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2006 年高考数学(全国卷 1文科)

exams_raw/普通高考/2006/2006全国1文(河南,河北,山西,海南,广西).pdf · HS-MATH-1024-v2.1-solution-aware

2224 个小问/题组
1

一、选择题 · 平面向量

已知向量 a,b\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{b}} 满足 a=1,b=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|}\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{4}, 且 ab=2\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=21}{\cdot }\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}, 则 a\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}}b\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{b}} 夹角为 ( ) (A) π6\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{6}} (B) π4\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4}} (C) π3\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}} (D) π2\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}

答案:C

题目标签:向量夹角

解题过程

由点积求向量夹角

使用点积的几何定义并在标准角范围内反解

(1)
代入点积夹角公式

设非零向量 a,b\boldsymbol a,\boldsymbol b 的夹角为 θ[0,π]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=15}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{]}

详细展开:点积的几何公式为 ab=abcosθ\boldsymbol a\cdot\boldsymbol b=|\boldsymbol a||\boldsymbol b|\cos\theta。代入已知数据,得到 2=1×4cosθ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\theta},所以 cosθ=1/2\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}

costheta=abab=214=12\cos\\theta=\frac{\boldsymbol a\cdot\boldsymbol b}{|\boldsymbol a||\boldsymbol b|}=\frac2{1\cdot4}=\frac{1}{2}
(2)
在夹角范围内确定角度

向量夹角规定在 0 到 π 之间。

详细展开:在 [0,π]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{]} 上,满足 cosθ=1/2\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2} 的角唯一为 θ=π/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=10}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3},因此选择 C。点积为正也与锐角结论一致,可作为符号复核。

theta=arccos12=π3选 C\\theta=\arccos\frac{1}{2}=\frac\pi3\quad\Longrightarrow\quad\text{选 C}
2

一、选择题 · 集合与不等式

设集合 M={xx2x<0},N={xx<2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=22}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=28}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=35}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=42}{\}}, 则 ( ) (A) MN=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=20}{\varnothing} (B) MN=M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{M} (C) MN=M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{M} (D) MN=R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{R}}

答案:B

题目标签:集合的交集与并集

解题过程

求集合并判断包含关系

把描述法集合化为区间,完成交、并运算

(1)
分别解两个不等式

先把集合中的条件化为数轴上的区间。

详细展开:对 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M},因式分解得 x2x=x(x1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}。二次函数开口向上,所以乘积小于零时 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 位于两个零点 0,1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 之间,即 M=(0,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}。对 N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N},绝对值不等式 x<2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2} 等价于 2<x<2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2},故 N=(2,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}

M=(0,1),N=(2,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}
(2)
由包含关系确定选项

比较两个区间的端点,确定小集合与大集合。

详细展开:区间 (0,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 完全落在 (2,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 内,所以 MN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=9}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N}。小集合与大集合求交仍为小集合,即 MN=M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{M};求并则为大集合 N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}。因此只有选项 B 正确。

MNMN=M选 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=9}{\subset }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=26}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=32}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{M}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=55}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{B}}
3

一、选择题 · 函数

已知函数 y=ex\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{e}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}} 的图象与函数 y=f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 的图象关于直线 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 对称, 则 ( ) (A) f(2x)=e2x(xR)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{e}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=30}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{R}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)} (B) f(2x)=ln2lnx(x>0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\cdot }\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)} (C) f(2x)=2ex(xR)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2} \mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{e}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=30}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{R}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)} (D) f(2x)=lnx+ln2(x>0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}

答案:D

题目标签:反函数与对数运算

解题过程

利用反函数求解析式

由关于 y=x 对称确定 f,再计算 f(2x)

(1)
确定 f 是指数函数的反函数

关于直线 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 对称意味着横、纵坐标互换。

详细展开:从 y=ex\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}} 出发,两边取自然对数得 x=lny\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{y}。交换 x,y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y} 后得到 y=lnx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x},因此 f(x)=lnx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x},定义域为 x>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}

y=exx=lnyf(x)=lnx(x>0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=27}{\Longleftrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=50}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{=}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{x}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{)}
(2)
代入 2x 并检查定义域

把整个 2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x} 看作对数函数的自变量。

详细展开:由 f(t)=lnt\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{t},令 t=2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x},得 f(2x)=ln(2x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\ln\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}。利用 ln(ab)=lna+lnb\ln\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{b},可写成 ln2+lnx\ln\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}。同时真数要求 2x>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0},即 x>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0},故选 D。

f(2x)=ln(2x)=ln2+lnx,x>0选 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\ln\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\ln\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=54}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{D}}
4

