 BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 同侧(由平行及锐角三角形性质保证),且 ABP=ABK+KBP=KBA+(1802KBA)=180KBA\angle ABP = \angle ABK + \angle KBP = \angle KBA + (180^\circ - 2\angle KBA) = 180^\circ - \angle KBA。 而 A,B,A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}} 共线,故 A1BK=180KBA\angle A_{1}BK = 180^\circ - \angle KBA。 因此 ABP=A1BK\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{K}。由 SAS 知 ABPA1BK\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\cong }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=30}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{K}。 从而得到关键结论:AP=A1K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{K}APB=A1KB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{B}。 同理可证 ACQA2CK\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\cong }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=30}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{K},得 AQ=A2K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{K}CQA=A2KC=A2KB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=37}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{B}(因 K,C,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B} 共线)。 原结论 BTC+APB=CQA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{A} 等价于 BTC+A1KB=A2KB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=37}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{B},即需证 BTC=A2KBA1KB=A1KA2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=37}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=54}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{2}}

ABPA1BK    APB=A1KB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\cong }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=30}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{K} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=54}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=67}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{B}
(2)
位似变换与共圆判定完成证明

由上步知需证 BTC=A1KA2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}}。 考虑以 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 为中心、比为 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} 的位似变换 h(A,1/2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}。该变换将 A1B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}A2C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}KM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}(其中 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}AK\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K} 中点)。 因此 A1KA2=BMC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=28}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{C}。问题转化为证明 BTC=BMC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{C},即 B,C,M,T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{T} 四点共圆。 由圆幂定理逆定理,这等价于证明 KBKC=KMKT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=23}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{T}。 设 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}KT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 的中点。因 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}AK\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K} 中点,故 KM=KA/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2};又 KT=2KX\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{X}。代入得 KMKT=(KA/2)(2KX)=KAKX\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=27}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=44}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{X}。 于是只需证 KBKC=KAKX\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=23}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{X},即 A,B,C,X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{X} 四点共圆。 考察 KPQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Q} 的外心 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}。因 BK=BP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{P}KPAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B},线段 KP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P} 的垂直平分线过 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 且垂直于 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}。同理,KQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q} 的垂直平分线过 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 且垂直于 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}。 在 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C} 的外接圆 ω\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega} 中,过 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 且垂直于弦 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 的直线必过 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的对径点 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'(因为直径所对圆周角为直角)。同理过 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 且垂直于 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 的直线也过 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'。 故 KPQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Q} 的外心 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 即为 ω\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega}A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的对径点 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'。 既然 O=A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}'ω\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega} 上,且 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X} 是弦 KT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T} 的中点,则 OXKT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{X} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{T},即 OXA=90\angle OXA = 90^\circ。 这表明 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X} 位于以 AO\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O} 为直径的圆上。而 AO\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O} 正是 ω\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega} 的直径,故 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}ω\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega} 上。 即 A,B,C,X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{X} 共圆得证。回溯上述等价步骤,原命题成立。

O 是  A  在 (ABC) 上的对径点    X(ABC)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=23}{ 是 } A \text{ 在} } \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=31}{\odot}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{上}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{的}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{对}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{径}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{点}} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{X} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=66}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=71}{\odot}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{)}

(2)第(2)问:证明线段乘积等式

证明 APBTCQ=AQCTBP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=18}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=32}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=41}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{P}

(1)
转化为比例式并利用面积法搭桥

待证等式等价于 BPCQ=BTCTAQAP\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{Q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{T}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{T}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=36}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{P}}。 首先,由 BTK\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{K}CTK\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{K} 的面积比: SBTKSCTK=BKCK\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=19}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{K}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=38}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{K}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{K}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{K}} 同时,利用正弦面积公式: SBTKSCTK=12BTKTsinBTK12CTKTsinCTK=BTCTsinBTKsinCTK\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=19}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{K}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=38}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{K}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{=} \frac{\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=73}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{T} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=88}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{K}}{\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=114}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=114,tutor-end=115}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{T} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=122,tutor-end=129}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=129,tutor-end=130}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=130,tutor-end=131}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=131,tutor-end=132}{K}} \htmlData{tutor-start=134,tutor-end=135}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=142,tutor-end=143}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=143,tutor-end=144}{T}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=146,tutor-end=147}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=147,tutor-end=148}{T}} \htmlData{tutor-start=150,tutor-end=156}{\cdot }\frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=167,tutor-end=174}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=174,tutor-end=175}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=175,tutor-end=176}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=176,tutor-end=177}{K}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=184,tutor-end=191}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=191,tutor-end=192}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=192,tutor-end=193}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=193,tutor-end=194}{K}} 结合两式得:BKCK=BTCTsinBTKsinCTK\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{K}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{T}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{T}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=36}{\cdot }\frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=54}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{K}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=71}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{K}}。 接下来处理正弦比。由第(1)问知 B,C,M,T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{T} 四点共圆。因 K,T,M,A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A} 共线且顺序为 KTMA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}(由 KBKC=KMKT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=23}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{T}KB>KM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M} 可知 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}K,M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{M} 之间),故 KTB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}MTB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B} 互补。 在圆内接四边形 BCTM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{M} 中,外角 KTB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B} 等于内对角 MCB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}(注意:此处应为 MTB=MCB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B} 同弧所对圆周角,故 sinKTB=sinMTB=sinMCB\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=30}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=48}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{B})。 同理,sinKTC=sinMBC\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=30}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{C}。 因此: sinBTKsinCTK=sinMCBsinMBC\frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{K}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=35}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{K}} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=} \frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=60}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{B}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=77}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{C}}MBC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C} 中应用正弦定理:sinMCBsinMBC=BMCM\frac{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=35}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{C}} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{M}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{M}}。 代回前式得:BKCK=BTCTBMCM\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{K}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{T}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{T}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=36}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{M}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{M}}

