返回特征解读

2008 年高考数学(北京卷理科)

exams_raw/普通高考/2008/2008北京理.pdf · HS-MATH-1024-v2.1-solution-aware

2028 个小问/题组
1

一、选择题 · 集合论

已知全集 U=R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{R}},集合 A={x2x3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=24}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=36}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=39}{\}}B={xx<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}x>4}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=5}{\}},那么集合 A(UB)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\cap}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=23}{\complement}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{U}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{B}\right) 等于 ( ) (A) {x2x<4}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=22}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=27}{\}} (B) {xx3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=21}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}x4}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=15}{\}} (C) {x2x<1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=22}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=28}{\}} (D) {x1x3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=22}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=34}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=37}{\}}

答案:(D)

题目标签:集合的交集与补集运算

解题过程

求解集合 A(UB)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=19}{\complement}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{U}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}

计算集合 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 的补集,并求其与集合 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的交集

(1)
求集合 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 在全集 U=R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{U}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{R}} 下的补集 UB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=11}{\complement}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{U}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{B}

首先根据补集的定义,找出全集 R\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}} 中不属于集合 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 的元素构成的集合。

详细展开: 已知集合 B={xx<1 或 x>4}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{或} } \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=32}{\}}。 补集 UB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=11}{\complement}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{U}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{B} 包含所有不满足 "x<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}x>4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}" 的实数 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}。 根据逻辑非运算规则(德摩根律),"x<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}x>4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}" 的否定是 "x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}x4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}"。 因此,UB={x1x4}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=11}{\complement}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{U}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=22}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=29}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=42}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=54}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=57}{\}}。 注意端点值的处理:原集合不包含 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4},故补集必须包含这两个端点。

UB={x1x4}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=11}{\complement}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{U}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=22}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=29}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=42}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=54}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=57}{\}}
(2)
求集合 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}UB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=11}{\complement}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{U}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{B} 的交集

在得到 UB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=11}{\complement}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{U}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{B} 后,寻找同时属于集合 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}UB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=11}{\complement}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{U}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{B} 的元素。

详细展开: 已知 A={x2x3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=24}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=36}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=39}{\}}。 已求得 UB={x1x4}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=11}{\complement}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{U}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=22}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=29}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=42}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=54}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=57}{\}}。 交集 A(UB)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=19}{\complement}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{U}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)} 需满足以下不等式组: {2x31x4\begin{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=27}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=39}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{3} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=57}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=69}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{4} \end{cases} 取两个区间的公共部分: 下界:max(2,1)=1\max\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}; 上界:min(3,4)=3\min\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}。 因此,交集为 {x1x3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=22}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=34}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=37}{\}}。 对比选项,该结果对应选项 (D)。

A(UB)={x1x3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=19}{\complement}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{U}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=31}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=38}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=51}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=63}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=66}{\}}
2

一、选择题 · 函数性质

a=20.5,b=logπ3,c=log2sin2π5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\log _{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=23}{\pi}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=}\log _{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}} \sin \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=56}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{5}},则 ( ) (A) a>b>c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c} (B) b>a>c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c} (C) c>a>b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b} (D) b>c>a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}

答案:(A)

题目标签:指数与对数数值大小比较

解题过程

比较 a,b,c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c} 的大小

通过估算数值范围和利用单调性确定三个数的大小关系

(1)
分析 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b} 与常数 1 的关系

分别判断 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b} 是大于 1 还是小于 1,并进一步比较 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b} 的大小。

详细展开: 对于 a=20.5=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}: 因为 2>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1},所以 2>1\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}。具体数值约为 1.414\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}

对于 b=logπ3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=13}{\pi}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}: 因为底数 π3.14>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=4}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=12}{\approx }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1},对数函数 y=logπx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\pi}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x} 单调递增。 真数 3<π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\pi},所以 logπ3<logππ=1\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{<} \log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=24}{\pi}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=30}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}。 同时,因为 3>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1},所以 logπ3>logπ1=0\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{>} \log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=24}{\pi}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{0}。 故 0<b<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}

由此可得初步结论:a>1>b>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0},即 a>b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b}

a=2>1,0<b=logπ3<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=41}{\pi}} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1}
(2)
分析 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 的符号并与 a,b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b} 比较

判断 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 的正负性,从而确定其在排序中的位置。

详细展开: 对于 c=log2sin2π5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} \sin \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=29}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{5}}: 首先分析真数 sin2π5\sin \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=16}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5}} 的范围。 角度 2π5=72\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=27}{\circ}},位于第一象限 (0,π2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=13}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)} 之间。 在此区间内,正弦函数值满足 0<sin72<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=18}{\circ}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}。 具体来说,sin720.95\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=14}{\circ}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=24}{\approx }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{5}

接着分析对数值: 底数 2>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1},对数函数 y=log2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x} 单调递增。 因为真数 0<sin2π5<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \sin \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=20}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}, 所以 log2(sin2π5)<log21=0\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}} \left(\sin \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=31}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{5}}\right) \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{<} \log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{0}。 即 c<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}

综合以上分析: a>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1} 0<b<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} c<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}

因此,大小关系为 a>b>c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}。对应选项 (A)。

c=log2(sin2π5)<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} \left(\sin \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=35}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{5}}\right) \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{0}
3

一、选择题 · 函数概念

“函数 f(x)(xR)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{R}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)} 存在反函数”是“函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}R\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}} 上为增函数”的 ( ) (A) 充分而不必要条件 (B) 必要而不充分条件 (C) 充分必要条件 (D) 既不充分也不必要条件

答案:(B)

题目标签:反函数存在性与单调性的逻辑关系

解题过程

判断充分性和必要性

分析“存在反函数”与“在 R\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}} 上为增函数”之间的逻辑推导关系

(1)
分析必要性:若 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}R\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}} 上为增函数,是否一定存在反函数?

考察单调函数与一一映射的关系。

详细展开: 如果函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}R\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}} 上是增函数(严格单调递增),那么对于任意 x1,x2R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=17}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{R}},若 x1x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}},则必有 f(x1)f(x2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}。 这意味着 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 是单射(一一映射的一部分)。 根据反函数存在的充要条件:函数必须是定义域到值域的一一映射。 严格单调函数在其定义域上必然存在反函数。 因此,“f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}R\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}} 上为增函数” \htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=11}{\Rightarrow}f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 存在反函数”。 即后者是前者的必要条件,或者说前者是后者的充分条件。 等等,题目问的是:“存在反函数”是“增函数”的什么条件? 令 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}: 存在反函数,q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q}: 是增函数。 上述推导表明 qp\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=14}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{p} 成立。 所以 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 的必要条件。

f(x) 单调     f(x) 存在反函数f(x) \text{ 单调 } \implies f(x) \text{ 存在反函数}
(2)
分析充分性:若 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 存在反函数,是否一定在 R\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}} 上为增函数?