一、选择题 · 圆锥曲线

双曲线 mx2+y2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1} 的虚轴长是实轴长的 2 倍, 则 m=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=} ( ) (A) 14\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}} (B) 4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4} (C) 4 (D) 14\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}}

答案:A

题目标签:双曲线轴长关系

解题过程

由轴长关系求双曲线参数

化为标准方程后读取实、虚半轴

(1)
判断 m 的符号并标准化

方程要表示双曲线,两个平方项系数必须异号。

详细展开:y2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 的系数为正,因此必须有 m<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}。令 k=m>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0},原式成为 y2kx2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1},即 y21x21/k=1\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}。所以实半轴 a=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1},虚半轴 b=1/k=1/m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{m}}

y21x21/(m)=1,a=1,b=1m\frac{y^{2}}{1}-\frac{x^{2}}{1/(-m)}=1,\qquad a=1,\quad b=\frac1{\sqrt{-m}}
(2)
把轴长倍数转成方程

虚轴长是 2b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b},实轴长是 2a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}

详细展开:题设给出 2b=2(2a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)},也就是 b=2a=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}。于是 1/m=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{m}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2},平方得 m=1/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4},所以 m=1/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4},选 A。

1m=2m=14m=14选 A\frac1{\sqrt{-m}}=2\Longrightarrow -m=\frac{1}{4}\Longrightarrow m=-\frac{1}{4}\quad\Longrightarrow\quad\text{选 A}
5

一、选择题 · 数列

Sn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} 是等差数列 {an}\left\{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}}\right\} 的前 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 项和, 若 S7=35\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}, 则 a4=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} ( ) (A) 8 (B) 7 (C) 6 (D) 5

答案:D

题目标签:等差数列前七项和

解题过程

由奇数项前缀和求中间项

利用等差数列首尾对称性质

(1)
把前七项配成对称项

等差数列中下标和相同的两项之和相等。

详细展开:有 a1+a7=2a4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{7}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}}a2+a6=2a4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}}a3+a5=2a4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}}。因此前七项可写成三对对称项再加中间项 a4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}},总和为 S7=3(2a4)+a4=7a4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{4}}

S7=(a1+a7)+(a2+a6)+(a3+a5)+a4=7a4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{7}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{4}}
(2)
由平均数求 a4

前七项平均数等于中间项。

详细展开:由 S7=35\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}S7=7a4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}},得到 a4=35/7=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5},所以选 D。

a4=S77=5选 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{7}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{7}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=43}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{D}}
6

一、选择题 · 三角函数

函数 f(x)=tan(x+π4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\tan \left(\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=27}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{4}}\right) 的单调增区间为 ( ) (A) (kππ2,kπ+π2),kZ\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=21}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=32}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=42}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=61}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{Z}} (B) (kπ,(k+1)π),kZ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=16}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=25}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{Z}} (C) (kπ3π4,kπ+π4),kZ\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=23}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=34}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=44}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{4}}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=63}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{Z}} (D) (kππ4,kπ+3π4),kZ\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=21}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=32}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=44}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{4}}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=63}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{Z}}

答案:C

题目标签:正切函数的单调区间

解题过程

求平移后正切函数的增区间

从基本正切函数的连续分支反解 x

(1)
写出基本正切函数的增区间

tanu\tan \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{u} 在每个连续分支上严格递增。

详细展开:正切函数在 u=π/2+kπ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=12}{\pi} 处无定义,相邻渐近线之间构成一个连续分支。因此增区间为 (π/2+kπ,π/2+kπ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=12}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=16}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=23}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)},其中 kZ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\in}\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Z}}

π2+kπ<u<π2+kπ-\frac\pi2+k\pi<u<\frac\pi2+k\pi
(2)
代入内部角并平移区间

u=x+π/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4},对双边不等式同时减去 π/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}

详细展开:由 π/2+kπ<x+π/4<π/2+kπ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=17}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=23}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=30}{\pi},得到 3π/4+kπ<x<π/4+kπ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=12}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=18}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=25}{\pi}。这正是选项 C。

x(kπ3π4,kπ+π4),kZ选 Cx\in\left(k\pi-\frac{3\pi}{4},k\pi+\frac\pi4\right),\quad k\in\mathbb{Z}\quad\Longrightarrow\quad\text{选 C}
7

