返回特征解读

2006 年高考数学(北京卷理科)

exams_raw/普通高考/2006/2006北京理.pdf · HS-MATH-1024-v2.1-solution-aware

2028 个小问/题组
1

一、选择题 · 复数

在复平面内,复数 1+ii\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}} 对应的点位于 ( ) (A) 第一象限 (B) 第二象限 (C) 第三象限 (D) 第四象限

答案:D

题目标签:复数除法与象限

解题过程

化简复数并判断象限

把除以 i 改写成乘以 -i

(1)
化简复数

利用 1/i=i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i},或分子分母同乘 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i}

详细展开:1+ii=1i+ii=i+1=1i\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{i}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{i}。也可验证 (1i)i=ii2=1+i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{i},说明商确实是 1i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{i}

1+ii=1i\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{i}
(2)
读取对应点象限

复数 a+bi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i} 在复平面对应点 (a,b)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}

详细展开:1i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{i} 的实部为 1、虚部为 -1,对应点 (1,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}。横坐标正、纵坐标负,位于第四象限,所以选择 D。

(1,1)第四象限选 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\in}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{第}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{四}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{象}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{限}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=40}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{D}}
2

一、选择题 · 平面向量

a\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}}bc\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{b}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{c}} 都是非零向量,则“ab=ac\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=14}{\cdot }\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{b}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=38}{\cdot }\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{c}}”是“a(bc)\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=14}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{b}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-} \vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}”的 ( ) (A) 充分而不必要条件 (B) 必要而不充分条件 (C) 充分必要条件 (D) 既不充分也不必要条件

答案:C

题目标签:向量垂直的充要条件

解题过程

判断向量命题的充要关系

把点积等式移项并使用垂直判定

(1)
将点积等式合并

点积对向量加减满足分配律。

详细展开:条件 ab=ac\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cdot}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=32}{\cdot}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{c}} 两边相减,得到 abac=0\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cdot}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=32}{\cdot}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{0},即 a(bc)=0\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{0}。这一变形可以反向恢复原等式。

ab=ac    a(bc)=0\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cdot}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=32}{\cdot}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{c}}\iff\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=55}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{(}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{-}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{0}
(2)
应用非零向量垂直判定

题目明确 a 与 bc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c} 都是非零向量。

详细展开:两个非零向量的点积为零当且仅当它们垂直,因此上一步的等式与 a(bc)\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\perp}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)} 完全等价,前者既充分又必要,选择 C。非零条件保证夹角有定义。

a(bc)=0    a(bc)选 C\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{0}\iff\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=47}{\perp}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{(}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{-}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{)}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=84}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{C}}
3

一、选择题 · 排列组合

在 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 这五个数字组成的没有重复数字的三位数中,各位数字之和为奇数的共有 ( ) (A) 36 个 (B) 24 个 (C) 18 个 (D) 6 个

答案:B

题目标签:奇偶性排列计数

解题过程

统计数字和为奇数的三位数

先选奇偶组成,再排列数字

(1)
分类选择三个数字

数字和为奇数,等价于所选三个数字中奇数个数为奇数。

详细展开:奇数 1,3,5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5} 共 3 个,偶数 2,4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4} 共 2 个。可选 1 个奇数和 2 个偶数,共 (31)(22)=3\binom31\binom22=3 组;也可选 3 个奇数,共 (33)=1\binom33=1 组,合计 4 组无序数字。

(31)(22)+(33)=4\binom31\binom22+\binom33=4
(2)
排列成三位数

题中没有数字 0,每组选出的三个数字任意排列都合法。

详细展开:每组 3 个互不相同数字有 3!=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{!}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6} 种排列,所以总数是 4×6=24\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=7}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}。组合负责选数字,排列负责放到百、十、个位,二者分工不同,故选择 B。

4×3!=24选 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=7}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{!}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=32}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{B}}
4

一、选择题 · 立体几何

平面 α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha} 的斜线 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha} 于点 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B},过定点 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的动直线 l\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 垂直,且交 α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha} 于点 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C},则动点 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 的轨迹是 ( ) (A) 一条直线 (B) 一个圆 (C) 一个椭圆 (D) 双曲线的一支

