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2006 年高考数学(全国卷 2文科)

exams_raw/普通高考/2006/2006全国2文(黑龙江,吉林,贵州,新疆,内蒙古,青海,云南,西藏,宁夏,甘肃).pdf · HS-MATH-1024-v2.1-solution-aware

2226 个小问/题组
1

一、选择题 · 平面向量

已知向量 a=(4,2)\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)},向量 b=(x,3)\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{b}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)},且 a//b\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/} \boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{b}},则 x=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} ( ) (A) 9 (B) 6 (C) 5 (D) 3

答案:B

题目标签:平面向量平行

解题过程

由向量平行求未知坐标

把平行条件写成坐标行列式为零

(1)
写出向量平行的坐标条件

二维非零向量平行时,对应坐标成比例,也可写成交叉乘积为零。

详细展开:对 a=(4,2)\boldsymbol a=(4,2)b=(x,3)\boldsymbol b=(x,3),若直接写比例就是 4/x=2/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3};为避免 x=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 时比例式无意义,统一使用行列式条件 432x=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}。向量 a 显然非零,所以该条件正好刻画两向量平行。

ab    432x=0\boldsymbol a\parallel\boldsymbol b\iff 4\cdot3-2x=0
(2)
解一次方程并核验选项

平行条件已经化为只含 x 的一次方程。

详细展开:由 122x=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}2x=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2},所以 x=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}。代回得到 b=(6,3)=32(4,2)=32a\boldsymbol b=(6,3)=\frac{3}{2}(4,2)=\frac{3}{2}\boldsymbol a,确实与 a 同方向,故选择 B。代回检验同时排除了交叉相乘中的计算错误。

x=6,b=32a选 Bx=6,\qquad \boldsymbol b=\frac{3}{2}\boldsymbol a\quad\Longrightarrow\quad\text{选 B}
2

一、选择题 · 集合

已知集合 M={xx<3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=20}{\}}N={xlog2x>1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\mid }\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=29}{\}},则 MN=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} ( ) (A) \htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=11}{\varnothing} (B) {x0<x<3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=20}{\}} (C) {x1<x<3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=20}{\}} (D) {x2<x<3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=20}{\}}

答案:D

题目标签:集合与对数不等式

解题过程

求两个集合的交集

先解对数不等式,再与区间相交

(1)
求 N 的元素范围

底数 2 大于 1,对数函数严格递增。

详细展开:log2x>1\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1} 先要求 x>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0},再由单调性等价为 x>21=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2},故 N=(2,+)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}

N=(2,+)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}
(2)
与 M 取公共部分

M=(,3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}

详细展开:交集中的数必须同时属于两个集合,因此既要满足 x<3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3},又要满足 x>2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2},合并为 2<x<3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}。两个不等式都是严格不等式,端点 2、3 均不能取,所以 MN=(2,3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)},选 D。

MN=(2,3)选 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=33}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{D}}
3

一、选择题 · 三角函数

函数 y=sin2xcos2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x} \cos \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x} 的最小正周期是 ( ) (A) 2π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi} (B) 4π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi} (C) π4\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4}} (D) π2\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}

答案:D

题目标签:三角函数周期

解题过程

求三角函数最小正周期

用二倍角积化成单一正弦

(1)
使用二倍角公式

乘积 sin2xcos2x\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x} 可由 2sinucosu=sin2u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{u} 化简。

详细展开:取 u=2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x},有 y=12sin4x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}。系数 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} 只改变振幅,不改变周期。

y=12sin4x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}
(2)
由角频率读取周期

sin(ωx)\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\omega }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)} 的最小正周期为 2π/ω\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\omega}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|}

详细展开:这里 ω=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4},所以 T=2π/4=π/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=12}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2},选 D。

T=2π4=π2选 DT=\frac{2\pi}{4}=\frac\pi2\quad\Longrightarrow\quad\text{选 D}
4

一、选择题 · 函数

如果函数 y=f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 的图象与函数 y=32x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x} 的图象关于坐标原点对称,则 y=f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 的表达式为 ( ) (A) y=2x3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3} (B) y=2x+3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3} (C) y=2x+3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3} (D) y=2x3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}

答案:D

题目标签:函数图象的中心对称

解题过程

求关于原点对称后的函数

跟踪一般点的横纵坐标并消去参数

(1)
写出原图象上一点及其对称点

先在已知直线 y=32x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x} 上取一个一般点,再使用原点对称的坐标规则。

详细展开:设已知图象上的横坐标为 t,则点为 (t,32t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}。关于原点对称后,横坐标和纵坐标都变号,得到 (t,3+2t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}。题意说明这些对称点构成 y=f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 的图象。只把纵坐标变号会得到关于 x 轴对称,并不符合题意。