一、选择题 · 圆与直线

从圆 x22x+y22y+1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0} 外一点 P(3,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 向这个圆作两条切线, 则两切线夹角的余弦值为 ( ) (A) 12\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} (B) 35\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}} (C) 32\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}} (D) 0

答案:B

题目标签:圆外一点的两切线夹角

解题过程

求圆外一点两切线夹角余弦

在对称直角三角形中先求半角,再使用二倍角公式

(1)
确定圆心、半径和点心距

先把圆的一般方程配方。

详细展开:x22x+y22y+1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0} 化为 (x1)2+(y1)2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1},所以圆心 O=(1,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}、半径 r=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}。对外点 P=(3,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)},有 OP=(31)2+(21)2=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{5}}

O=(1,1),r=1,OP=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{5}}
(2)
利用切线对称性求整角余弦

设两个切点为 A、B,令 α=APO\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=14}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{O}

详细展开:半径垂直切线,所以三角形 OAP\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{P} 在 A 处直角,且 sinα=OA/OP=1/5\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{/}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{5}}。两条切线关于 OP 对称,故 APB=2α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=18}{\alpha}。于是 cosAPB=12sin2α=12/5=3/5\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=11}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=32}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{5},选 B。

cosAPB=cos2α=12sin2α=35选 B\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=11}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=26}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=44}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{5}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=76}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{B}}
8

一、选择题 · 解三角形

ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C} 的内角 A,B,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C} 的对边分别为 a,b,c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c}, 若 a,b,c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c} 成等比数列, 且 c=2a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}, 则 cosB=\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} ( ) (A) 14\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}} (B) 34\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}} (C) 24\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}} (D) 23\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}}

答案:B

题目标签:等比边长与余弦定理

解题过程

由等比边长求角的余弦

先得到边长关系,再使用余弦定理

(1)
把等比条件化为平方关系

三个正数依次成等比数列时,中项平方等于两端乘积。

详细展开:三角形边长均为正,故由 a,b,c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c} 成等比数列得到 b2=ac\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{c}。再代入 c=2a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a},得 b2=2a2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}。这里无需直接取 b=2a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a},因为余弦定理本身使用边长平方。

b2=ac=2a2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}
(2)
用余弦定理计算 cos B

角 B 的邻边是 a、c,对边是 b。

详细展开:余弦定理为 b2=a2+c22accosB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{c}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{B},所以 cosB=(a2+c2b2)/(2ac)\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}。代入 c=2a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}b2=2a2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}},分子为 a2+4a22a2=3a2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}},分母为 4a2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}},结果为 3/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4},选 B。

cosB=a2+c2b22ac=3a24a2=34选 B\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{c}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{4}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=90}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{B}}
9

一、选择题 · 立体几何

已知各顶点都在一个球面上的正四棱柱高为 4, 体积为 16, 则这个球的表面积是 ( ) (A) 16π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\pi} (B) 20π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\pi} (C) 24π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\pi} (D) 32π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\pi}

答案:C

题目标签:正四棱柱的外接球

解题过程

求正四棱柱外接球表面积

由体积确定底边,再用空间对角线求球半径

(1)
求底面边长

正四棱柱的底面是正方形,体积等于底面积乘高。

详细展开:设底面边长为 s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}。由 s24=16\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=10}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{6}s2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4},故 s=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}。因此这个棱柱的三条相互垂直的棱长为 2,2,4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}

s24=16s=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=10}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=30}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}
(2)
由空间对角线确定球半径

长方体外接球的球心是体对角线中点,直径等于体对角线。

详细展开:空间对角线平方为 22+22+42=24\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{4},所以直径为 24=26\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{6}},半径 R=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6}}。球表面积为 4πR2=4π6=24π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{R}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=15}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=20}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=27}{\pi},选 C。

R=1222+22+42=6,S=4πR2=24π选 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{4}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=61}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{R}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=72}{\pi}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=92}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{C}}
10

一、选择题 · 二项式定理

(x12x)10\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}} 的展开式中, x4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}} 的系数为 ( ) (A) 120\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0} (B) 120 (C) 15\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5} (D) 15

答案:C

题目标签:二项式指定项系数

解题过程

求二项展开式指定幂的系数

写通项、匹配指数并计算组合系数

(1)
写出含 k 个第二项的通项

从 10 个因子中选 k 个 1/(2x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)},其余选 x。