寻找反例,证明存在反函数的函数不一定是增函数。

详细展开: 函数存在反函数的充要条件是它是定义域上的——映射(即不同的 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 对应不同的 y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y})。 这并不要求函数必须是单调的,只要不出现“多对一”即可。 但在连续函数的情况下,若定义域是区间,存在反函数确实意味着严格单调。 然而,题目并未限定 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 是连续函数,甚至未限定是初等函数,只说是 xR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{R}} 的函数。 即使限制在常见函数范围内,我们也可以构造减函数的情况。 例如:f(x)=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}。该函数在 R\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}} 上存在反函数(即其本身),但它是减函数,不是增函数。 因此,“f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 存在反函数”不能推出“f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}R\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}} 上为增函数”。 即 pq\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=15}{\nRightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{q}。 所以 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} 不是 q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 的充分条件。

综上所述,“存在反函数”是“为增函数”的必要而不充分条件。

f(x)=x 有反函数但不是增函数\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{有}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{反}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{函}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{数}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{但}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{不}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{是}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{增}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{函}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{数}}
4

一、选择题 · 圆锥曲线

若点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 到直线 x=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} 的距离比它到点 (2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 的距离小 1,则点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 的轨迹为 ( ) (A) 圆 (B) 椭圆 (C) 双曲线 (D) 抛物线

答案:(D)

题目标签:抛物线定义的几何应用

解题过程

推导点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 的轨迹方程或识别几何特征

将距离关系转化为抛物线的标准定义形式

(1)
转化距离条件

将题设中的文字描述转化为数学表达式,并调整形式以匹配圆锥曲线的定义。

详细展开: 设点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 的坐标为 (x,y)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}。 点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 到直线 x=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1} 的距离为 d1=x(1)=x+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{|}。 点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 到点 F(2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} 的距离为 d2=(x2)2+y2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}}}。 题设条件为:d1=d21\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}。 移项得:d2=d1+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}。 即:点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 到点 (2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 的距离等于点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 到直线 x=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1} 的距离加 1。

我们需要构造一个“点到点的距离等于点到直线的距离”的形式。 注意到 x+1+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} 可以几何解释吗? 若 x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1},则 x+1=x+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1},此时 d2=x+1+1=x+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}x+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} 恰好是点 P(x,y)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 到直线 x=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2} 的距离(因为 x(2)=x+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2},且抛物线开口向右时 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 通常大于准线横坐标)。 让我们验证一下: 点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 到直线 x=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2} 的距离 d=x(2)=x+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}' \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{|}。 如果点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 在直线 x=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} 右侧(通常轨迹会在焦点和准线之间或外侧,此处焦点在 x=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2},准线候选在左侧),则 x>2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2},故 d=x+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}' \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}。 此时条件变为:P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 到点 (2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 的距离等于 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 到直线 x=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2} 的距离。

根据抛物线的定义:平面内与一个定点 F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} 和一条定直线 l\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l} 距离相等的点的轨迹是抛物线。 这里定点 F(2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)},定直线 l:x=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}。 点 F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} 不在直线 l\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l} 上(22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2})。 因此,轨迹是抛物线。

PF=d(P,x=2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}
(2)
排除其他圆锥曲线可能性

确认轨迹不是圆、椭圆或双曲线。

详细展开: 圆:到定点距离为常数,不符。 椭圆:到两定点距离之和为常数,或到定点距离与到定直线距离之比为常数 e(0,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}。本题比值为 1(经转化后)。 双曲线:到两定点距离之差为常数,或到定点距离与到定直线距离之比为常数 e>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}。 抛物线:到定点距离与到定直线距离之比为常数 e=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}

在步骤 1 中,我们推导出 PF=d(P,l)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{l}'\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)},其中 l\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}'x=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}。 这正是离心率 e=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 的情形。 故轨迹为抛物线。

为了严谨,我们可以写出方程: (x2)2+y2=x+2\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2} (假设 x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}) 两边平方:(x2)2+y2=(x+2)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}} x24x+4+y2=x2+4x+4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{4} y2=8x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x} 这是一个标准的抛物线方程。

故选 (D)。

y2=8x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}
5

一、选择题 · 线性规划

若实数 x,y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y} 满足 {xy+10,x+y0,x0,\left\{\begin{array}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=39}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{,} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=59}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{,} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=77}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{,}\end{array}\right.z=3x+2y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}} 的最小值是 ( ) (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 3\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}} (D) 9

答案:(C)

题目标签:线性规划与指数型目标函数最值

解题过程

求解 z=3x+2y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}} 的最小值

通过线性规划求出指数部分 u=x+2y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{y} 的最小值,进而求 z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} 的最小值

(1)
确定可行域并分析目标函数单调性

画出不等式组表示的平面区域,并利用复合函数单调性转化问题。

详细展开: 约束条件: 1) xy+10yx+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=20}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=34}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=46}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{1} 2) x+y0yx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=16}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=30}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=42}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{x} 3) x0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}

目标函数 z=3x+2y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{y}}。因为底数 3>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1},指数函数 y=3u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{u}} 是单调递增函数。 所以,要求 z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} 的最小值,等价于求指数 u=x+2y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y} 的最小值。

这是一个典型的线性规划问题:在可行域内求线性目标函数 u=x+2y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y} 的最小值。

u=x+2y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}
(2)
求解线性规划最优解

找出可行域的顶点,计算各顶点处 u=x+2y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{y} 的值,比较得出最小值。

详细展开: 联立边界直线方程求交点(顶点): 1. 直线 L1:xy+1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}L2:x+y=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0} 的交点: {xy=1x+y=02x=1x=12,y=12\begin{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{0} \end{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=62}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=82}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{2}} 顶点 A(12,12)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}。检查是否满足 x0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}120\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=23}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0},满足。

2. 直线 L2:x+y=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}L3:x=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0} 的交点: {x=0x+y=0x=0,y=0\begin{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0} \end{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=57}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{0} 顶点 B(0,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}。检查是否满足 xy+10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=20}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}00+10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=20}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0},满足。

3. 直线 L1:xy+1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}L3:x=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0} 的交点: {x=00y+1=0x=0,y=1\begin{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{0} \end{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=61}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{1} 顶点 C(0,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}。检查是否满足 x+y0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=16}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}0+10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=16}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0},满足。

可行域为三角形 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} 及其内部。 计算各顶点处 u=x+2y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y} 的值: - 在 A(12,12)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)} 处:uA=12+2(12)=12+1=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{2}}。 - 在 B(0,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} 处:uB=0+0=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}。 - 在 C(0,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} 处:uC=0+2(1)=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}

比较可知,u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} 的最小值为 12\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}

因此,z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} 的最小值为 312=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}^{\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}}。 对应选项 (C)。

zmin=31/2=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}_{\min} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}}
6

一、选择题 · 数列

已知数列 {an}\left\{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}}\right\} 对任意的 p,qN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{N}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{*}} 满足 ap+q=ap+aq\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{q}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{p}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{q}},且 a2=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{6},那么 a10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} 等于 ( ) (A) -165 (B) -33 (C) -30 (D) -21

答案:(C)

题目标签:抽象数列性质的应用

解题过程

利用数列性质求 a10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}

根据 ap+q=ap+aq\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{q}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{p}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{q}} 推导通项公式或特定项的值

(1)
推导数列的通项特征

分析递推关系 ap+q=ap+aq\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{q}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{p}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{q}},确定数列类型。