(t,32t)(t,3+2t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=15}{\mapsto}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}
(2)
改用新横坐标写解析式

令对称点的新横坐标为 x,并把旧参数 t 消去。

详细展开:由 x=t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}t=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}。将它代入新纵坐标 3+2t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t},得到 y=3+2(x)=2x3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3},即 f(x)=2x3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3},选择 D。也可用函数变换公式 f(x)=g(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} 核验:[32(x)]=32x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}

f(x)=[32(x)]=2x3选 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=41}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{D}}
5

一、选择题 · 圆锥曲线

已知 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C} 的顶点 B,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C} 在椭圆 x23+y2=1\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1} 上,顶点 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 是椭圆的一个焦点,且椭圆的另外一个焦点在 BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 边上,则 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C} 的周长是 ( ) (A) 23\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}} (B) 6 (C) 43\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}} (D) 12

答案:C

题目标签:椭圆焦点定义

解题过程

利用椭圆焦点定义求周长

把 BC 按另一焦点拆分

(1)
确定长半轴并使用焦点和

椭圆 x2/3+y2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1} 的长半轴 a=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}}

详细展开:设 A 为焦点 F1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}},另一个焦点为 F2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}。椭圆上任一点 X 满足 XF1+XF2=2a=23\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}},所以对 B、C 分别有 BF1+BF2=23\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}}CF1+CF2=23\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}}

BF1+BF2=CF1+CF2=23\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{3}}
(2)
把三角形周长重组

F2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 位于线段 BC 上。

详细展开:因此 BC=BF2+F2C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{C}。三角形周长 BF1+CF1+BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{C} 可重组为 (BF1+BF2)+(CF1+CF2)=43\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{4}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{3}},选 C。

LABC=43选 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{C}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=47}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{C}}
6

一、选择题 · 数列

已知等差数列 {an}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} 中,a2=7,a4=15\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{5},则前 10 项的和 S10=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} ( ) (A) 100 (B) 210 (C) 380 (D) 400

答案:B

题目标签:等差数列求和

解题过程

求等差数列前十项和

先由两项之差求公差,再代入求和公式

(1)
由 a2 与 a4 求首项、公差

设首项为 a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}、公差为 d,把已知两项写成 a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 与 d。

详细展开:等差数列通项是 an=a1+(n1)d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{d},所以 a2=a1+d=7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{7}a4=a1+3d=15\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}。第二式减第一式,左边的 a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 消去,得 2d=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{8},于是 d=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4};再代回 a1+d=7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{7},得到 a1=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}

{a1+d=7,a1+3d=15d=4, a1=3\begin{cases}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{5}\end{cases}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=63}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=69}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{3}
(2)
代入前 n 项和公式

使用首项和公差形式的求和公式,并逐项核对括号。

详细展开:S10=102[2a1+(101)d]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{]}。代入 a1=3,d=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4},括号内为 23+94=6+36=42\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=14}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2},所以 S10=542=210\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0},选择 B。还可用末项 a10=39\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{9} 检查:10(3+39)/2=210\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}

S10=102(23+94)=210选 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=26}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=34}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{0}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=60}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{B}}
7

一、选择题 · 立体几何

如图,平面 α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\perp} 平面 β\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\beta}Aα,Bβ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=25}{\beta}AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 与两平面 α,β\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\beta} 所成的角分别为 π4\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4}}π6\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{6}}。过 A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B} 分别作两平面交线的垂线,垂足为 A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}',若 AB=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2},则 AB=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}' \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} ( ) (A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9

原卷图示 1
原卷图示 1原卷第 1 页 · manual_pdf_layout_review

答案:B

题目标签:垂直平面与线面角

解题过程

求线段在两平面交线方向的投影长度

分解为三个互相垂直的方向分量

(1)
由两个线面角求垂直分量

把两垂直平面的交线取作 x 轴,并把两平面分别看作 xy、xz 平面。

详细展开:设 AB=L=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}。AB 与平面 α 的夹角为 π/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4},所以垂直于 α 的分量长度为 Lsin(π/4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)};AB 与平面 β 的夹角为 π/6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6},所以垂直于 β 的分量长度为 Lsin(π/6)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}。这两个方向互相垂直,也都垂直于两平面的交线。

q2=L2sin2π4=12L2,p2=L2sin2π6=14L2q^{2}=L^{2}\sin^{2}\frac\pi4=\frac{1}{2}L^{2},\qquad p^{2}=L^{2}\sin^{2}\frac\pi6=\frac{1}{4}L^{2}
(2)
用空间勾股求 A'B'

AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}' 正是 AB 沿两平面交线方向的分量。

详细展开:三个方向两两垂直,所以 L2=AB2+p2+q2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}'^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{p}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}。代入上一步,AB2=L2(11/41/2)=L2/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}'^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{L}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{L}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{4}。长度取正值,故 AB=L/2=12/2=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}'\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{6},选择 B。这里先算平方比例可避免直接处理根式。

AB=1211412=6选 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}'\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{6}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=61}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{B}}
8

一、选择题 · 函数

已知函数 f(x)=lnx+1(x>0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \ln \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)},则 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的反函数为 ( ) (A) y=ex+1(xR)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{R}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)} (B) y=ex1(xR)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{R}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)} (C) y=ex+1(x>1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)} (D) y=ex1(x>1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}

答案:B

题目标签:对数函数的反函数

解题过程

求对数函数的反函数

反解自变量并交换 x、y

(1)
由 y 反解 x

y=lnx+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} 出发。

详细展开:移项得 y1=lnx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x},两边以 e 为底取指数,得到 x=ey1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}。原函数值域为全体实数,所以反函数定义域是 R\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}}

x=ey1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}
(2)
交换变量并选择

把输入、输出变量互换。

详细展开:上一步的 x=ey1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}} 表示原输入由原输出决定。为按通常的函数记号写反函数,把其中的 x、y 名称互换,得到 y=ex1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}。原函数的值域是全体实数,所以反函数定义域为 xR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\in}\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{R}},故选 B。

f1(x)=ex1,xR选 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=28}{\in}\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{R}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=58}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{B}}
9

一、选择题 · 圆锥曲线

已知双曲线 x2a2y2b2=1\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1} 的一条渐近线方程为 y=43x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x},则双曲线的离心率为 ( ) (A) 53\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}} (B) 43\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}} (C) 54\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}} (D) 32\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}

答案:A

题目标签:双曲线渐近线与离心率

解题过程

由双曲线渐近线求离心率

把斜率转成 b/a,再使用 c²=a²+b²

(1)
读取渐近线斜率

标准双曲线 x2/a2y2/b2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1} 的渐近线为 y=±(b/a)x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\pm}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}

详细展开:已知其中一条斜率为 4/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3},故 b/a=4/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3},从而 b2/a2=16/9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{9}

ba=43\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}}
(2)
计算 e=c/a

双曲线满足 c2=a2+b2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}

详细展开:e2=c2/a2=1+b2/a2=1+16/9=25/9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{9}。离心率为正,故 e=5/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3},选 A。

e=1+169=53选 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{6}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{9}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=55}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{A}}
10

一、选择题 · 三角函数

f(sinx)=3cos2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-} \cos \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x},则 f(cosx)=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} ( ) (A) 3cos2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \cos \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x} (B) 3sin2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x} (C) 3+cos2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \cos \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x} (D) 3+sin2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}

答案:C

题目标签:复合函数与二倍角

解题过程

由复合函数关系求 f(cos x)

先确定 f 在 [-1,1] 上的表达式

(1)
把右端写成 sin x 的函数

使用 cos2x=12sin2x\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}

详细展开:f(sinx)=3(12sin2x)=2+2sin2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{x}。由于 sinx\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x} 能取遍 [1,1]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{]},故对该区间任意 t 都有 f(t)=2+2t2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}

f(t)=2+2t2,1t1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=27}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=31}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}
(2)
代入 cos x 并化简

cosx[1,1]\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{]},可代入上式。

详细展开:f(cosx)=2+2cos2x=2+(1+cos2x)=3+cos2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\cos^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{x},选 C。

f(cosx)=3+cos2x选 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=38}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{C}}
11

一、选择题 · 导数

过点 (1,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} 作抛物线 y=x2+x+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1} 的切线,则其中一条切线为 ( ) (A) 2x+y+2=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0} (B) 3xy+3=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0} (C) x+y+1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0} (D) xy+1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}

答案:D

题目标签:抛物线的切线

解题过程

求过定点的抛物线切线

设切点横坐标并使用导数写切线

(1)
用切点参数写切线方程

设切点横坐标为 t,切线斜率由导数在 t 处的值给出。

详细展开:对 y=x2+x+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1} 求导得 y=2x+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}。切点是 (t,t2+t+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)},斜率为 2t+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1},因此切线满足 y(t2+t+1)=(2t+1)(xt)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}。展开常数项后得到 y=(2t+1)xt2+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}

y=(2t+1)xt2+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}
(2)
代入定点并筛选选项

题目要求切线经过 (1,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)},把该点代入参数切线。

详细展开:代入得 0=(2t+1)t2+1=t22t=t(t+2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)},所以 t=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}t=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}。当 t=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 时,切线为 y=x+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1},即 xy+1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0},恰为选项 D;另一条为 y=3x3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3},不在给出的四个选项中。

t=0y=x+1xy+1=0选 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=19}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=44}{\Longleftrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{0}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=71}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{D}}
12