答案:A

题目标签:空间动点轨迹

解题过程

求动点 C 的轨迹

把垂直条件写成两个平面的交线

(1)
确定 C 所在的固定平面

动直线 l 经过固定点 A 且始终垂直固定直线 AB。

详细展开:所有经过 A 且垂直 AB 的直线都位于过 A、以 AB 为法向量的固定平面 β\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\beta} 内;反过来,β\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\beta} 内过 A 的任一直线都垂直 AB。因此动点 C 必须同时属于 β\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\beta} 和原平面 α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha}

C\in\alpha\cap\beta,\qquad \beta\perp AB

(2)
判断两平面交集

AB 是平面 α 的斜线,所以 AB 不垂直 α。

详细展开:若 β\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\beta}α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha} 平行,则 AB 作为 β\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\beta} 的法线也会垂直 α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha},与“斜线”矛盾。因此两平面相交,其交集是一条固定直线,C 的轨迹就是这条直线,选择 A。

αβ 为一条直线选 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\cap}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=15}{\beta}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{为}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{一}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{条}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{直}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{线}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=48}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{A}}
5

一、选择题 · 函数

已知 f(x)={(3a1)x+4a,x<1,logax,x1,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \begin{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{,} & \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{,} \\ \log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{,} & \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=69}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{,} \end{cases}(,+)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=17}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)} 上的减函数,那么 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 的取值范围是 ( ) (A) (0,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} (B) (0,13)\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}}\right) (C) [17,13)\left[\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{7}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{3}}\right) (D) [17,1)\left[\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{7}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\right)

答案:C

题目标签:分段函数全局递减

解题过程

求分段函数全局递减的参数

检查两段斜率、对数底数和分界顺序

(1)
分别要求两段递减

左段是一次函数,右段是对数函数。

详细展开:左段斜率 3a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} 必须小于 0,得到 a<1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}。右段 logax\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x} 递减要求 0<a<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}。因此目前有 0<a<1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}

0<a<13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}}
(2)
检查分界处不倒置

全局递减要求所有 x<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 的左段值大于等于 f(1)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}

详细展开:左段递减,其在 x<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 上的下确界是左极限 (3a1)+4a=7a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}。实际点不取 1,所以允许下确界等于 0,要求 7a10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0},即 a1/7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{7}。综合得 a[1/7,1/3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)},选择 C。

a[17,13)选 C\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\in}\left[\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{7}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{3}}\right)}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=68}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{C}}
6

一、选择题 · 函数

在下列四个函数中,满足性质:“对于区间 (1,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 上的任意 x1,x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} (x1x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}),f(x1)f(x2)<x2x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{|} 恒成立”的只有 ( ) (A) f(x)=1x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}} (B) f(x)=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|} (C) f(x)=2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}} (D) f(x)=x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}

答案:A

题目标签:函数严格压缩性质

解题过程

判断严格压缩性质

逐项比较函数值差与自变量差

(1)
验证 f(x)=1/x

在区间 (1,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 上,两个自变量均为正且乘积大于 1。

详细展开:1x11x2=x2x1x1x2\left|\frac1{x_{1}}-\frac1{x_{2}}\right|=\frac{|x_{2}-x_{1}|}{x_{1}x_{2}}。因为 x1x2>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1},所以该值严格小于 x2x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|},选项 A 对任意不同两点都满足题意。

1x11x2<x2x1\left|\frac1{x_{1}}-\frac1{x_{2}}\right|<|x_{2}-x_{1}|
(2)
排除其余三个函数

给出一个反例或利用导数即可否定全称命题。

详细展开:在 (1,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}x=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x},故差值恰等于 x2x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|},不满足严格小于。2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}} 的导数为 (ln2)2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\ln\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}},在 x 接近 2 时大于 1;x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 的导数 2x>2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}。由拉格朗日中值定理,后二者都存在差商大于 1,故唯一正确是 A。

选 A\boxed{\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}}}
7

一、选择题 · 数列

f(n)=2+24+27+210++23n+10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{7}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{0}} (nN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{N}}),则 f(n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 等于 ( ) (A) 27(8n1)\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{7}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{8}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)} (B) 27(8n+11)\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{7}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{8}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)} (C) 27(8n+31)\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{7}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{8}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)} (D) 27(8n+41)\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{7}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{8}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}