详细展开: 令 p=1,q=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1},则 a2=a1+a1=2a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}。 已知 a2=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{6},所以 2a1=6a1=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=24}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}

p=n,q=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1},则 an+1=an+a1=an3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{3}。 这表明数列 {an}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} 是一个首项 a1=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3},公差 d=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3} 的等差数列。

或者更直接地,对于满足 f(p+q)=f(p)+f(q)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)} 的函数/数列,其形式为正比例函数/等差数列(过原点)。 即 an=na1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=16}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}}。 验证:ap+q=(p+q)a1=pa1+qa1=ap+aq\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{p}} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{q}}。成立。

所以通项公式为 an=3n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}

an=na1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}
(2)
计算 a10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} 的值

代入通项公式或逐步递推计算目标项。

详细展开: 方法一:利用通项公式 an=3n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}a10=3×10=30\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=19}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}

方法二:利用累加性质。 a10=a5+5=a5+a5=2a5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{5}} a5=a2+3=a2+a3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}} 需先求 a3=a2+1=a2+a1=6+(3)=9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{6} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{9}a5=6+(9)=15\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{6} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5} a10=2×(15)=30\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}

方法三:直接倍数。 a10=10a1=10×(3)=30\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=30}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{0}

结果为 -30,对应选项 (C)。

a10=30\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}
7

一、选择题 · 平面几何与解析几何

过直线 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 上的一点作圆 (x5)2+(y1)2=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2} 的两条切线 l1,l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}},当直线 l1,l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 关于 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 对称时,它们之间的夹角为 ( ) (A) 30\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\circ}} (B) 45\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\circ}} (C) 60\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\circ}} (D) 90\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\circ}}

答案:(C)

题目标签:北京卷理科第 7 题

解题过程

求两切线夹角

确定满足对称性条件的切点位置,计算切线夹角

(1)
利用对称性确定切点位置

分析圆与直线的几何关系,利用对称性确定切点坐标或圆心到直线的距离关系。

详细展开: 圆的方程为 (x5)2+(y1)2=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2},圆心 C(5,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)},半径 r=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}。 直线 l:y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}xy=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}。 圆心 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 到直线 l\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l} 的距离 d=5112+(1)2=42=22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{4}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{2}}。 因为 d>r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r},所以直线与圆相离。 设切点为 T1,T2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}},切线为 l1,l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}},交点为 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}(在 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 上)。 题目条件指出 l1,l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 关于 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 对称。由于圆本身关于过圆心且垂直于 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 的直线不对称,但圆心 C(5,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 关于 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 的对称点 C(1,5)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} 不在原圆上,这似乎暗示我们需要更仔细地审视“对称”的含义。 实际上,若两条切线关于 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 对称,则切点 T1,T2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 也必须关于 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 对称。这意味着连接两切点的弦 T1T2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 垂直平分,或者切点本身就在某种对称位置上。 更直接的几何性质是:如果从直线 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 上一点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 引出的两条切线关于该直线对称,那么圆心 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 必须位于这条对称轴 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 上,或者点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}、圆心 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 以及对称轴有特殊的几何关系。 等等,圆心 C(5,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 并不在 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 上。让我们重新思考。 若 l1,l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 关于 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 对称,则它们的角平分线之一是 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}。对于从圆外一点引出的两条切线,其夹角的角平分线必然经过圆心。因此,直线 PC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 必须是 l1,l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 夹角的角平分线所在直线。 既然 l1,l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 关于 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 对称,那么 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 就是其中一条角平分线。因此,圆心 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 必须位于直线 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 上? 检查圆心坐标:C(5,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)},显然 51\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1},圆心不在 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 上。 这里存在一个逻辑陷阱。两条直线关于某直线对称,意味着该直线是这两条直线夹角的角平分线。从圆外一点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 向圆引两条切线,圆心 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 的连线 PC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 平分这两条切线的夹角。因此,直线 PC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 必须是 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 或者与 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 重合?不,是直线 PC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 与对称轴 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 重合。 也就是说,点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}、圆心 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 都在对称轴上?不对,只有当圆心在对称轴上时,从对称轴上任意一点引出的切线才关于对称轴对称。 如果圆心不在对称轴上,是否存在点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 使得切线关于 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 对称? 设 P(t,t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}。切线 l1,l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 关于 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 对称,等价于切点 T1,T2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 关于 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 对称。 设 T1(x0,y0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)},则 T2(y0,x0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}T1,T2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 都在圆上: (x05)2+(y01)2=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2} (y05)2+(x01)2=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2} 两式相减: (x05)2(x01)2+(y01)2(y05)2=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{0} (x0210x0+25)(x022x0+1)+(y022y0+1)(y0210y0+25)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{0} 8x0+24+8y024=0    8(y0x0)=0    y0=x0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{0} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{0}}。 如果 y0=x0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}},则 T1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 上。但圆与 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 相离(距离 22>2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{>} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}),圆上没有点在 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 上。 这说明不存在这样的切点? 让我们重新阅读题目:“过直线 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 上的一点... 当直线 l1,l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 关于 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 对称时”。 这可能意味着我们之前的推导“圆心必须在对称轴上”是针对“对于直线上所有点”或者“一般情况”。但对于特定点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P},是否可能? 回顾几何性质:从点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 引圆的两条切线,若切线关于直线 L\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} 对称,则圆心 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 关于 L\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L} 的对称点 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}' 必须满足什么? 其实,若切线关于 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 对称,则整个图形(圆+切线+点P)关于 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 对称吗?不一定,只有切线部分对称。但是,切点 T1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 关于 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 的对称点 T1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}' 必须也是切点。因为圆不是关于 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 对称的(圆心不在其上),所以 T1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}' 不一定在圆上。除非... T1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}' 也在圆上。即圆关于 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 对称?不,圆关于 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 对称当且仅当圆心在 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 上。此处圆心 (5,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 不在 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 上,所以圆关于 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 的对称图形是另一个圆 (x1)2+(y5)2=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}。 如果 l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 切原圆于 T1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}},且 l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 关于 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 的对称直线 l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 也切原圆于 T2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}},这意味着 l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 既切原圆,又是 l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 的镜像。这等价于 l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 切原圆,且 l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 的镜像切原圆。这通常要求原圆与其镜像圆有公切线。但这太复杂了。