详细展开:对应项为 (10k)x10k(1/(2x))k=(10k)(1)k2kx102k\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=}\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{k}}。指数之所以每选择一次第二项减少 2,是因为把一个 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 替换成了 x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}

Tk+1=(10k)(1)k2kx102k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{k}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{k}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{k}}
(2)
令指数等于 4 并求系数

解指数方程确定 k。

详细展开:由 102k=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}k=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}。因此系数为 (103)(1)3/23=120/8=15\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{5},选择 C。

k=3,(103)(1)323=15选 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\qquad \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{3}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{5}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=70}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{C}}
11

一、选择题 · 解析几何

抛物线 y=x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}} 上的点到直线 4x+3y8=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0} 距离的最小值是 ( ) (A) 43\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}} (B) 75\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{7}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}} (C) 85\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{8}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}} (D) 3

答案:A

题目标签:抛物线上的点到直线距离

解题过程

求抛物线上的点到直线的最短距离

参数化抛物线并将距离化为二次函数

(1)
写出任意点的距离公式

设抛物线上任意点为 P(x,x2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}

详细展开:点到直线 4x+3y8=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0} 的距离为 4x+3(x2)8/5=3x2+4x8/5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{5}。由于 3x24x+8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{8} 的判别式 1696<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0} 且二次项系数为正,它恒正,所以绝对值内的相反数恒负,距离可写成 (3x24x+8)/5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}

d(x)=4x3x285=3x24x+85\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{|}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{8}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{5}}
(2)
配方求二次函数最小值

开口向上的二次函数在顶点处取得最小值。

详细展开:配方得 3x24x+8=3(x2/3)2+20/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{3}。因此 d(x)=35(x2/3)2+4/34/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=34}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{3},当 x=2/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3} 时等号成立,选 A。

d(x)=35(x23)2+4343选 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=61}{\ge}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{3}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=92}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{A}}
12

一、选择题 · 三角形与最值

用长度分别为 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (单位: cm) 的 5 根细木棒围成一个三角形 (允许连接, 但不允许折断), 能够得到的三角形的最大面积为 ( ) (A) 85 cm2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{8} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}} \mathrm{~\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{m}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}} (B) 610 cm2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}} \mathrm{~\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{m}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}} (C) 355 cm2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}} \mathrm{~\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{m}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}} (D) 20 cm2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0} \mathrm{~\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}

答案:B

题目标签:木棒组三角形的最大面积

解题过程

确定木棒分组并最大化三角形面积

用海伦公式证明最优边长并验证可拼成

(1)
把面积最大化转成整数乘积最大化

五根木棒全部用于三边,所以周长固定为 20。

详细展开:设三边为 a,b,c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c},半周长 s=10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}。海伦公式给出 K2=10(10a)(10b)(10c)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}。令 x=10a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}y=10b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{b}z=10c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{c},三角形成立时 x,y,z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z} 为正整数,且 x+y+z=30(a+b+c)=10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}。因此只需让正整数乘积 xyz\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{z} 最大。若两数相差至少 2,把较大者减 1、较小者加 1 会使乘积增大,所以最均衡的分配是 3,3,4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4},最大乘积为 36。

K2=10xyz,x+y+z=10,xyz334=36\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=41}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=47}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=53}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{6}
(2)
验证最优边长可由木棒拼成

x,y,z=3,3,4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4} 对应边长 a,b,c=7,7,6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}

详细展开:现有木棒可以分为 6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6}2+5=7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{7}3+4=7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{7} 三组,恰好组成边长 6,7,7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{7} 的三角形,因此理论上界能够达到。面积平方为 10433=360\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0},故最大面积为 360=610cm2\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{6}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}}\,\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{m}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}},选 B。

(6,7,7)=(6,2+5,3+4),K=360=610选 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{6}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{0}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=70}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{B}}
13

二、填空题 · 函数奇偶性

已知函数 f(x)=a12x+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}, 若 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 为奇函数, 则 a=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=} ______.