答案:D

题目标签:等比幂和

解题过程

求等比幂和

识别首项、公比和项数

(1)
确定指数序列和项数

各项指数为 1,4,7,,3n+10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\ldots}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0},公差为 3。

详细展开:写成 1+3k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k},令 1+3k=3n+10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}k=n+3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}。因此 k 从 0 到 n+3,共有 n+4 项;每项 21+3k=28k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=15}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{8}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k}}

f(n)=2k=0n+38k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{8}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k}}
(2)
使用等比求和公式

公比 8 不等于 1,可直接求和。

详细展开:2k=0n+38k=2(8n+41)/(81)=27(8n+41)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{8}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{8}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{7}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{8}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{)},与选项 D 一致。用 n=0 检查时原式有 4 项,也验证指数 n+4 正确。

f(n)=27(8n+41)选 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{7}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{8}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=47}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{D}}
8

一、选择题 · 方程与应用

如图为某三岔路口交通环岛的简化模型,在某高峰时段,单位时间进出路口 A,B,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C} 的机动车辆数如图所示,图中 x1,x2,x3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}} 分别表示该时段单位时间通过路段 AB,BC,CA\overset{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=15}{\frown}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \overset{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=37}{\frown}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{C}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{,} \overset{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=59}{\frown}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{A}} 的机动车辆数 (假设:单位时间内,在上述路段中,同一路段上驶入与驶出的车辆数相等),则 x1,x2,x3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}} 的大小关系是 ( ) (A) x1>x2>x3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}} (B) x1>x3>x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}} (C) x2>x3>x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}} (D) x3>x2>x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}}

原卷图示 1
原卷图示 1原卷第 1 页 · manual_pdf_layout_review

答案:C

题目标签:交通环岛流量守恒

解题过程

比较环岛三段车流量

在三个路口应用流入等于流出

(1)
建立流量守恒方程

按图中箭头,内部车流沿 ABCA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A} 流动。

详细展开:A 口守恒给 x3+50=x1+55\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5},所以 x3=x1+5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5};B 口给 x1+30=x2+20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0},所以 x2=x1+10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0};C 口给 x2+30=x3+35\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5},即 x2=x3+5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}

x3=x1+5,x2=x1+10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0}
(2)
由差值排序

题目只问相对大小,不需要确定绝对车流量。

详细展开:由 x3=x1+5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}x2=x1+10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}x2>x3>x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}},第三个方程也正好给出 x2x3=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5},与排序一致,选择 C。

x2>x3>x1选 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=37}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{C}}
9

二、填空题 · 极限

limx1x2+3x+2x21\lim_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}} 的值等于______.

答案:12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}

题目标签:有理函数极限

解题过程

计算 0/0 型有理极限

因式分解约去趋零公因子

(1)
因式分解分子分母

直接代入 x=-1 得到 0/0,需先化简。

详细展开:x2+3x+2=(x+1)(x+2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}x21=(x+1)(x1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}。当 x 接近但不等于 -1 时,可以约去公共因子 x+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}

x2+3x+2x21=x+2x1(x1)\frac{x^{2}+3x+2}{x^{2}-1}=\frac{x+2}{x-1}\quad(x\ne-1)
(2)
代入化简后的连续函数

约分后的函数在 x=-1 处分母不为零。

详细展开:函数 (x+2)/(x1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} 在 x=-1 处连续,因此极限可以直接代入:分子为 1+2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1},分母为 11=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2},所以商为 1/(2)=1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}

limx1x2+3x+2x21=12\boxed{\lim_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=17}{\to}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{2}}}
10

二、填空题 · 二项式定理

(x2x)7\left(\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{7}} 的展开式中,x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 的系数为______. (用数字作答)

答案:14\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}

题目标签:含根式二项展开

解题过程

求含根式二项展开的 x2 系数

写通项并匹配半整数指数

(1)
写通项指数

从 7 个因子中选 k 个 2/x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}

详细展开:通项为 (7k)(x1/2)7k(2x1)k=(7k)(2)kx(7k)/2k=(7k)(2)kx(73k)/2\binom7k(x^{1/2})^{7-k}(-2x^{-1})^{k}=\binom7k(-2)^{k} x^{(7-k)/2-k}=\binom7k(-2)^{k} x^{(7-3k)/2}

Tk+1=(7k)(2)kx(73k)/2T_{k+1}=\binom7k(-2)^{k}x^{(7-3k)/2}
(2)
匹配指数并求系数

(73k)/2=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2},解得 k=1。

详细展开:选择一个第二项时,系数为 (71)(2)1=7(2)=14\binom71(-2)^{1}=7(-2)=-14。k 为奇数,所以负号保留,结果为 -14。

14\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}}
11

二、填空题 · 直线

若三点 A(2,2),B(a,0),C(0,b)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)} (ab0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}) 共线,则 1a+1b\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{b}} 的值等于______.