一、选择题 · 排列组合

5 名志愿者分到 3 所学校支教,要求每所学校至少去 1 名志愿者,则不同的分法共有 ( ) (A) 150 种 (B) 180 种 (C) 200 种 (D) 280 种

答案:A

题目标签:满射分配计数

解题过程

计算满射分配数

从全部分法中排除有学校为空的情况

(1)
计算不加限制的全部分法

5 名志愿者彼此不同,3 所学校也彼此不同,每人独立选择一所学校。

详细展开:第一名有 3 种选择,之后每名也各有 3 种选择,根据乘法原理共有 35=243\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3} 种。这一总数暂时允许某所学校无人,因此还没有满足“每所至少 1 人”的限制。把人或学校当成相同对象都会错误地减少计数。

Nall=35=243\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}_{\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{l}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3}
(2)
用容斥排除空学校

设事件 Ei\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 表示第 i 所学校无人,要求的是三个事件都不发生。

详细展开:固定一所学校为空时,每人只能选另外两所,共 25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}} 种,三所学校共有 325\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}} 种;但只剩一所学校有人的分法在前一步被重复减去,任取唯一有人的学校有 3 种,应加回。故满射数为 35325+3=150\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=12}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0},选择 A。

35(31)25+(32)15=24396+3=150选 A3^{5}-\binom31 2^{5}+\binom32 1^{5}=243-96+3=150\quad\Longrightarrow\quad\text{选 A}
13

二、填空题 · 二项式定理

(x4+1x)10\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{0}} 的展开式中常数项是______。(用数字作答)

答案:45\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}

题目标签:二项展开式常数项

解题过程

求二项展开式常数项

写通项并令 x 的指数为零

(1)
写出选择 k 个 1/x 的通项

从 10 个因子中选 k 个 x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}

详细展开:该项为 (10k)(x4)10k(x1)k=(10k)x405k\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=}\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{k}}

Tk+1=(10k)x405k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{k}}
(2)
令指数为零

常数项的 x 指数等于 0。

详细展开:常数项不含 x,所以必须令通项中的总指数 405k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k} 等于 0,解得 k=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{8}。这个整数位于 0k10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0} 的允许范围内,因此常数项确实存在,其系数为 (108)=(102)=45\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{5}

k=8,(108)=45\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\qquad \binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{5}
14

二、填空题 · 立体几何

已知圆 O1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 是半径为 R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R} 的球 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 的小圆,若圆 O1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 的面积与球 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 的表面积的比值为 29\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{9}},则线段 OO1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R} 的比值为______。

答案:13\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}

题目标签:球的小圆截面

解题过程

由面积比求小圆平面的位置

把小圆半径、球半径和球心距组成直角三角形

(1)
由面积比求截面圆半径

设小圆半径为 r,球半径为 R,先把给定面积比写成半径平方比。

详细展开:小圆面积为 πr2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}},球表面积为 4πR2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{R}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}。题设给出 πr2/(4πR2)=2/9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{R}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{9},约去 π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\pi} 后得到 r2/R2=8/9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{R}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{9}。这里分母是球的整个表面积,不是半径为 R 的大圆面积。

πr24πR2=29r2=89R2\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{R}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=56}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{8}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{R}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{2}}
(2)
用勾股关系求 OO1/R

球心 O 到截面圆圆心 O1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 的连线垂直截面平面。

详细展开:连接球面上任一截面圆点 P,则 OP=R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{R}O1P=r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{r},且三角形 OO1P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}O1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 处为直角,所以 OO12+r2=R2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{R}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}。代入 r2=8R2/9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{R}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{9},得 OO12=R2/9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{R}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{9};长度均为正,因此 OO1/R=1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}

(OO1R)2=189=19OO1R=13\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{R}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{8}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=74}{\Longrightarrow}\boxed{\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{O}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{R}}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{3}}}
15

二、填空题 · 圆与直线

过点 (1,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} 的直线 l\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l} 将圆 (x2)2+y2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{4} 分成两段弧,当劣弧所对的圆心角最小时,直线 l\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l} 的斜率 k=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} ______。

答案:22\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}

题目标签:圆中过定点最短弦

解题过程

求最小劣弧对应弦的方向

把弧角最小转为弦长最小,再最大化圆心到直线距离

(1)
确定最短弦经过点 P 的方向

圆心 O=(2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}、半径 2,点 P=(1,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)} 满足 OP=3<2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2},在圆内。