让我们换一个角度: 设 P(t,t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}。圆心 C(5,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}PC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 的斜率 kPC=t1t5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5}}。 切线 l1,l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 关于 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 对称,意味着 l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 的倾斜角 α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha}l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 的倾斜角 β\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\beta} 满足 α+β=90\alpha + \beta = 90^\circ ? 不,关于 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} 对称的两条直线,若斜率存在且不为0,互为倒数。即 k1k2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}。 设切线方程为 yt=k(xt)    kxy+t(1k)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{0}。 圆心 (5,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 到切线距离为 2\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}5k1+ttkk2+1=2\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{|}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}} 平方:(5k1+ttk)2=2(k2+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)} 这是一个关于 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 的二次方程。设两根为 k1,k2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}。 由韦达定理,我们需要 k1k2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}。 整理方程: 令 A=5t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{t},常数项部分 B=t1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}。分子为 Ak+B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}(Ak+B)2=2k2+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2} A2k2+2ABk+B22k22=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{0} (A22)k2+2ABk+(B22)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{B}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{0} k1k2=B22A22=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1} B22=A22    B2=A2    B=A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{B}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{A}B=A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}。 Case 1: B=A    t1=5t    2t=6    t=3B=A \implies t-1 = 5-t \implies 2t=6 \implies t=3。 Case 2: B=A    t1=(5t)=t5    1=5B=-A \implies t-1 = -(5-t) = t-5 \implies -1=-5 (无解)。 所以 t=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3},点 P(3,3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}。 此时 A=53=2,B=31=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}。 方程为 (42)k2+2(4)k+(42)=0    2k2+8k+2=0    k2+4k+1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{0} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{0}。 判别式 Δ=164=12>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0},有两实根。 k1+k2=4,k1k2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}。 设夹角为 θ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta}tanθ=k1k21+k1k2\tan \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{|}(k1k2)2=(k1+k2)24k1k2=164=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{6} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{2}k1k2=12=23\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{3}}tanθ=231+1=3\tan \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{3}}。 所以 θ=60\theta = 60^\circ

tantheta=3    theta=60\tan \\\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}} \implies \\\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=52}{\circ}}
(2)
计算夹角并得出结论

根据求得的点 P 坐标和斜率关系,计算两切线夹角。

详细展开: 已求得 P(3,3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)},切线斜率满足 k2+4k+1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}。 两切线夹角 θ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta} 的正切值为 tanθ=k1k21+k1k2\tan \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \left| \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{2}}} \right|。 由韦达定理:k1+k2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}k1k2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}k1k2=(k1+k2)24k1k2=164=12=23\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{3}}tanθ=231+1=3\tan \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{3}}。 因为 θ[0,π/2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=18}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{]}(通常指锐角或直角,或者两直线夹角范围 [0,π/2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{]}),且 tanθ>0\tan \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0},故 θ=60\theta = 60^\circ。 对照选项,(C) 为 6060^\circ

theta=60\\\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\circ}}
8

一、选择题 · 立体几何与函数图象

如图,动点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 在正方体 ABCDA1B1C1D1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{D}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}} 的对角线 BD1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} 上. 过点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 作垂直于平面 BB1D1D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{D} 的直线,与正方体表面相交于 MN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{N}. 设 BP=x,MN=y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{y},则函数 y=f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 的图象大致是 ( ) (A) (B) (C) (D)

原卷图示 1
原卷图示 1原卷第 1 页 · qwen3.7-plus_layout_detection · 需复核
原卷图示 2
原卷图示 2原卷第 1 页 · qwen3.7-plus_layout_detection · 需复核

答案:B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}

题目标签:正方体对角线上动点截线段长度函数图象

解题过程

分析截面线段 MN 的长度变化规律

确定 y=f(x) 的函数解析式或变化趋势,从而选出正确图象

(1)
建立空间直角坐标系并确定关键平面与直线的方程

为了量化计算,建立空间直角坐标系。设正方体棱长为 1。以 D 为原点,DA, DC, DD1 所在直线分别为 x, y, z 轴。

详细展开: 1. 顶点坐标:D(0,0,0), A(1,0,0), B(1,1,0), C(0,1,0), D1(0,0,1), B1(1,1,1)。 2. 对角线 BD1 的方向向量:BD1=D1B=(1,1,1)\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{D}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{)}。其模长 BD1=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3}}。 3. 点 P 在 BD1 上,设 BP=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}。因为 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}D1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 运动,x[0,3]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{]}BP=x3BD1=(x3,x3,x3)\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{3}}} \vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{D}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{=} \left(\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{x}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{3}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{x}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{3}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{x}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{3}}}\right)。 所以 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 点坐标为 B+BP=(1x3,1x3,x3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \left(\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{x}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{3}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{x}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{3}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{x}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{3}}}\right)。 4. 平面 BB1D1D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D} 即对角面。该平面过 z 轴和直线 y=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} (在 xy 平面投影)。其法向量垂直于 DD1=(0,0,1)\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}DB=(1,1,0)\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}。易知法向量 n=(1,1,0)\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}。 5. 直线 MN 过点 P 且垂直于平面 BB1D1D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D},故直线 MN 的方向向量为 n=(1,1,0)\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}。 直线 MN 的参数方程为: X(t)=1x3+t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{t} Y(t)=1x3t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{t} Z(t)=x3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}}} 其中 t 为参数。

n=(1,1,0)\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}
(2)
求解直线 MN 与正方体表面的交点 M, N 及长度 y

直线 MN 平行于 xy 平面(z 分量为 0),且在高度 z=x3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}}} 的水平面上。我们需要找出该直线与正方体侧面(x=0, x=1, y=0, y=1)的交点。

详细展开: 1. 由于 Z(t)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 恒定,MN 位于水平截面 z=h\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{h} 上,其中 h=x3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}}}。 2. 直线方程在 xy 平面投影为:X+Y=2(1x3)=22h\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{Y} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{h}。这是一条斜率为 -1 的直线。 3. 正方体在 xy 平面的投影是单位正方形 [0,1]×[0,1]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{]}。 直线 X+Y=K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{Y} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{K} (其中 K=22h\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{h}) 截正方形所得弦长即为 MN 的长度 y。 注意:这里 MN 是垂直于对角面 BB1D1D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D} 的,也就是平行于另一条对角线 AC 的方向。在正方形截面中,垂直于对角线 BD 的弦长。 4. 让我们更仔细地看交点。直线方向 (1,1,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}。正方体表面由 x=0,x=1,y=0,y=1,z=0,z=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1} 围成。 因为 z=h\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{h} 固定,且 0h1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{h} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1},所以直线不会与上下底面 z=0,z=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1} 相交(除非在边界,但不影响长度计算逻辑,主要看侧面)。 实际上,当 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 在内部时,直线 MN 穿过正方体的四个侧面中的两个。 令 u=1x3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}}}。则 X=u+t,Y=ut\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{Y} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{t}。 交点满足 X,Y[0,1]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{Y} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{]}0u+t1    ut1u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=32}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=38}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{u} 0ut1    u1tu\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=33}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=39}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{u} 所以 t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} 的取值范围是 [max(u,u1),min(1u,u)]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\max\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \min\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{]}。 线段长度 y=tmaxtmin12+(1)2+02=2(tmaxtmin)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=30}{\cdot }\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{t}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{)}。 5. 分析 u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} 的变化: x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}3\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}}h\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}u=1h\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{h}1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}。 对称中心在 x=32\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}},此时 h=1/2,u=1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}

情形 1: 0x32\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}} (即 1/2u1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}) 此时 u1u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{u}u(u1)=1u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{u}? 不,比较端点: max(u,u1)\max\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}: 因为 u1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}, u1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=7}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}, u11/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}. 若 u>1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}, u1>u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{u} 是不一定的。 让我们代入具体值: 当 x=0(u=1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}: 范围 [max(1,0),min(0,1)]=[0,0]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\max\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \min\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{]} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{]}? 不对。 重算不等式: tu\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{u}tu1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}t1u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{u}tu\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}。 当 u[1/2,1]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{]}: u[1,1/2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=7}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{]}, u1[1/2,0]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{]}. 故 max(u,u1)=u1\max\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1} (因为 u1(u)=2u10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=22}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0})。 1u[0,1/2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{]}, u[1/2,1]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{]}. 故 min(1u,u)=1u\min\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{u} (因为 1uu=12u0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0})。 所以 t[u1,1u]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{]}。 长度 Δt=(1u)(u1)=22u=2h=2x3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{h} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{x}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{3}}}y=22x3=263x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\cdot }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{3}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{6}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{x}。 这是一个过原点的正比例函数,斜率为正。