答案:12\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}

题目标签:直线截距式

解题过程

由截距式求倒数和

写共线直线的截距方程

(1)
写直线 BC 的截距式

B(a,0)、C(0,b) 是非零横纵截距。

详细展开:因为 ab0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0},直线 BC 可写成 x/a+y/b=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}。三点共线意味着 A(2,2) 也满足这一方程。

xa+yb=1\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{y}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}
(2)
代入 A 点

将共线点 A(2,2) 代入直线的截距方程。

详细展开:代入 x=2,y=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}2/a+2/b=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}。等式两边同时除以 2,便得到 1/a+1/b=1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}。题目只要求这一组合值,一个方程已经足够,无需也不能唯一求出 a、b 各自的值。

1a+1b=12\boxed{\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}}}
12

二、填空题 · 解三角形

ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C} 中,若 sinA:sinB:sinC=5:7:8\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{:} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{:} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{7} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{8},则 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B} 的大小是______.

答案:π3\frac\pi3

题目标签:正弦比与角 B

解题过程

由正弦比求边比和角 B

使用正弦定理与余弦定理

(1)
求边长比

三角形中边长与对角正弦成比例。

详细展开:由 a/sinA=b/sinB=c/sinC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{C},正弦比 5:7:8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{8} 直接给出 a:b:c=5:7:8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{8}。可设三边为 5t,7t,8t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{t},共同尺度 t 不影响角度。

a:b:c=5:7:8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{8}
(2)
用余弦定理求 B

角 B 的对边是 b,邻边是 a、c。

详细展开:cosB=(a2+c2b2)/(2ac)=(25+6449)/(258)=1/2\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=51}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=57}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{2}。由于 B 是三角形内角,故 B=π/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}

cosB=12B=π3\cos B=\frac{1}{2}\Longrightarrow\boxed{B=\frac\pi3}
13

二、填空题 · 线性规划

已知点 P(x,y)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} 的坐标满足条件 {x+y4,yx,x1,\begin{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=28}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=46}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{,} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=64}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{,} \end{cases}O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 为坐标原点,那么 PO\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|} 的最小值等于______,最大值等于______.

答案:\sqrt2,\sqrt{10}

题目标签:线性约束下距离最值

解题过程

求可行域内距离最值

求三角形顶点并比较距离平方

(1)
确定可行域顶点

边界直线为 x=1,y=x,x+y=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}

详细展开:两两求交得到 (1,1),(1,3),(2,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)},三点均满足全部不等式,因此可行域是以这三点为顶点的闭三角形。

V={(1,1),(1,3),(2,2)}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=23}{\}}
(2)
比较最小与最大距离

在区域中 yx1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1},最近点是左下顶点 (1,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}

详细展开:最小距离为 2\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}。最大距离可比较三个顶点的距离平方 2、10、8,最大值在 (1,3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 取得,所以最大距离为 10\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}}

POmin=2,POmax=10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|}_{\min}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\boxed{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{|}_{\max}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{=}\boxed{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{0}}}
14

二、填空题 · 立体几何

已知 A,B,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C} 三点在球心为 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O},半径为 R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R} 的球面上,ACBC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C},且 AB=R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{R},那么 A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B} 两点的球面距离为______,球心到平面 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} 的距离为______.