详细展开:过 P 的直线截圆所得弦长为 2R2d2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{R}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}},其中 d 是圆心到直线的距离。劣弧圆心角随弦长增大而增大,所以要使圆心角最小,应让弦长最小,即让 d 最大。过固定点 P 的直线到 O 的距离最大值为 OP,在直线垂直 OP 时取得。

l\perp OP

(2)
由垂直关系求斜率

直线 OP 的斜率为 (20)/(12)=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}}

详细展开:垂直直线斜率乘积为 -1,所以 k(2)=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1},得到 k=1/2=2/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}

k=12=22k=\frac1{\sqrt{2}}=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}
16

二、填空题 · 概率统计

一个社会调查机构就某地居民的月收入调查了 10000 人,并根据所得数据画了样本的频率分布直方图(如图)。为了分析居民的收入与年龄、学历、职业等方面的关系,要从这 10000 人中再用分层抽样方法抽出 100 人作进一步调查,则在 [2500,3000)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}(元)月收入段应抽出______人。

原卷图示 1
原卷图示 1原卷第 1 页 · manual_pdf_layout_review

答案:25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}

题目标签:频率直方图与分层抽样

解题过程

由频率直方图确定分层抽样人数

读取柱高乘组距得到频率,再按比例抽样

(1)
读取目标收入段的频率

直方图纵轴是“频率/组距”,不是频率本身。

详细展开:区间 [2500,3000)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} 的组距为 500,柱高为 0.0005,所以该组频率为 0.0005×500=0.25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{5},即总体中约 25% 位于该收入段。

p[2500,3000)=0.0005×500=0.25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=28}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{5}
(2)
按分层比例确定样本数

分层抽样保持各层在总体中的比例。

详细展开:进一步调查抽取 100 人,因此该收入层应抽 100×0.25=25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5} 人。也可先算总体该层约 2500 人,再按 1% 抽样率得到 25。

100×0.25=25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}
17

三、解答题 · 解三角形

已知 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C} 中,B=45,AC=10,cosC=255\angle B = 45^\circ, AC = \sqrt{10}, \cos C = \frac{2\sqrt{5}}{5}。 (1) 求 BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 边的长; (2) 记 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 的中点为 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D},求中线 CD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 的长度。

答案:BC=3\sqrt2,CD=\sqrt{13}

题目标签:正弦定理与三角形中线

解题过程

(1)求边 BC

先由 cos C 求 sin C,再连续使用正弦定理和角和公式

(1)
求角 C 的正弦并建立正弦定理比例

三角形内角 C 在 (0,π)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} 内,且余弦为正,所以 C 是锐角,正弦取正值。

详细展开:由 cosC=25/5\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{5},有 sinC=1cos2C=14/5=5/5\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\cos^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{C}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{5}。按标准记号,AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 是角 B 的对边,故外接圆直径比例为 AC/sinB=10/(2/2)=25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{5}}

sinC=55,ACsinB=25\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{5}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,}\qquad \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{C}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{5}}
(2)
求 sin A 并得到 BC

由于 A=π(B+C)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)},所以 sinA=sin(B+C)\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}

详细展开:展开得 sinA=sinBcosC+cosBsinC=22255+2255=310/10\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{B}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=}\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{5}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{+}\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{2}}\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{5}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{3}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=120,tutor-end=121}{0}。再由正弦定理 BC/sinA=25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{5}},得到 BC=25310/10=32\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=17}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{3}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}}

BC=25sinA=2531010=32\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=33}{\cdot}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{3}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{0}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{=}\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{3}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{2}}}

(2)求中线 CD

先整理三边,再使用阿波罗尼斯公式

(1)
求第三边 AB

在第一问已经得到统一比例 AC/sinB=25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{5}}

详细展开:边 AB 是角 C 的对边,所以 AB=25sinC=255/5=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=33}{\cdot}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}。现在三边平方分别为 AC2=10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}BC2=18\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{8}AB2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4},可以直接代入中线公式。

AB=2555=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=17}{\cdot}\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{5}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}
(2)
应用中线长度公式

D 是 AB 中点,CD 是从顶点 C 到边 AB 的中线。

详细展开:阿波罗尼斯公式给 CD2=[2CA2+2CB2AB2]/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{B}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{B}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{4}。代入三边平方,CD2=(210+2184)/4=52/4=13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=14}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=23}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{3}。中线长度为正,所以 CD=13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}}。也可由向量中点公式得到同一结果。

CD=12210+2184=13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=26}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=35}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=}\boxed{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{3}}}
18