情形 2: 32<x3\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=27}{\le }\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}} (即 0u<1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}) 此时 2u1<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0},所以 max(u,u1)=u\max\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{u}12u>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0},所以 min(1u,u)=u\min\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{u}。 所以 t[u,u]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{]}。 长度 Δt=u(u)=2u=2(1h)=2(1x3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{t} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{u} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{x}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{3}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{)}y=22(1x3)=22263x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{x}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{3}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{6}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{x}。 这是一个斜率为负的线性函数。

6. 结论: y=f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}[0,32]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{]} 上单调递增,在 [32,3]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{]} 上单调递减。 图象应为先升后降的折线(三角形形状)。 观察选项: (A) 曲线,凸向上。 (B) 折线,先升后降。 (C) 曲线,凹向上。 (D) 其他形状。 由于推导结果是分段线性函数(Linear),图象应由线段组成。故选 B。

y={263x,0x3222263x,32<x3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \begin{cases} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{6}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{,} & \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=49}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=55}{\le }\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{2}} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{6}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=110,tutor-end=111}{,} & \frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=126,tutor-end=127}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=130,tutor-end=131}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=133,tutor-end=134}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=135,tutor-end=136}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=137,tutor-end=141}{\le }\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=147,tutor-end=148}{3}} \end{cases}
9

二、填空题 · 复数代数运算

已知 (ai)2=2i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2} \mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{i}},其中 i\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} 是虚数单位,那么实数 a=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=} ______.

答案:1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}

题目标签:复数方程求解实数参数

解题过程

解复数方程求 a

根据复数相等条件求出实数 a

(1)
展开复数平方并整理

将方程左边展开,化为 A+Bi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i} 的形式。

详细展开: 1. 已知 (ai)2=2i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2} \mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{i}}。 2. 左边展开:(ai)2=a22ai+(i)2=a22ai1=(a21)2ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{(}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{a}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{a}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=114,tutor-end=115}{i}}。 3. 右边为 0+2i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}}。 4. 根据复数相等的定义,实部等于实部,虚部等于虚部: {a21=02a=2\begin{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2} \end{cases}

(ai)2=a212ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{i}}
(2)
求解方程组并验证

解上述方程组得出 a 的值。

详细展开: 1. 由 2a=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}a=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}。 2. 代入第一个方程检验:(1)21=11=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0},成立。 3. 若由 a21=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}a=±1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\pm }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}。 当 a=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 时,2a=22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2} \ne \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2},舍去。 当 a=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} 时,2a=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2},符合。 4. 故 a=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}

a=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}
10

二、填空题 · 平面向量

已知向量 a\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}}b\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{b}} 的夹角为 120\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=10}{\circ}},且 a=b=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{4},那么 b(2a+b)\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{b}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=20}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2} \boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+}\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{)} 的值为 ______.

答案:0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}

题目标签:向量数量积

解题过程

计算向量数量积

展开线性组合后代入夹角

(1)
求 a·b

先用模长与夹角计算两向量的数量积。

详细展开:ab=abcos120=44(1/2)=8\boldsymbol a\cdot\boldsymbol b=|\boldsymbol a||\boldsymbol b|\cos120^\circ=4\cdot4\cdot(-1/2)=-8

ab=8\boldsymbol a\cdot\boldsymbol b=-8
(2)
展开目标式

数量积对向量加法和数乘满足分配律。

详细展开:b(2a+b)=2ab+b2=2(8)+16=0\boldsymbol b\cdot(2\boldsymbol a+\boldsymbol b)=2\boldsymbol a\cdot\boldsymbol b+|\boldsymbol b|^{2}=2(-8)+16=0

b(2a+b)=0\boxed{\boldsymbol b\cdot(2\boldsymbol a+\boldsymbol b)=0}
11

二、填空题 · 二项式定理

(x2+1x3)n\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{n}} 展开式的各项系数之和为 32,则 n=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=} ______,其展开式中的常数项为 ______. (用数字作答)

答案:5,10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}

题目标签:二项式定理系数和与常数项

解题过程

求 n 的值及常数项

利用赋值法求 n,利用通项公式求常数项

(1)
利用系数之和求 n

二项展开式的各项系数之和可以通过令变量为 1 求得。

详细展开: 1. 设 f(x)=(x2+1x3)n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \left(\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{3}}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{n}}。 2. 展开式的各项系数之和即为 f(1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}。 3. f(1)=(12+113)n=(1+1)n=2n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \left(\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{3}}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{n}}。 4. 已知系数之和为 32,故 2n=32\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}。 5. 解得 n=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}

2n=32    n=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5}
(2)
利用通项公式求常数项

写出二项展开式的通项,令 x 的指数为 0,求出对应的项。

详细展开: 1. 二项式为 (x2+x3)5\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{5}}。 2. 通项公式 Tr+1=C5r(x2)5r(x3)r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{r}}。 3. 整理 x 的指数: Tr+1=C5rx2(5r)x3r=C5rx102r3r=C5rx105r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{5}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{5}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{r}}。 4. 要求常数项,即 x 的指数为 0: 105r=0    5r=10    r=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}。 5. 代入 r=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} 计算系数: 常数项 =C52=5×42×1=10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=29}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=41}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{0}

Tr+1=C5rx105r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{r}}
12

二、填空题 · 函数与导数

如图,函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的图象是折线段 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C},其中 A,B,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C} 的坐标分别为 (0,4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}(2,0),(6,4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)},则 f(f(0))=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} ______;limΔx0f(1+Δx)f(1)Δx=\lim _{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=14}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=28}{\rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=48}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=64}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{=} ______. (用数字作答)

原卷图示 1
原卷图示 1原卷第 1 页 · qwen3.7-plus_layout_detection · 需复核

答案:2,2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}

题目标签:分段函数求值与导数定义

解题过程

求复合函数值与导数值

计算 f(f(0)) 和 f'(1)

(1)
计算 f(f(0))

由内向外逐层计算函数值。

详细展开: 1. 首先求 f(0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}。由题设,点 A(0,4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 在图象上,故 f(0)=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}。 2. 接下来求 f(f(0))=f(4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}。 3. 需要确定 x=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4} 时函数的解析式。图象是折线段 ABC。 A(0,4),B(2,0),C(6,4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}x=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4} 位于区间 [2,6]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{]} 上,对应线段 BC。 4. 求直线 BC 的方程: 斜率 kBC=4062=44=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}。 方程:y0=1(x2)    y=x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}。 所以当 2x6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{6} 时,f(x)=x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}。 5. 计算 f(4)=42=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}。 故 f(f(0))=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}

f(4)=42=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}
(2)
计算 f'(1)

利用导数的几何意义或定义求 x=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 处的导数。

详细展开: 1. 极限式 limΔx0f(1+Δx)f(1)Δx\lim _{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=14}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=28}{\rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=48}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=64}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{x}} 即为 f(1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 的定义。 2. x=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 位于区间 [0,2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{]} 上,对应线段 AB。 3. 在开区间 (0,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 内,f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 是线性的,其导数等于该线段的斜率。 4. 求直线 AB 的斜率: A(0,4),B(2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}kAB=0420=42=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}。 5. 故 f(1)=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}

f(1)=kAB=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}
13

二、填空题 · 代数

已知函数 f(x)=x2cosx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x},对于 [π2,π2]\left[\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=16}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=31}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}}\right] 上的任意 x1,x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}},有如下条件:① x1>x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}};② x12>x22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}};③ x1>x2\left|\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\right|\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}. 其中能使 f(x1)>f(x2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{f}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}\right) 恒成立的条件序号是 ______.