答案:12\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}

题目标签:奇函数求参数

解题过程

由奇函数恒等式求常数

计算 f(x)+f(-x) 并令其恒为零

(1)
化简互为倒数的两个分式

奇函数满足 f(x)+f(x)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}

详细展开:f(x)=a1/(2x+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}。令 u=2x>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0},则 1/(2x+1)=1/(u+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)},而 1/(2x+1)=1/(u1+1)=u/(u+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{u}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}。两分式之和恒等于 1。

12x+1+12x+1=1u+1+uu+1=1\frac1{2^{x}+1}+\frac1{2^{-x}+1}=\frac1{u+1}+\frac u{u+1}=1
(2)
令 f(x)+f(-x)=0

将互补和代入奇函数条件。

详细展开:f(x)+f(x)=2a[1/(2x+1)+1/(2x+1)]=2a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}。要对所有 x 都等于 0,必须且只需 2a1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0},故 a=1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}

2a1=0a=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=21}{\Longrightarrow}\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}}}
14

二、填空题 · 立体几何

已知正四棱锥的体积为 12, 底面对角线长为 26\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6}}, 则侧面与底面所成的二面角等于______.

答案:6060^\circ

题目标签:正四棱锥的二面角

解题过程

求正四棱锥侧面与底面的二面角

计算高和底面中心到边的距离,在垂直截面中求角

(1)
由对角线和体积求棱锥高

设底面正方形边长为 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}、棱锥高为 h\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}

详细展开:正方形对角线满足 a2=26\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{6}},故 a=23\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}},底面积 a2=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}。由棱锥体积 V=13a2h=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2},得到 4h=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2},所以 h=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}

a=262=23,13a2h=12h=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{6}}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{,}\qquad \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=82}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{3}
(2)
在垂直于底边的截面内求二面角

取底面中心 O 和一条底边中点 M,连接顶点 S 与 M。

详细展开:在正四棱锥中,SO\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\perp} 底面,OM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\perp} 所取底边;等腰侧面中 SM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M} 也垂直该底边。因此 SMO\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{O} 就是侧面与底面的二面角。OM=a/2=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}}SO=h=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3},在直角三角形 SOM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{M} 中,tanSMO=SO/OM=3\tan\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=11}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}},故二面角为 6060^\circ

tantheta=SOOM=33=3theta=60\tan\\theta=\frac{SO}{OM}=\frac3{\sqrt{3}}=\sqrt{3}\Longrightarrow\\theta=60^\circ
15

二、填空题 · 不等式与线性规划

z=2yx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}, 式中变量 x,y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y} 满足下列条件: {2xy1,3x+2y23,y1,\left\{\begin{array}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=38}{\geqslant}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{,} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=63}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{,} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=82}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{,}\end{array}\right.z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} 的最大值为______.

答案:11\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}

题目标签:线性规划求最大值

解题过程

在线性可行域上求目标函数最大值

求边界交点并逐点比较

(1)
改写约束并求可行域顶点

线性目标函数的最值在多边形可行域的顶点取得。

详细展开:约束可写为 y2x+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}y(233x)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}y1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}。三条边界两两相交:y=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}y=2x+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}(0,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}y=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}3x+2y=23\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}(7,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}y=2x+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}3x+2y=23\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3} 联立得 x=3,y=7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{7}。三点均满足全部不等式,构成可行域顶点。

(0,1),(7,1),(3,7)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\qquad\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\qquad\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}
(2)
计算三个顶点的 z 值

把顶点代入 z=2yx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}

详细展开:在 (0,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}z=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2};在 (7,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}z=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5};在 (3,7)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}z=143=11\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}。比较可知最大值为 11,并在 (3,7)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 处取得。

z(0,1)=2,z(7,1)=5,z(3,7)=11zmax=11\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=56}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{z}_{\max}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{1}
16

二、填空题 · 排列组合

安排 7 位工作人员在 5 月 1 日至 5 月 7 日值班, 每人值班一天, 其中甲、乙二人都不安排在 5 月 1 日和 2 日, 不同的安排方法共有______种. (用数字作答)

答案:2400\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}

题目标签:受限值班排列

解题过程

计算受限值班排列数

先安排受限制人员,再排列其余人员

(1)
安排甲、乙到允许日期

甲、乙都不能排在前两天,因此只能从后五天选择。

详细展开:甲、乙是不同的人,日期也有先后区别。先给甲选一个允许日期有 5 种,再给乙从剩下 4 个允许日期中选择,有 5×4=A52=20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=7}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0} 种。

A52=5×4=20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=17}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}
(2)
排列其余五人并使用乘法原理

甲、乙占好两天后,恰有五个日期留给五名不同工作人员。

详细展开:其余五人可在剩余五天任意全排列,共有 5!=120\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{!}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0} 种。前后两阶段独立连续完成,所以总数为 20×120=2400\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}

A525!=20×120=2400\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=14}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{!}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=25}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0}
17

三、解答题 · 数列

已知 {an}\left\{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}}\right\} 为等比数列, a3=2,a2+a4=203\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{3}}, 求 {an}\left\{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}}\right\} 的通项公式.