BKCK=BTCTBMCM\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{K}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{T}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{T}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=36}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{M}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{M}}
(2)
结合位似与全等结论完成代数推导

承接上步,我们已有 BKCK=BTCTBMCM\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{K}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{T}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{T}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=36}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{M}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{M}}。 由第(1)问中的位似变换 h(A,1/2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}BMCA1KA2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\sim }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=29}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}},故对应边成比例: BMCM=KA1KA2\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{M}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{M}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}}} 再由第(1)问中证明的全等三角形 ABPA1BK\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\cong }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=30}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{K}ACQA2CK\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\cong }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=30}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{K},可得: KA1=AP,KA2=AQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{Q} 因此 BMCM=APAQ\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{M}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{M}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{P}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{Q}}。 另外,由已知条件 BK=BP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{P}CK=CQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{Q},显然有 BKCK=BPCQ\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{K}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{P}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{Q}}。 将所有这些关系代入 BKCK=BTCTBMCM\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{K}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{K}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{T}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{T}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=36}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{M}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{M}},得到: BPCQ=BTCTAPAQ\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{Q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{T}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{T}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=36}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{P}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{Q}} 交叉相乘整理即得: APBTCQ=AQCTBP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=18}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{Q} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=32}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=41}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{P} 命题得证。

BPCQ=BTCTAPAQ    APBTCQ=AQCTBP\frac{BP}{CQ} = \frac{BT}{CT} \cdot \frac{AP}{AQ} \implies AP \cdot BT \cdot CQ = AQ \cdot CT \cdot BP
6

Day 2 (December 30th) · 组合数学

A *state* refers to a way to place the numbers 1,2,,99\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\ldots}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{9} on the vertices of a given regular 99\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{9}-gon, with exactly one number on each vertex and every number appearing exactly once. Two states are considered *equivalent* if one of them can be obtained from the other by rotating the regular 99\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{9}-gon (on the plane). An *operation* is to first choose two adjacent vertices of the regular 99\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{9}-gon and then exchange the numbers on these two vertices. Determine the smallest positive integer N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} such that, for any two states α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha} and β\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\beta}, one may apply no more than N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} operations to α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha} to obtain a state that is equivalent to β\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\beta}.

答案:2401\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}

题目标签:2023年CMO第6题:正99边形标号变换的最少操作数

解题过程

主问题:确定最小操作数 N

证明对于任意两个状态,存在不超过 2401 次操作的变换路径,且该上界是紧的。

(1)
利用图兰定理证明下界 N ≥ 2401

考虑两个极端状态:αα^*(数字 1,,99\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{…}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{9} 逆时针排列)和 ββ^*(数字 1,,99\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{…}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{9} 顺时针排列)。假设从 αα^* 变换到 ββ^* 需要 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 次操作。我们将每次交换的两个数字连一条边,构建一个以 1,,99{\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{…}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{9}} 为顶点集、有 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 条边的多重图 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G}

对于任意三个数字 x<y<z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{z},它们在 αα^* 中呈逆时针顺序,而在 ββ^* 中呈顺时针顺序。这意味着这三个数的相对循环次序发生了反转。要改变三个元素的循环次序,至少需要对其中一对元素进行一次交换(即图中必须有一条边连接这三点中的两点)。因此,图 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 的补图 Gˉ\bar{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{G}} 中不存在三角形(即 Gˉ\bar{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{G}} 是无三角形的)。

根据图兰定理(Turán's Theorem),99\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{9} 个顶点的无三角形图最多有 9924=49×50=2450\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\lfloor }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{9}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=33}{\rfloor }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{9} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=45}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{0} 条边。因此,原图 G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{G} 的边数 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 至少为总对数减去补图最大边数: m\bino9922450=48512450=2401.m ≥ \bino{99}{2} - 2450 = 4851 - 2450 = 2401.N2401\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{≥} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}

m(992)9924=48512450=2401\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{9}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-} \left\lfloor \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{9}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{4}} \right\rfloor \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{1}
(2)
利用离散介值定理寻找平衡分割点