答案:

题目标签:函数性质与不等式恒成立判断

解题过程

分析函数单调性与奇偶性

确定函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 在给定区间上的单调性和对称性,从而建立自变量大小与函数值大小的关系。

(1)
分析函数的奇偶性与单调性

首先分析函数 f(x)=x2cosx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x} 的基本性质。由于定义域 [π2,π2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=26}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{]} 关于原点对称,且 f(x)=(x)2cos(x)=x2cosx=f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-} \cos\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-} \cos \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{)},故 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 为偶函数。

详细展开: 接下来研究 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}[0,π2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=13}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{]} 上的单调性。求导得 f(x)=2x+sinx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}。 当 x(0,π2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=19}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{]} 时,2x>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}sinx>0\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0},因此 f(x)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}。 这说明 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}[0,π2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=13}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{]} 上单调递增。 结合偶函数性质可知:对于任意 x1,x2[π2,π2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=17}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=28}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=43}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{]}f(x1)>f(x2)    f(x1)>f(x2)    x1>x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=27}{ > f(x_{2}) \iff f(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)} \iff \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{|}。 即函数值的大小完全由自变量的绝对值大小决定。

f(x1)>f(x2)    x1>x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=27}{ > f(x_{2}) \iff |x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{|}
(2)
逐一验证条件

根据推导出的充要条件 x1>x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|},逐一检验题目给出的三个条件。

详细展开: 条件①:x1>x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}。取 x1=0,x2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1},满足 x1>x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}},但 x1=0<x2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1},此时 f(x1)<f(x2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}。故①不恒成立。 条件②:x12>x22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}。因为 x2=x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}},且 x0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0},所以 x12>x22    x12>x22    x1>x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=27}{} > x_{2}^{2} \iff }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}} \iff \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{|}。这正是 f(x1)>f(x2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)} 的充要条件。故②恒成立。 条件③:x1>x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}。取 x1=0.5,x2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}x1=0.5>1=x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}} 成立,但 x1=0.5<1=x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{|},导致 f(x1)<f(x2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}。故③不恒成立。 综上,只有条件②能使结论恒成立。

x12>x22    x1>x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=27}{} > x_{2}^{2} \iff }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{|}
14

二、填空题 · 数列

某校数学课外小组在坐标纸上,为学校的一块空地设计植树方案如下:第 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 棵树种植在点 Pk(xk,yk)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k}}\right) 处,其中 x1=1,y1=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1},当 k2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2} 时, {xk=xk1+15[T(k15)T(k25)],yk=yk1+T(k15)T(k25).\left\{\begin{array}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{5}\left[\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{T}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{5}}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{T}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{5}}\right)\right]\htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=109}{,} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=119,tutor-end=120}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=122,tutor-end=123}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=123,tutor-end=124}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=124,tutor-end=125}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=126,tutor-end=127}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=127,tutor-end=128}{T}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=140,tutor-end=141}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=141,tutor-end=142}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=142,tutor-end=143}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=145,tutor-end=146}{5}}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=154,tutor-end=155}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=155,tutor-end=156}{T}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=168,tutor-end=169}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=169,tutor-end=170}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=170,tutor-end=171}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=173,tutor-end=174}{5}}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=182,tutor-end=183}{.}\end{array}\right. T(a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 表示非负实数 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 的整数部分,例如 T(2.6)=2,T(0.2)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}. 按此方案,第 6 棵树种植点的坐标应为 ______;第 2008 棵树种植点的坐标应为 ______.

答案:(1,2);(3,402)

题目标签:整数部分植树递推

解题过程

求植树点坐标

识别整数部分差分的周期跳变

(1)
化简差分开关

两个整数部分之差只会在跨过 5 的倍数时取 1。

详细展开:令 δk=T((k1)/5)T((k2)/5)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\delta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}。则 δk=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\delta}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1} 当且仅当 k1(mod5)k\equiv1\pmod5,其余时候为 0。递推每五步使 x 回到 1 并令 y 增加 1。

δk={1,k1(mod5),0,其他\delta_{k}=\begin{cases}1,&k\equiv1\pmod5,\\0,&\text{其他}\end{cases}
(2)
求闭式并代入

把递推式从 2 到 k 求和,整数部分差会望远镜相消。

详细展开:yk=1+T((k1)/5)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}xk=1+(k1)5T((k1)/5)=k5T((k1)/5)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{)}。故 P6=(1,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)};又 T(2007/5)=401\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1},所以 P2008=(3,402)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}

P6=(1,2),P2008=(3,402)\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}}
15

三、解答题 · 三角函数

已知函数 f(x)=sin2ωx+3sinωxsin(ωx+π2)(ω>0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\sin ^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=22}{\omega }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3}} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=45}{\omega }\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{x} \sin \left(\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=65}{\omega }\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=76}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{2}}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=94}{\omega}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{)} 的最小正周期为 π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\pi}. (1) 求 ω\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega} 的值; (2) 求函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 在区间 [0,2π3]\left[\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=20}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}}\right] 上的取值范围.

答案:ω=1;[0,3/2]

题目标签:三角函数周期与值域

解题过程

(1)由周期求参数

化成单一正弦并比较周期

(1)
合并三角式

先用平方公式与二倍角公式统一到角 2ωx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=8}{\omega }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}

详细展开:sin(ωx+π/2)=cosωx\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\omega }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=17}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=32}{\omega }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{x},所以原式为 (1cos2ωx)/2+(3/2)sin2ωx=1/2+sin(2ωxπ/6)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=15}{\omega }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=44}{\omega }\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{+}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=63}{\omega }\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=68}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{)}

f(x)=12+sin(2ωxπ6)f(x)=\frac{1}{2}+\sin\left(2\omega x-\frac\pi6\right)
(2)
比较最小正周期

正弦中角频率为 2ω\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=7}{\omega}

详细展开:最小正周期是 2π/(2ω)=π/ω\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=13}{\omega}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=18}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=25}{\omega}。题设给出周期为 π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\pi}ω>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0},所以 ω=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}

πω=πω=1\frac\pi\omega=\pi\Longrightarrow\boxed{\omega=1}

(2)求区间值域

研究受限角区间上的正弦值域

(1)
换元确定角区间

x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 的区间映射到正弦自变量区间。

详细展开:代入 ω=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1} 并令 u=2xπ/6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=8}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{6}。当 0x2π/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=13}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3} 时,π/6u7π/6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=14}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=18}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{6}

u=2xπ6[π6,7π6]u=2x-\frac\pi6\in\left[-\frac\pi6,\frac{7\pi}6\right]
(2)
读取正弦范围

该角区间包含最大点 π/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2},最低值出现在两端。

详细展开:区间内 sinu\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{u} 的最大值为 1;它不包含 3π/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2},而两端正弦均为 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2},故最小值为 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}。加上 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} 后得到值域 [0,3/2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{]}

12sinu10f(x)32\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=15}{\le}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=24}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=40}{\Longrightarrow}\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=52}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=59}{\le}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{2}}}
16

三、解答题 · 立体几何

如图,在三棱锥 PABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C} 中,AC=BC=2,ACB=90,AP=BP=AB,PCAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=33}{\circ}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=59}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{C}. (1) 求证:PCAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}; (2) 求二面角 BAPC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C} 的大小; (3) 求点 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 到平面 APB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B} 的距离.