答案:两种通项

题目标签:等比数列通项

解题过程

求等比数列的两种通项

以第三项为基准建立关于公比的方程

(1)
用公比表示相邻项

设等比数列公比为 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}。因 a3=20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0},所以 q0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}

详细展开:以第三项为基准,a2=a3/q=2/q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{q}a4=a3q=2q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{q}。代入 a2+a4=20/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3},得到 2/q+2q=20/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}。乘以 3q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{q} 后为 6+6q2=20q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{q},即 3q210q+3=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}

3q210q+3=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}
(2)
解公比并分别写通项

二次方程可能给出两个合法公比,都要保留。

详细展开:分解 3q210q+3=(3q1)(q3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)},得 q=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}q=1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}。以 a3=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} 写通项最简洁:an=a3qn3=2qn3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}}。因此有两种数列,分别为 23n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}}2(1/3)n3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}}

an=23n3an=2(13)n3\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}}}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{或}}\quad\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{2}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{3}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{3}}}
18

三、解答题 · 三角函数

ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C} 的三个内角为 A,B,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}, 求当 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 为何值时, cosA+2cosB+C2\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2} \cos \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{C}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}} 取得最大值, 并求出这个最大值.

答案:A=\frac\pi3,最大值为\frac32

题目标签:三角函数式的最大值

解题过程

求三角形内角表达式的最大值

用内角和降元,再配方确定等号条件

(1)
利用 B+C=π-A 化为单变量

三角形内角和可消去 B、C。

详细展开:因为 B+C=πA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A},所以 cosB+C2=cos(π2A2)=sinA2\cos\frac{B+C}{2}=\cos(\frac\pi2-\frac{A}{2})=\sin\frac{A}{2}。原式化为 cosA+2sin(A/2)\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}。再令 t=sin(A/2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}。由于 0<A<π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\pi},有 0<t<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1},且 cosA=12sin2(A/2)=12t2\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}

E=cosA+2cosB+C2=12t2+2t,t=sinA2(0,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\cos\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{C}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{=}\sin\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{A}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=67}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{)}
(2)
配方并还原 A

对关于 t 的二次式配方。

详细展开:12t2+2t=322(t12)232\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=47}{\le}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{2}}。当且仅当 t=1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2} 时取等号。因 A/2(0,π/2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=12}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}sin(A/2)=1/2\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2} 唯一给出 A/2=π/6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6},即 A=π/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}

E=322(t12)232,A=π3E=\frac{3}{2}-2\left(t-\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2}\le\frac{3}{2},\qquad A=\frac\pi3
19

三、解答题 · 概率统计

A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B} 是治疗同一种疾病的两种药, 用若干试验组进行对比试验. 每个试验组由 4 只小白鼠组成, 其中 2 只服用 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}, 另 2 只服用 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}, 然后观察疗效. 若在一个试验组中, 服用 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 有效的小白鼠的只数比服用 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 有效的多, 就称该试验组为甲类组. 设每只小白鼠服用 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 有效的概率为 23\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}, 服用 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 有效的概率为 12\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}. (1) 求一个试验组为甲类组的概率; (2) 观察 3 个试验组, 求这 3 个试验组中至少有一个甲类组的概率.

答案:(1)\frac49;(2)\frac{604}{729}

题目标签:独立重复试验概率

解题过程

(1)求一个试验组为甲类组的概率

建立两个二项分布并枚举严格大于的情形

(1)
写出两种药有效只数的分布

设服用 A、B 后有效的小白鼠只数分别为 X,Y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{Y}

详细展开:同组中两只服 A 的小白鼠独立且单只有效率为 2/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3},故 XB(2,2/3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\sim }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}P(X=0)=1/9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{9}P(X=1)=4/9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{9}P(X=2)=4/9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{9}。同理 YB(2,1/2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\sim }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}:概率依次为 1/4,1/2,1/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}。两组小白鼠相互独立,所以 X、Y 独立。

XB(2,23),YB(2,12)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\sim }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{Y}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=47}{\sim }\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{B}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{,}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{2}}\right)
(2)
枚举 X>Y 的全部情形