答案:\frac{\pi R}{3},\frac{\sqrt3R}{2}

题目标签:球面距离与截面

解题过程

求球面距离与球心到截面距离

先求圆心角,再研究平面截圆

(1)
由弦长求球面距离

球面上 A、B 的最短球面距离是过球心大圆上的劣弧长。

详细展开:设圆心角为 θ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta},弦长 AB=2Rsin(θ/2)=R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{R}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=16}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{R},所以 sin(θ/2)=1/2\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}。取劣弧对应 0θπ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=13}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=16}{\pi},得 θ=π/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=10}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3},弧长为 Rθ=πR/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=7}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3}

dS(A,B)=πR3\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{S}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=28}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{R}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{3}}}
(2)
求球心到平面 ABC 的距离

ACBC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C},所以三角形 ABC 是以 AB 为斜边的直角三角形。

详细展开:其外接圆直径为 AB=R,半径 ρ=R/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\rho}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}。平面 ABC 截球所得圆正是这个外接圆,若球心到平面的距离为 d,则 ρ2+d2=R2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\rho}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{R}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}},故 d=R2R2/4=3R/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{R}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}

d(O,平面 ABC)=32R\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{平}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{面} }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{R}}
15

三、解答题 · 三角函数

已知函数 f(x)=12sin(2xπ4)cosx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\sin\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=49}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{4}}\right)}{\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{x}}. (1) 求 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的定义域; (2) 设 α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha} 是第四象限的角,且 tanα=43\tan \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}},求 f(α)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} 的值.

答案:D_f见解析;f(\alpha)=\frac{14}{5}

题目标签:移相三角分式

解题过程

(1)求函数定义域

从原式分母排除余弦零点

(1)
确定限制条件

分子中的正弦对所有实数有定义,只有分母会造成禁点。

详细展开:必须要求 cosx0\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}。余弦全部零点为 x=π/2+kπ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=12}{\pi}kZ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\in}\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Z}},所以这些点必须从定义域中删去。后续即使能约去 cosx,也不能补回原式无定义点。

cosx0\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}
(2)
写集合答案

把所有允许值写成实数集去掉离散点集。

详细展开:定义域为 R{π/2+kπ:kZ}\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=19}{\setminus}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=21}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=24}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=31}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=36}{\in}\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{Z}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=48}{\}}。整数参数 k 遍历后,恰好覆盖全部余弦零点。

Df=R{π2+kπ:kZ}\boxed{D_{f}=\mathbb{R}\setminus\left\{\frac\pi2+k\pi:k\in\mathbb{Z}\right\}}

(2)化简函数并代入特殊角

先用二倍角将分子提取 cosx

(1)
化简分子

先展开移相正弦,再使用二倍角公式。

详细展开:2sin(2xπ/4)=sin2xcos2x\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=19}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{x},所以分子为 1sin2x+cos2x=(1+cos2x)sin2x=2cos2x2sinxcosx=2cosx(cosxsinx)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\cos^{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{x}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{(}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{-}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{)}

f(x)=2(cosxsinx)(cosx0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=36}{ x\ne}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{)}
(2)
由第四象限正切代值

tanα=4/3\tan\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3} 且 α 在第四象限。

详细展开:由 3-4-5 边比得 cosα=3/5,sinα=4/5\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=25}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{5}。代入化简式,f(α)=2[3/5(4/5)]=27/5=14/5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=30}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{5}

f(α)=145\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=15}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{5}}}
16

三、解答题 · 导数

已知函数 f(x)=ax3+bx2+cx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x} 在点 x0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 处取得极大值 5,其导函数 y=f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} 的图象经过点 (1,0),(2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)},如图所示,求: (1) x0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 的值; (2) a,b,c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c} 的值.

原卷图示 1
原卷图示 1原卷第 1 页 · manual_pdf_layout_review

答案:x_0=1;a=2,b=-9,c=12

题目标签:导函数图象与三次函数系数

解题过程

(1)由导函数图象确定极大值点

读取导数符号变化

(1)
读出导数符号

图象是开口向上的抛物线,零点为 1、2。

详细展开:因此 f(x)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0} 位于两根外侧,f(x)<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0} 位于两根之间。原函数在 (,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} 增、在 (1,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 减、在 (2,+)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} 再增。

f:+ 1  2 +\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{:}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=12}{\ }\big|_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=23}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=26}{\ }\big|_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=37}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+}
(2)
确定 x0

极大值要求原函数由增转减。

详细展开:在 x=1 左侧导数为正、右侧导数为负,所以 f 先递增后递减,确实在 x=1 处取得极大值;在 x=2 处导数由负变正,只能得到极小值。因此题设中的极大值点为 x0=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}

x0=1\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}

(2)求三次函数系数

利用导函数根式和极大值定尺度

(1)
分解导函数并比较系数

f(x)=3ax2+2bx+c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{c} 的根为 1、2,且开口向上。