原卷图示 1
原卷图示 1原卷第 1 页 · qwen3.7-plus_layout_detection · 需复核

答案:见证明;arccos(√3/3);2√3/3

题目标签:三棱锥垂直、二面角与点面距

解题过程

(1)证明 PC 垂直 AB

由等距条件和勾股关系建立坐标

(1)
建立底面坐标

把直角顶点 C 放在原点,令两条直角边沿坐标轴。

详细展开:取 C=(0,0,0),A=(2,0,0),B=(0,2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}。由 PCAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C},P 的 x 坐标为 0,可设 P=(0,y,z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}

C=(0,0,0), A=(2,0,0), B=(0,2,0), P=(0,y,z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=12}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=24}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=36}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{)}
(2)
利用 AP=BP

比较两个距离平方可消去 z。

详细展开:AP2=4+y2+z2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}BP2=(y2)2+z2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}};二者相等给出 y=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}。于是 PC=(0,0,z)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{C}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}AB=(2,2,0)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)},点积为 0。

AP2=BP2y=0PCAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=29}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=47}{\Longrightarrow}\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=62}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{B}}

(2)求二面角

用同一垂面内的方向向量求线性角

(1)
补全顶点坐标

由等边三角形 PAB 的边长确定 P 的高度。

详细展开:AB=22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}},且 AP=AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}。在 P=(0,0,z)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} 下,AP2=4+z2=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{z}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{8},所以取 z=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2},即 P=(0,0,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}

P=(0,0,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}
(2)
计算线性角

在 AP 中点处分别取两平面内垂直 AP、指向 B 与 C 的向量。

详细展开:AP 中点为 M=(1,0,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}MB=(1,2,1)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}MC=(1,0,1)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{C}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)} 都垂直 AP,且分别位于平面 BAP、CAP 内。二者夹角余弦为 2/(62)=1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{6}}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{/}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}}

costheta=13theta=arccos33\cos\\theta=\frac1{\sqrt{3}}\Longrightarrow\boxed{\\theta=\arccos\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}}

(3)求点面距离

使用平面一般式计算距离

(1)
写出平面 APB

沿用前两问坐标并求平面法向量。

详细展开:A=(2,0,0),P=(0,0,2),B=(0,2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}。向量 AP=(2,0,2)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{P}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}AB=(2,2,0)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)} 的叉积平行于 (1,1,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)},故平面 APB 为 x+y+z=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}

平面 APB: x+y+z2=0\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{平}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{面} }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=16}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}
(2)
代入点面距离

点 C 是原点,可直接代入一般式。

详细展开:点 C=(0,0,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} 到该平面的距离为 0+0+02/12+12+12=2/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{/}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{3}}

d=233\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{3}}}
17

三、解答题 · 概率

甲、乙等五名奥运志愿者被随机地分到 A,B,C,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} 四个不同的岗位服务,每个岗位至少有一名志愿者. (1) 求甲、乙两人同时参加 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 岗位服务的概率; (2) 求甲、乙两人不在同一个岗位服务的概率; (3) 设随机变量 ξ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\xi} 为这五名志愿者中参加 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 岗位服务的人数,求 ξ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\xi} 的分布列.

答案:1/40;9/10;分布列见解析

题目标签:受限岗位分配与分布列

解题过程

(1)求同时在 A 岗概率

先确定等可能的满射分配总数

(1)
计数样本空间

五人分到四个非空岗位,人数结构只能是 2,1,1,1。

详细展开:先选承担两人的岗位 4 种,再选该岗位的两人 (52)\binom52 种,余下三人排列到其余岗位有 3!\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{!} 种,总数为 4(52)3!=2404\binom52 3!=240

N=4(52)3!=240N=4\binom52 3!=240
(2)
计数有利结果

甲乙同时在 A 时,A 正好是唯一的双人岗位。

详细展开:甲乙的位置已经固定,其他三人必须一一进入 B、C、D,共 3!=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{!}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6} 种。因此概率为 6/240=1/40\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}

P=3!240=140\boxed{P=\frac{3!}{240}=\frac1{40}}

(2)求不在同岗概率

用对立事件计数

(1)
计算同岗概率

若甲乙同岗,他们必构成唯一的双人组。

详细展开:双人岗位可从四个岗位中任选,其他三人排列到余下岗位,所以有 43!=24\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{!}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4} 种,概率为 24/240=1/10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}

P(同岗)=43!240=110P(\text{同岗})=\frac{4\cdot3!}{240}=\frac1{10}
(2)
取对立概率

“不在同一个岗位”与“在同一个岗位”互为对立。

详细展开:因此所求概率为 11/10=9/10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}

P(不同岗)=1110=910\boxed{P(\text{不同岗})=1-\frac1{10}=\frac9{10}}

(3)求随机变量分布列

按 A 岗人数分别计数

(1)
确定取值

总人数结构只能为 2,1,1,1,所以 A 岗人数只有 1 或 2。

详细展开:当 ξ=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\xi}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2} 时,先选 A 岗的两人有 (52)\binom52 种,其余三人排列到 B、C、D 有 3!\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{!} 种,共 60 种;总样本数仍为 240。

P(ξ=2)=(52)3!240=14P(\xi=2)=\frac{\binom52 3!}{240}=\frac{1}{4}
(2)
补全分布列

两个取值的概率和为 1。

详细展开:P(ξ=1)=1P(ξ=2)=3/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\xi}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=16}{\xi}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{4},所以分布列为 ξ=1,2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\xi}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} 时概率分别为 3/4,1/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}

ξ12P3/41/4\boxed{\begin{array}{c|cc}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=29}{\xi}&\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}&\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\\\hline \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{P}&\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{4}&\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{4}\end{array}}
18

解答题 · 导数

已知函数 f(x)=2xb(x1)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{b}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}}},求导函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)},并确定 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的单调区间.