三、解答题 · 数列

记等比数列 {an}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} 的前 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 项和为 Sn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}},已知 S4=1,S8=17\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{8}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{7},求 {an}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} 的通项公式。

答案:两组通项见解析

题目标签:等比数列前缀和

解题过程

确定等比数列的两组通项

利用前八项分成两个四项块,再分别求首项

(1)
把 S8-S4 写成 q4S4

设公比为 q。第 5 至第 8 项分别是前四项乘以 q4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}

详细展开:因此 S8S4=a5+a6+a7+a8=q4(a1+a2+a3+a4)=q4S4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{7}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{4}}。代入 S4=1,S8=17\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{7},得到 16=q4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}}。这个推导不需要先除以 1q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{q},所以也不会遗漏特殊公比。

S8=(1+q4)S4q4=16\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=36}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{6}
(2)
分别求两种公比下的首项

实数方程 q4=16\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{6} 给出 q=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}q=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2},两种情形都要代回 S4=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}

详细展开:当 q=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} 时,S4=a1(1+2+4+8)=15a1=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1},故 a1=1/15\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}。当 q=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2} 时,S4=a1(12+48)=5a1=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1},故 a1=1/5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}。两种首项均非零,确实构成等比数列。

(q,a1)=(2,115)(2,15)(q,a_{1})=\left(2,\frac1{15}\right)\quad\text{或}\quad\left(-2,-\frac{1}{5}\right)
(3)
写出通项并回代核验

等比数列通项是 an=a1qn1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}

详细展开:代入两组 (a1,q)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)},得到 an=2n1/15\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5},或 an=(2)n1/5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5}。前者前四项和为 1、后四项和为 16;后者同样有 S4=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1} 且后四项是前四项的 16 倍,所以 S8=17\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{7},两组答案都满足题设。

an=2n115an=(2)n15\boxed{a_{n}=\frac{2^{n-1}}{15}}\quad\text{或}\quad\boxed{a_{n}=-\frac{(-2)^{n-1}}5}
19

三、解答题 · 概率统计

某批产品成箱包装,每箱 5 件,一用户在购进该批产品前先取出 3 箱,再从每箱中任意取出 2 件产品进行检验。设取出的第一,二,三箱中分别有 0 件,1 件,2 件二等品,其余为一等品。 (1) 求抽检的 6 件产品中恰有一件二等品的概率; (2) 若抽检的 6 件产品中有 2 件或 2 件以上二等品,用户就拒绝购买这批产品,求这批产品被用户拒绝购买的概率。

答案:(1)\frac{12}{25};(2)\frac{17}{50}

题目标签:超几何抽样与拒购概率

解题过程

(1)求恰有一件二等品的概率

分别计算后两箱的超几何概率并合并互斥情形

(1)
建立第二、三箱抽样概率

第一箱没有二等品,所以二等品总数只由第二、三箱贡献。

详细展开:设第二、三箱抽到二等品数分别为 X、Y。第二箱有 1 件二等品、4 件一等品,抽 2 件,故 P(X=0)=(42)/(52)=3/5P(X=0)=\binom42/\binom52=3/5P(X=1)=(11)(41)/(52)=2/5P(X=1)=\binom11\binom41/\binom52=2/5。第三箱有 2 件二等品、3 件一等品,故 P(Y=0)=3/10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{Y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}P(Y=1)=3/5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{Y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}P(Y=2)=1/10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{Y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}

PX=(35,25),PY=(310,35,110)P_{X}=(\tfrac{3}{5},\tfrac{2}{5}),\qquad P_{Y}=(\tfrac3{10},\tfrac{3}{5},\tfrac1{10})
(2)
合并总数为一的两种情形

恰有一件二等品只可能是 (X,Y)=(0,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Y}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}(1,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}

详细展开:两箱抽样相互独立,所以每种情形的概率等于乘积;两种情形互斥,所以再相加。于是 P(X=0,Y=1)=3/53/5=9/25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{Y}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{5}P(X=1,Y=0)=2/53/10=3/25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{Y}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{5},总概率为 12/25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}

P(X+Y=1)=3535+25310=1225P(X+Y=1)=\frac{3}{5}\frac{3}{5}+\frac{2}{5}\frac3{10}=\boxed{\frac{12}{25}}

(2)求拒绝购买概率

计算总二等品数为 2、3 的概率并相加

(1)
分别计算总数为二和三的概率

拒购条件是至少 2 件,而 X 最大为 1、Y 最大为 2。

详细展开:当总数为 2 时,有 (X,Y)=(0,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{Y}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}(1,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)},所以概率为 3/51/10+2/53/5=3/50+12/50=3/10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=21}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{0}。当总数为 3 时只能是 (1,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)},概率为 2/51/10=1/25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}。这些情形已经覆盖所有可能。