详细展开:写成 f(x)=3a(x1)(x2)=3ax29ax+6a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{a}。与原式比较得 b=9a/2,c=6a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a},且开口向上说明 a>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}

b=92a,c=6a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{9}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}
(2)
使用 f(1)=5

极大值点为 1,函数值为 5。

详细展开:f(1)=a+b+c=a9a/2+6a=5a/2=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{5},所以 a=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2},继而 b=9,c=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}。此时 f=6(x1)(x2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)} 与图象开口和零点完全一致。

a=2,b=9,c=12\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}
17

三、解答题 · 立体几何

如图,在底面为平行四边形的四棱锥 PABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D} 中,ABAC,PA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=21}{\perp} 平面 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D},且 PA=AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B},点 E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}PD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 的中点. (1) 求证:ACPB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}; (2) 求证:PB//\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/} 平面 AEC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}; (3) 求二面角 EACB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B} 的大小.

原卷图示 1
原卷图示 1原卷第 1 页 · manual_pdf_layout_review

答案:(1)(2)见证明;(3)135^\circ

题目标签:四棱锥垂直平行与二面角

解题过程

(1)证明 AC 垂直 PB

由两条相交线建立线面垂直

(1)
证明 AC 同时垂直 AB、PA

题设直接给出 ABAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}

详细展开:PA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\perp} 平面 ABCD,而 AC 位于底面,所以 PAAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}。直线 AB、PA 在 A 点相交并同处平面 PAB,故 AC 同时垂直平面内两条相交线。

AC\perp AB,\qquad AC\perp PA

(2)
推出 AC⊥PB

由线面垂直判定,AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\perp} 平面 PAB。

详细展开:PB 位于平面 PAB 内,所以 AC 垂直 PB。这里 PB 不必经过 A;一条直线垂直平面后,就垂直该平面内所有方向。

ACPB\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=15}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{B}}

(2)证明 PB 平行平面 AEC

连接 AC 中点构造平行线

(1)
构造 AC 中点 F

令 F 为 AC 的中点,F 显然位于平面 AEC。

详细展开:用向量表示,取 A 为原点,设 AB=u,AD=v,AP=w\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{D}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{,}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{P}}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{w},则 C 的位置向量为 u+v\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{v},E 为 PD 中点,位置向量为 (w+v)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{w}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2},F 的位置向量为 (u+v)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}

E=w+v2,F=u+v2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{w}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{v}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{v}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}}
(2)
证明 EF∥PB 并应用判定

比较 EF 与 PB 的方向向量。

详细展开:EF=FE=(uw)/2=12PB\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{F}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{w}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{B}},所以 EFPB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}。EF 在平面 AEC 内,而 PB 不在该平面内,因此根据线面平行判定,PB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=11}{\parallel} 平面 AEC。

PB平面 AEC\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=18}{\parallel}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{平}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{面} }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{C}}

(3)求二面角 E-AC-B

在 AC 中点处作两面的垂线

(1)
确定二面角平面角的两条射线

仍令 F 为 AC 中点。上一问有 EFPB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B},第一问有 PBAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C},故 EFAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}

详细展开:在底面内,过 F 作 FGAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B} 并令射线 FG 指向 B 所在半平面,则因 ABAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}FGAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}。所以 EFG\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{G} 就是二面角 EACB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B} 的平面角。

FE\perp AC,\qquad FG\perp AC

(2)
由等腰直角三角形判断角度

EFBP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{P},而 FGAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B},但射线方向要仔细对应。

详细展开:三角形 PAB 在 A 处直角,且 PA=AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B},所以 ABP=45\angle ABP=45^\circ。射线 FE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}BP\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{P}} 同向,而 FG 与 AB\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{B}} 同向;AB 与 BA 方向相反,因此两射线夹角为 18045=135180^\circ-45^\circ=135^\circ

(EACB)=135=3π4\boxed{\angle(E-AC-B)=135^\circ=\frac{3\pi}{4}}
18

三、解答题 · 概率

某公司招聘员工,指定三门考试课程,有两种考试方案. 方案一:考试三门课程,至少有两门及格为考试通过; 方案二:在三门课程中,随机选取两门,这两门都及格为考试通过. 假设某应聘者对三门指定课程考试及格的概率分别是 a,b,c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c},且三门课程考试是否及格相互之间没有影响. (1) 分别求该应聘者用方案一和方案二时考试通过的概率; (2) 试比较该应聘者在上述两种方案下考试通过的概率的大小. (说明理由)