答案:导函数及分类见解析

题目标签:含参分式函数单调性

解题过程

求导并分类讨论

把导数因式分解后比较临界点与断点

(1)
计算导函数

把函数看成乘积 (2xb)(x1)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}

详细展开:求导得 2(x1)22(2xb)(x1)3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}},通分后分子为 2(x1)2(2xb)=2(b1x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}

f(x)=2(b1x)(x1)3,x1\boxed{f'(x)=\frac{2(b-1-x)}{(x-1)^{3}}},\qquad x\ne1
(2)
比较两特殊点

导数零点是 x=b1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1},函数断点是 x=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}

详细展开:若 b<2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2},有 b1<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1};若 b=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2},零点与断点重合且不在定义域;若 b>2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2},有 b1>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}。这三种相对位置决定符号表。

b<2: b1<1;b=2: b1=1;b>2: b1>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{;}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=24}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{;}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=42}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}
(3)
写出单调区间

按导数分子、分母的符号逐段判断。

详细展开:当 b<2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}:在 (,b1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}(1,)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} 上递减,在 (b1,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} 上递增;当 b=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}:在 (,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}(1,)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} 上均递减;当 b>2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}:在 (,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}(b1,)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} 上递减,在 (1,b1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} 上递增。

单调区间按 b<2, b=2, b>2 如解析分类\boxed{\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{单}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{调}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{区}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{间}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{按} }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=26}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=32}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{如}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{解}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{析}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{分}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{类}}}
19

解答题 · 解析几何

已知菱形 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 的顶点 A,C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C} 在椭圆 x2+3y2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4} 上,对角线 BD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 所在直线的斜率为 1. (1) 当直线 BD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 过点 (0,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 时,求直线 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 的方程; (2) 当 ABC=60\angle ABC = 60^\circ 时,求菱形 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 面积的最大值.

答案:x+y+2=0;4√3

题目标签:椭圆平行弦与菱形面积

解题过程

(1)求对角线 AC

利用菱形对角线垂直平分

(1)
设平行弦方程

BD 斜率为 1,所以 AC 斜率为 -1。

详细展开:设 AC:y=x+t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}。代入椭圆得 4x26tx+3t24=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0},两交点横坐标平均值为 3t/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4},故弦中点为 O=(3t/4,t/4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}

O=(3t4,t4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{t}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{t}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{4}}\right)
(2)
使用中点在 BD 上

菱形两条对角线互相平分,中点 O 位于给定直线。

详细展开:给定 BD:y=x+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1},代入 O 得 t/4=3t/4+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1},所以 t=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}。因此 AC 方程为 y=x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}

x+y+2=0\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}}

(2)求菱形最大面积

把面积化为椭圆平行弦长

(1)
建立对角线比例

由菱形的 60° 内角确定长、短对角线关系。

详细展开:设边长为 s,ABC=60\angle ABC=60^\circ,则短对角线 AC=s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s},长对角线 BD=3s=3AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}}\,\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{C}。面积 S=ACBD/2=(3/2)AC2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{C}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}

S=32AC2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{C}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}
(2)
最大化弦长

继续令 AC 为 y=x+t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t},利用交点根差求弦长。

详细展开:交点方程判别式为 6412t2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}},横坐标根差平方为 (6412t2)/16\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{6}。因斜率为 -1,AC2=2(Δx)2=83t2/28\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=16}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=36}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{8},等号在 t=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 可达。

ACmax=22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}_{\max}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}
(3)
代回面积

把最大弦长代入对角线面积公式。

详细展开:当 AC2=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{8} 时,可取过同一中点、斜率为 1 且长为 3AC\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} 的 BD,构成满足条件的菱形。因此 Smax=(3/2)8=43\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\max}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=26}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{4}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{3}}

Smax=43\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{S}_{\max}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3}}}
20

解答题 · 数列与组合

对于每项均是正整数的数列 A:a1,a2,,an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n}},定义变换 T1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}T1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 将数列 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 变换成数列 T1(A):n,a11,a21,,an1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{1}。对于每项均是非负整数的数列 B:b1,b2,,bm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{m}},定义变换 T2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}T2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 将数列 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 各项从大到小排列,然后去掉所有为零的项,得到数列 T2(B)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)};又定义 S(B)=2(b1+2b2++mbm)+b12+b22++bm2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{m}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{+} \cdots \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{m}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{2}}。设 A0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 是每项均为正整数的有穷数列,令 Ak+1=T2(T1(Ak))\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)} (k=0,1,2,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \cdots). (1) 如果数列 A0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 为 5,3,2,写出数列 A1,A2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}; (2) 对于每项均是正整数的有穷数列 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A},证明 S(T1(A))=S(A)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}; (3) 证明:对于任意给定的每项均为正整数的有穷数列 A0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}},存在正整数 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K},当 kK\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{K} 时,S(Ak+1)=S(Ak)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}.

答案:A1=A2=(4,3,2,1);证明见解析

题目标签:数列变换与整数不变量

解题过程

(1)执行两次变换

按定义插入长度、减一、排序并删零

(1)
求 A1

A0=(5,3,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} 先做 T1。

详细展开:T1(A0)=(3,4,2,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)};从大到小排列后仍无零项,得到 A1=(4,3,2,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}

A1=(4,3,2,1)\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}}
(2)
求 A2

对四项数列重复同一操作。

详细展开:T1(A1)=(4,3,2,1,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)},排序并删去零项后仍为 (4,3,2,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)},所以 A2=A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}

A2=(4,3,2,1)\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}}

(2)证明 T1 保持 S

直接代入并整理常数项

(1)
写出 T1 后的 S

A=(a1,,an)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=15}{\ldots}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)},则 T1 后长度为 n+1。

详细展开:对 B=T1(A)=(n,a11,,an1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=28}{\ldots}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)},有 S(B)=2[n+i=1n(i+1)(ai1)]+n2+i=1n(ai1)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{+}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{2}}

S(T1(A))=2[n+i=1n(i+1)(ai1)]+n2+i=1n(ai1)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\left[\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)}\right]\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{+}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{2}}
(2)
展开并消项

分别收集 ai2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}ai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 与纯常数。

详细展开:线性项化为 2(i+1)ai2ai=2iai\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\sum\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{i}};常数为 2nn(n+3)+n2+n=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0};平方项保留 ai2\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}。故结果正是 S(A)。

S(T1(A))=2i=1niai+i=1nai2=S(A)\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{+}\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{i}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{)}}

(3)证明 S 最终稳定

证明整数值单调不增

(1)
说明排序不增 S

T2 不改变平方和,只改变带递增权重的线性和。

详细展开:若相邻两项 bi<bi+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}},交换它们后 jbj\sum \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{j} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{j}} 减少 bi+1bi>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}。反复交换得到降序排列,使该加权和不增;排序后的零都在末尾,删零不改变 S。故 S(T2(B))S(B)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}

S(T2(B))S(B)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}
(2)
应用整数稳定性

结合第 (2) 问得到一个非负整数单调序列。

详细展开:S(Ak+1)=S(T2(T1(Ak)))S(T1(Ak))=S(Ak)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=37}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{T}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{)}。每个 S 都是非负整数,所以严格下降只能发生有限次;存在正整数 K,使所有 kK\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{K}S(Ak+1)=S(Ak)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{k}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}

KN, kK, S(Ak+1)=S(Ak)\boxed{\exists K\in\mathbb{N}^*,\ \forall k\ge K,\ S(A_{k+1})=S(A_{k})}