P(X+Y=2)=310,P(X+Y=3)=125P(X+Y=2)=\frac3{10},\qquad P(X+Y=3)=\frac1{25}
(2)
累加互斥事件

总数为 2 与总数为 3 不可能同时发生,因此概率可以直接相加。

详细展开:把 3/10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}1/25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5} 通分到 50,分别得到 15/50\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}2/50\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0},所以拒购概率为 17/50\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}。该值约为 0.34,位于 0 与 1 之间,也小于“至少一件”的概率,数量级合理。

P(拒购)=310+125=1750P(\text{拒购})=\frac3{10}+\frac1{25}=\boxed{\frac{17}{50}}
20

三、解答题 · 立体几何

如图, 在直三棱柱 ABCA1B1C1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}} 中, AB=BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}, D,E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{E} 分别为 BB1,AC1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}} 的中点. (1) 证明: ED\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 为异面直线 BB1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}AC1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}} 的公垂线; (2) 设 AA1=AC=2AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{B}, 求二面角 A1ADC1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}} 的大小.

原卷图示 1
原卷图示 1原卷第 2 页 · manual_pdf_layout_review

答案:(1)见证明;(2)60^\circ

题目标签:直棱柱公垂线与二面角

解题过程

(1)证明 ED 是两异面直线的公垂线

用底面向量和侧棱向量表示中点

(1)
建立向量坐标

以 B 为原点,记 BA=u\overrightarrow{BA}=\boldsymbol uBC=v\overrightarrow{BC}=\boldsymbol v、侧棱向量为 w\boldsymbol w

详细展开:直棱柱中 w\boldsymbol w 垂直底面,所以它与 u、v 都垂直;又 AB=BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C},故 u=v\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}。点 D=w/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{w}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2},而 E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E} 是 A 与 C1 的中点,所以 E=(u+v+w)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{w}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2},从而 DE=(u+v)/2\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{E}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}

DE=12(u+v)\overrightarrow{DE}=\frac{1}{2}(\boldsymbol u+\boldsymbol v)
(2)
分别验证两组垂直

DE 位于底面方向,因此 DEBB1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}

详细展开:AC1=v+wu\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{w}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{u},故 DEAC1=12(u+v)(v+wu)=12(v2u2)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=36}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{w}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{0}。又 D 在 BB1 上、E 在 AC1 上,所以 ED 同时与两线垂直并连接两线,是公垂线。

DEBB1,DEAC1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=30}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}}

(2)求二面角 A1-AD-C1

由长度条件建立正交坐标并比较平面法向量

(1)
选取满足长度条件的坐标

AB=BC=s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{s}。由 AC=2s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{s} 及余弦定理知 ABC=90\angle ABC=90^\circ

详细展开:取 B=(0,0,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}A=(s,0,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}C=(0,s,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)},并令侧棱高 AA1=2s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{s}。则 A1=(s,0,2s)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}C1=(0,s,2s)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}D=(0,0,s/2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}

A=(s,0,0),D=(0,0,s/2),A1=(s,0,2s),C1=(0,s,2s)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{/}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{,}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{,}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{)}
(2)
计算两个平面的夹角

平面 A1AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D} 就是 y=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0},可取法向量 n1=(0,1,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}

详细展开:令 r=1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 并约去公共尺度,AD=(1,0,r)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{D}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}AC1=(1,1,2)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{)},可取平面 C1AD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D} 的法向量 n2=(r,r,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}。于是 cosθ=n1n2/(n1n2)=r/2=1/2\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=23}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{n}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{/}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{2},所求锐二面角为 θ=π/3=60\theta=\pi/3=60^\circ

theta=π3=60\boxed{\\theta=\frac\pi3=60^\circ}
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三、解答题 · 函数与不等式

已知 aR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{R}}, 二次函数 f(x)=ax22x2a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}. 设不等式 f(x)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0} 的解集为 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}, 又知集合 B={x1<x<3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=18}{\}}. 若 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=25}{\varnothing}, 求 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 的取值范围.