甲类组要求 A 的有效只数严格多于 B。

详细展开:合法组合只有 (X,Y)=(1,0),(2,0),(2,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Y}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}。利用独立性,概率为 (4/9)(1/4)+(4/9)(1/4)+(4/9)(1/2)=1/9+1/9+2/9=4/9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{9}。也可合并后两项为 P(X=2)P(Y1)=(4/9)(3/4)=1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Y}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=12}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{3},再加 1/9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{9}

P(X>Y)=4914+4934=49\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{Y}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=23}{\cdot}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=51}{\cdot}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{=}\boxed{\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{9}}}

(2)求三个试验组中至少有一个甲类组的概率

使用对立事件计算至少一次成功

(1)
确定单组非甲类概率

由第 (1) 问,单组为甲类组的概率为 4/9。

详细展开:单组不是甲类组的概率为 14/9=5/9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{9}。三个试验组独立,因此“三组都不是甲类组”的概率是三个 5/9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{9} 的乘积。

P(单组非甲类)=59,P(三组均非甲类)=(59)3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{单}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{组}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{非}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{甲}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{类}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{(}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{三}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{组}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{均}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{非}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{甲}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{类}}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{=}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{9}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{3}}
(2)
用 1 减去对立事件概率

总概率减去三组都不是甲类组的概率。

详细展开:所求概率为 1(5/9)3=1125/729=604/729\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{9}。该值包含恰有 1、2、3 个甲类组的全部情况,且互不遗漏。

P(至少一个甲类组)=1(59)3=604729\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{至}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{少}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{一}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{个}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{甲}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{类}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{组}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{9}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{=}\boxed{\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{9}}}
20

三、解答题 · 立体几何

如图,l1,l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 是互相垂直的异面直线,MN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N} 是它们的公垂线段. 点 A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 上,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 上,AM=MB=MN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{N}. (1) 证明:ACNB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}; (2) 若 ACB=60\angle ACB = 60^\circ,求 NB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 与平面 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} 所成角的余弦值.

原卷图示 1
原卷图示 1原卷第 2 页 · qwen3.7-plus_layout_detection · 需复核

答案:(1)见证明;(2)\frac{\sqrt6}{3}

题目标签:异面直线与线面角

解题过程

(1)证明 AC 垂直 NB

利用公垂线和异面直线建立正交坐标系

(1)
建立与几何关系一致的坐标

设公共长度 AM=MB=MN=d>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0},以 M 为原点。

详细展开:取 l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 为 x 轴,则可设 A=(d,0,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}B=(d,0,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}。取 MN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N} 为 y 轴正方向,故 N=(0,d,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}。因为 MN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N}l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 的公垂线且 l1l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 同时垂直 x、y 方向,可取为过 N 且平行 z 轴的直线,于是设 C=(0,d,t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)},其中 t0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}

A=(d,0,0), B=(d,0,0), M=(0,0,0), N=(0,d,0), C=(0,d,t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=13}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=25}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=37}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=49}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{)}
(2)
计算方向向量点积

分别写出 AC 与 NB 的方向向量。

详细展开:AC=CA=(d,d,t)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{C}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}NB=BN=(d,d,0)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}。点积为 d2d2+0=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}。两向量均非零,因此对应直线垂直,即 ACNB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}

ACNB=(d,d,t)(d,d,0)=0ACNB\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{C}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=24}{\cdot}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=56}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=82}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=90}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{B}

(2)求 NB 与平面 ABC 所成角的余弦

先由 60° 条件求参数,再用法向量计算线面角

(1)
由角 ACB=60° 求 t 与 d 的关系

在点 C 处使用向量 CA\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}}CB\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{B}}

详细展开:CA=(d,d,t)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)}CB=(d,d,t)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}。二者点积为 t2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}},长度都为 2d2+t2\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}}。由夹角余弦等于 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2},有 t2/(2d2+t2)=1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2},解得 t2=2d2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}

cos60=t22d2+t2=12t2=2d2\cos60^\circ=\frac{t^{2}}{2d^{2}+t^{2}}=\frac{1}{2}\Longrightarrow t^{2}=2d^{2}
(2)
用平面法向量求线面角