答案:P_1=ab+ac+bc-2abc;P_2=\frac{ab+ac+bc}{3};P_1\ge P_2

题目标签:两种考试方案概率比较

解题过程

(1)求两种方案通过概率

分别枚举至少两门及格与随机课程对

(1)
求方案一概率

方案一至少两门及格,可分为恰好两门和三门全及格。

详细展开:直接合并四个互斥事件,P1=ab(1c)+ac(1b)+bc(1a)+abc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{c}。展开同类项后得到 P1=ab+ac+bc2abc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{c}

P1=ab+ac+bc2abc\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{c}}
(2)
求方案二概率

随机选两门共有三种等可能课程对。

详细展开:选中前两门并均及格的条件概率为 ab,另外两对分别为 ac、bc。按全概率公式,各乘 1/3 后相加,得到 P2=(ab+ac+bc)/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}

P2=ab+ac+bc3\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{c}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}}}

(2)比较两方案概率

把差写成非负项之和

(1)
计算 P1-P2

将两式通分并提取公因子。

详细展开:P1P2=23(ab+ac+bc)2abc=23[ab+ac+bc3abc]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{]}。为直接判断符号,将括号改写成三个明显非负项。

P1P2=23(ab+ac+bc3abc)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{)}
(2)
证明差非负并说明等号

概率满足 0a,b,c1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=13}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}

详细展开:ab+ac+bc3abc=ab(1c)+ac(1b)+bc(1a)0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=40}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{0},因此 P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}},方案一不劣于方案二。等号在三项同时为零时成立,例如三门全必过,或至多一门有正及格概率。

P1P2\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}}
19

三、解答题 · 圆锥曲线

已知点 M(2,0),N(2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)},动点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 满足条件 PMPN=22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}. 记动点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 的轨迹为 W\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{W}. (1) 求 W\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{W} 的方程; (2) 若 A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}W\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{W} 上的不同两点,O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 是坐标原点,求 OAOB\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=26}{\cdot }\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{B}} 的最小值.

答案:W:\frac{x^2}{2}-\frac{y^2}{2}=1,x>0;最小值2

题目标签:双曲线分支与向量点积

解题过程

(1)求动点轨迹方程

由有向焦距差确定双曲线参数和分支

(1)
识别双曲线并求 a、c

M(-2,0)、N(2,0) 是两个固定焦点。

详细展开:距离差绝对值对应双曲线,题给有向差 PMPN=22>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}。因此 2a=22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}},得 a2=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2};焦点半距 c=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2},所以 c2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}

a2=2,c2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}
(2)
求 b 并确定分支

双曲线满足 c2=a2+b2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}

详细展开:b2=42=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2},所以完整双曲线为 x2/2y2/2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}。由于 PM>PN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{N},点更靠近右焦点 N,轨迹只取右支,即 x>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}

W:x22y22=1,x>0\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{W}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{:}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{0}}

(2)求两位置向量点积最小值

使用双曲参数将点积化为双曲余弦

(1)
参数化右支两点

右支 x2y2=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2} 可用双曲函数参数化。

详细展开:设 A=(2coshu,2sinhu)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\cosh \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\sinh \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}B=(2coshv,2sinhv)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\cosh \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\sinh \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}。任意实数 u、v 都给出右支点,且反过来覆盖整条右支。

A=(2coshu,2sinhu),B=(2coshv,2sinhv)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\cosh \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\sinh \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}}\cosh \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{,}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}}\sinh \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{)}
(2)
化简点积并取最小

位置向量点积使用同号相加。

详细展开:OAOB=2[coshucoshv+sinhusinhv]=2cosh(u+v)2\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=24}{\cdot}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{[}\cosh \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{u}\cosh \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{+}\sinh \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{u}\sinh \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{2}\cosh\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=91}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{2}。当 v=u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}u0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0} 时,A、B 关于 x 轴对称且互不相同,等号可达,所以最小值为 2。

minOAOB=2\boxed{\min\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=35}{\cdot}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{2}}
20