答案:a<-2或a>\frac67

题目标签:二次不等式与区间交集

解题过程

求二次不等式解集与区间有交点的参数

把“存在 x”改写为关于参数 a 的不等式并分区间取并集

(1)
把交集非空翻译为存在性条件

AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=21}{\varnothing} 的意思是存在某个 x(1,3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} 使 f(x)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}

详细展开:对固定的 x,把 f(x)=ax22x2a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a} 按参数 a 合并为 a(x22)2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x},所以条件是存在 x(1,3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} 满足 a(x22)>2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}。由于系数 x22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}x=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 处变号,除法前必须分成 (1,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}(2,3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} 两段。

x(1,3):a(x22)>2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=8}{\exists }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=12}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{:}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{x}
(2)
分析 1<x<√2 的负参数分支

在该区间 x22<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0},除法后不等号反向。

详细展开:条件化为 a<h(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)},其中 h(x)=2x/(x22)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}。求导得 h(x)=2(x2+2)/(x22)2<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0},所以 h 从 x1+x\to1^+ 时的极限 -2 严格下降到负无穷。存在某个 x 使 a<h(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 当且仅当 a<2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2};等号 a=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2} 时,所有 x>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 都有 h(x)<2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2},不能满足严格不等式。

1<x<2:x{a:a<h(x)}=(,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{:}\quad \bigcup_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=32}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=42}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=51}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{)}
(3)
分析 √2<x<3 并合并

在右侧区间 x22>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0},条件变为 a>h(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}

详细展开:同一导数说明 h 在 (2,3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} 上严格下降,从正无穷趋近 h(3)=6/7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{7}。由于 x=3 不在开区间内,实际总有 h(x)>6/7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{7},故存在 x 使 a>h(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 当且仅当 a>6/7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{7}。与左侧分支取并集,最终 a<2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}a>6/7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{7}。在 x=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}f(x)=22<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0},没有遗漏。

a(,2)(67,+)\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=27}{\cup}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{6}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{7}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=52}{\infty}\right)}
22

三、解答题 · 圆锥曲线

已知抛物线 x2=4y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y} 的焦点为 F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}, A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B} 是抛物线上的两动点, 且 AF=λFB(λ>0)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{F}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=28}{\lambda }\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{B}} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=57}{\lambda }\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{)}. 过 A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B} 两点分别作抛物线的切线, 设其交点为 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}. (1) 证明 FMAB\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{M}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=26}{\cdot }\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{B}} 为定值; (2) 设 ABM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{M} 的面积为 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}, 写出 S=f(λ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=11}{\lambda}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} 的表达式, 并求 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 的最小值.

答案:(1)0;(2)最小值4

题目标签:抛物线焦点弦与切线

解题过程

(1)证明 FM·AB 为定值

参数化抛物线并利用 F 分点条件

(1)
由向量比例求两个参数关系

抛物线 x2=4y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y} 的焦点为 F=(0,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)},参数点写成 (2t,t2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}

详细展开:设 A=(2t1,t12)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}B=(2t2,t22)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}。由 AF=λFB\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{F}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=27}{\lambda}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{B}},比较横坐标得 t1=λt2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=15}{\lambda }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}};比较纵坐标并代入,得到 t22=1/λ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=19}{\lambda},因此 t1t2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}

t1=λt2,t1t2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=15}{\lambda }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}
(2)
求切线交点并计算点积

参数 t 处切线为 y=txt2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}

详细展开:两切线联立得 M=(t1+t2,t1t2)=(t1+t2,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)}。于是 FM=(t1+t2,2)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{M}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)},而 AB=(t2t1)(2,t1+t2)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)}。点积为 2(t1+t2)(t2t1)2(t2t1)(t1+t2)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{0},是与 λ 无关的定值。

FMAB=0\boxed{\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{M}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=31}{\cdot}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{0}}

(2)求三角形面积关于 λ 的表达式与最小值

用参数差求面积,再以 AM-GM 求最小

(1)
把面积写成参数差的三次方

由坐标行列式计算 ABM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{M}

详细展开:从 M 出发,MA=(t1t2)(1,t1)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}MB=(t2t1)(1,t2)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}。行列式绝对值为 t2t13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}},所以 S=12t2t13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{3}}。由 t2=±1/λt_{2}=\pm1/\sqrt\lambdat1=λt_{1}=\mp\sqrt\lambda,有 t2t1=λ+1/λ|t_{2}-t_{1}|=\sqrt\lambda+1/\sqrt\lambda

S(λ)=12(λ+1λ)3=(λ+1)32λ3/2S(\lambda)=\frac{1}{2}\left(\sqrt\lambda+\frac1{\sqrt\lambda}\right)^{3}=\frac{(\lambda+1)^{3}}{2\lambda^{3/2}}
(2)
使用基本不等式求最小值

λ>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\lambda}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0},所以可用 AM-GM。

详细展开:λ+1/λ2\sqrt\lambda+1/\sqrt\lambda\ge2,当且仅当 λ=1/λ\sqrt\lambda=1/\sqrt\lambda,即 λ=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\lambda}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} 时等号成立。因此 S1223=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=20}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{4}

Smin=4(λ=1)\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{S}_{\min}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}}\qquad\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=32}{\lambda}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}