设 NB 与平面 ABC 所成锐角为 θ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta}

详细展开:平面 ABC 内有 AB=(2d,0,0)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}AC=(d,d,t)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{C}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)},可取法向量 n=(0,t,d)\boldsymbol n=(0,-t,d)。方向向量 v=NB=(d,d,0)\boldsymbol v=\overrightarrow{NB}=(d,-d,0)。于是 sinθ=vn/(vn)=dt/(d2t2+d2)\sin\theta=|\boldsymbol v\cdot\boldsymbol n|/(|\boldsymbol v||\boldsymbol n|)=|dt|/(d\sqrt{2}\sqrt{t^{2}+d^{2}})。代入 t2=2d2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}sinθ=1/3\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}},故 cosθ=11/3=6/3\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}

sintheta=13costheta=63\sin\\theta=\frac1{\sqrt{3}}\Longrightarrow\boxed{\cos\\theta=\frac{\sqrt{6}}{3}}
21

三、解答题 · 圆锥曲线

P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 是椭圆 x2a2+y2=1 (a>1)\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=34}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)} 短轴的一个端点,Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q} 为椭圆上一个动点,求 PQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|} 的最大值.

答案:分段最大值

题目标签:椭圆上的距离最大值

解题过程

求椭圆上一点到短轴端点的最大距离

参数化椭圆,将距离平方化为区间上的二次函数

(1)
参数化动点并写距离平方

不妨取短轴上端点 P=(0,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)},另一端情形由对称性相同。

详细展开:设椭圆上 Q=(acosθ,sinθ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=14}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=25}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)},令 t=sinθ[1,1]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=15}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{]}。则 PQ2=a2cos2θ+(sinθ1)2=a2(1t2)+(t1)2=(1a2)t22t+a2+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\cos^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=28}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{(}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=40}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{1}。最大化距离等价于最大化这个平方。

D2(t)=(1a2)t22t+a2+1,1t1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=48}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=52}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{1}
(2)
判断二次函数顶点是否落在区间内

a>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1},二次项系数 1a2<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0},函数开口向下。

详细展开:顶点横坐标为 t0=1/(a21)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}。当 1<a2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\le}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} 时,t01\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=8}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1},区间最大值在 t=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} 处,D2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4},故 Dmax=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}_{\max}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}。当 a>2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 时,1<t0<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0},顶点在区间内,代入得 Dmax2=a2+1+1/(a21)=a4/(a21)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}_{\max}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)},故 Dmax=a2/a21\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}_{\max}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}}a=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 时两式都给 2。

Dmax={2,1<a2,a2a21,a>2.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}_{\max}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\begin{cases}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,}&\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=31}{\le}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{,}\\[2mm]\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{2}}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{,}&\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{>}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{.}\end{cases}
22

三、解答题 · 导数

a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 为实数,函数 f(x)=x3ax2+(a21)x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{x}(,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}(1,+)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} 都是增函数,求 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 的取值范围.

答案:a\le-\sqrt{\frac32}\text{ 或 }a\ge1

题目标签:函数增性求参数

解题过程

由两个区间上的增性求参数范围

分析导数二次函数在负半轴上的非负条件

(1)
求导并转化为导数非负

多项式在开区间上递增,要求导数在该区间内不为负。

详细展开:f(x)=3x22ax+a21\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1},记为 q(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}。若 q 在某点小于 0,由连续性可知附近函数递减,与题设矛盾;反之 q 在区间内非负且只可能孤立取零,则 f 严格递增。因此需同时满足 q(x)0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0} 对所有 x<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 和所有 x>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}

q(x)=3x22ax+a210(x<0 或 x>1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=26}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=38}{\ }\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{或}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=48}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{)}
(2)
处理负半轴上的条件

q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 的顶点横坐标为 x0=a/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3},顶点值为 2a2/31\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}

详细展开:若 a0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0},顶点不在 (,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} 内,q 在负半轴上越靠近 0 越小,故需 q(0)=a210\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=15}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0},结合 a0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}。若 a<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0},顶点位于负半轴,需顶点值 2a2/310\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=13}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0},即 a23/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=8}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2};结合 a<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}a3/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}

x<0:a(,32][1,+)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{:}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=14}{\in}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=27}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\sqrt{\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}}}\right]\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=58}{\cup}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=68}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{)}
(3)
检查正区间条件并取交集

还需验证 x>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 不会带来额外限制。

详细展开:若 a3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3},顶点 a/31\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1},q 在 x>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 上递增,其下确界为 q(1)=a22a+2=(a1)2+1>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}。若 a>3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3},顶点在 x>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 内,但顶点值 2a2/31>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}。所以该区间对任意实数 a 都满足要求。最终范围就是负半轴给出的范围。边界参数时导数只在孤立点为零,函数仍严格递增。

a32a1\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\sqrt{\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}}}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{或}}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=53}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1}}