三、解答题 · 数列

在数列 {an}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} 中,若 a1,a2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 是正整数,且 an=an1an2,n=3,4,5,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{,} \cdots,则称 {an}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} 为“绝对差数列”. (1) 举出一个前五项不为零的“绝对差数列”(只要求写出前十项); (2) 若“绝对差数列”{an}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} 中,a20=3,a21=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0},数列 {bn}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} 满足 bn=an+an+1+an+2,n=1,2,3,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{,} \cdots,分别判断当 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\infty} 时,an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}bn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} 的极限是否存在,如果存在,求出其极限值; (3) 证明:任何“绝对差数列”中总含有无穷多个为零的项.

答案:示例见解析;an 无极限;bn 极限6;零项无穷多

题目标签:绝对差数列

解题过程

(1)构造绝对差数列示例

选择首两项并逐项递推

(1)
选择首项并计算前五项

取简单正整数 a1=1,a2=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3}

详细展开:按递推式计算 a3=31=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}a4=23=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}a5=12=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1},所以前五项 1,3,2,1,1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} 全部非零,满足构造要求。

1, 3, 2, 1, 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=12}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=16}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}
(2)
继续写到第十项

从第五项继续使用同一递推规则。

详细展开:a6=11=0,a7=01=1,a8=10=1,a9=11=0,a10=01=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{7}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{1}。因此一个合格答案是 1,3,2,1,1,0,1,1,0,1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}

1,3,2,1,1,0,1,1,0,1\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}}

(2)判断 an 与 bn 的极限

由已知相邻项推出周期尾部

(1)
推出 an 的周期尾部

a20=3,a21=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0} 开始递推。

详细展开:a22=3,a23=3,a24=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0},此后相邻状态重新出现并循环,所以尾部按 3,0,3,3,0,3,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=18}{\ldots} 周期重复。它含无穷多个 0 和 3,两条子列极限不同,因此 an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} 无极限。

an: 3,0,3,3,0,3,liman 不存在\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=26}{\ldots}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=46}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\lim \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{n}}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{不}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{存}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{在}}
(2)
求 bn 的极限

bn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} 是连续三个 a 项之和。

详细展开:从 n=20 起,无论三项窗口从周期的哪个位置开始,内容都是 0、3、3 的一个循环排列,和恒为 6。因此 bn=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6} 对所有 n20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0} 成立,最终恒定,极限存在且等于 6。

limnbn=6\boxed{\lim_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=17}{\to}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=23}{\infty}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{6}}

(3)证明零项有无穷多个

用相邻项最大值下降证明必达零,再说明零会周期再现

(1)
证明至少会出现一个零

考察相邻正整数对 (an,an+1)=(x,y)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)} 的最大值。

详细展开:下一对为 (y,yx)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)},其最大值不超过 max(x,y)\max\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}。若 x>y,最大值立即严格下降;若 y>x,下一对是 (y,yx)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)},再下一步以 y 为第一项且第二项小于 y,最大值严格下降;若 x=y,则下一项直接为 0。因此只要尚未出现零,每至多两步最大正整数就严格下降。

Mn=max(an,an+1)在无零时至多两步严格下降\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\max\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{在}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{无}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{零}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{时}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{至}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{多}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{两}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{步}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{严}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{格}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{下}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{降}}
(2)
利用整数良序性结束下降

若永远没有零,前一步会迫使正整数最大值无限次严格下降。

详细展开:正整数不可能形成无限严格下降链,因此假设矛盾,序列必在有限步内出现某个零项。这个论证本质上与辗转相减的欧几里得算法终止性相同。

m: am=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\exists }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=12}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{m}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}
(3)
证明零项会无穷次出现

设首次或任一次出现 am=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}

详细展开:若相邻项也为 0,则后续全为 0;否则设相邻正项为 c,不论局部状态是 (0,c)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 还是 (c,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)},递推都会进入周期 0,c,c,0,c,c,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=18}{\ldots}。于是每隔三项再次出现 0,所以零项不只有一个,而是无穷多个。

任何绝对差数列都含有无穷多个零项\boxed{\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{任}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{何}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{绝}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{对}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{差}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{数}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{列}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{都}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{含}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{有}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{无}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{穷}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{多}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{个}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{零}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{项}}}