接下来证明 N2401\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{≤} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}。不妨设目标状态 β\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{β} 为标准逆时针状态 ββ^*。将数字分为“小数”集合 S=1,,50\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{…}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}} 和“大数”集合 L=51,,99\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{…}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{9}}

考察当前状态 α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{α} 中连续 50\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0} 个顶点包含的小数个数。共有 99\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{9} 个这样的连续段(循环意义下)。每个小数恰好出现在 50\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0} 个连续段中,故所有连续段中小数个数的总和为 50×50=2500\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=10}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}。平均值为 2500/9925.25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{9} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{≈} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}

由于平均值介于 25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}26\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6} 之间,且相邻两个连续段的小数个数之差至多为 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}(滑动窗口性质),根据离散介值定理,必然存在某个连续 50\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0} 个顶点的区间,其中恰好包含 25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5} 个小数和 25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5} 个大数。

以此区间为基准,将圆环上的数字线性展开为序列 (a1,,a50,b1,,b49)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{…}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{…}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)},其中前 50\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0} 项含 25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5} 大,后 49\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{9} 项含 25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}24\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4} 大。

Average=50×5099(25,26)     segment with exactly 25 small numbers\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{e}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=33}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{9}} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=45}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{)} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=71}{\exists }\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{w}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{h} \htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=112}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=114,tutor-end=115}{s}}
(3)
构造两种归位策略并应用引理

基于上述分割,我们设计两种将状态变为 ββ^* 的策略,并证明其中之一代价 2401\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{≤} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}

**引理**:对于含 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 个红球和 b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b} 个蓝球的线性排列,将其变为“全红在前”需 s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} 次相邻交换,变为“全蓝在前”需 t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} 次,则 s+t=ab\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{b},且最优策略仅交换异色对。

**策略一**: 1. 在前 50\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0} 项中将 25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5} 个小数移至最前(代价 s1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}});在后 49\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{9} 项中将 25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5} 个小数移至最后(代价 s2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}})。 此时序列形如:(x1..25,y1..25,w1..24,z1..25)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\underbrace{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{5}}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{小}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,} \underbrace{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{5}}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{大}}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{,} \underbrace{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{4}}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{大}}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{,} \underbrace{\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{5}}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{小}}\htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=112}{)}。 2. 分别对小数块 (z,x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 和大数块 (y,w)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{w}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 内部排序。设其逆序对数为 I(σ1),I(σ2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=23}{\sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}。 总代价 C1=s1+s2+I(σ1)+I(σ2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=32}{\sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=48}{\sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{)}

**策略二**: 1. 在前 50\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0} 项中将小数移至最后(代价 s1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}'_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}});在后 49\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{9} 项中将小数移至最前(代价 s2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}'_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}})。 此时序列形如:(y1..25,x1..25,z1..25,w1..24)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\underbrace{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{5}}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{大}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,} \underbrace{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{5}}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{小}}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{,} \underbrace{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{5}}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{小}}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{,} \underbrace{\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{w}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{4}}}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{大}}\htmlData{tutor-start=111,tutor-end=112}{)}。 2. 分别对小数块 (x,z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 和大数块 (w,y)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{w}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 内部排序。设逆序对数为 I(σ1),I(σ2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\sigma}'_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=24}{\sigma}'_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)}。 总代价 C2=s1+s2+I(σ1)+I(σ2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{s}'_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{s}'_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=34}{\sigma}'_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=51}{\sigma}'_{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{)}

由引理知:s1+s1=25×25=625\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{s}'_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=24}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{5}s2+s2=25×24=600\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{s}'_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=24}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}

s1+s1=252=625,s2+s2=25×24=600\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{s}'_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{s}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{s}'_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=64}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{0}
(4)
估算逆序对之和并完成上界证明

现在估算内部排序代价之和。 对于小数部分:σ1=(z,x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}σ1=(x,z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\sigma}'_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}I(σ1)+I(σ1)=2I(x)+2I(z)+[I(z,x)+I(x,z)].\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=24}{\sigma}'_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{.} 其中 I(z,x)+I(x,z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{I}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} 等于 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} 之间的总对数 252=625\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}。又 I(x),I(z)\bino252=300I(x), I(z) ≤ \bino{25}{2} = 300。 故小数部分代价和 2(300)+2(300)+625=1825\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{≤} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{5}

对于大数部分:σ2=(y,w)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\sigma}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{w}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}σ2=(w,y)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\sigma}'_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{w}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}。类似地, I(σ2)+I(σ2)2\bino252+2\bino242+25×24=600+552+600=1752.I(\sigma_{2}) + I(\sigma'_{2}) ≤ 2\bino{25}{2} + 2\bino{24}{2} + 25\times 24 = 600 + 552 + 600 = 1752.

综上,两策略总代价之和: C1+C2(625+600)+(1825+1752)=1225+3577=4802.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{≤} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{7} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{.} 由平均值原理,min(C1,C2)4802/2=2401\min\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{≤} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{/} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}

结合下界,所求最小整数 N=2401\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}

C1+C24802    min(C1,C2)2401\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2} \implies \min\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=55}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{1}