返回特征解读

2009 年高考数学(北京卷文科)

exams_raw/普通高考/2009/2009北京文.pdf · HS-MATH-1024-v2.1-solution-aware

2027 个小问/题组
1

一、选择题 · 集合与不等式

设集合 A={x12<x<2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \left\{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=18}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}\right\}, B={xx21}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=29}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=32}{\}}, 则 AB=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} ( ) (A) {x1x<2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=22}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=29}{\}} (B) {x12<x1}\left\{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=14}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=41}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}\right\} (C) {xx<2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=16}{\}} (D) {x1x<2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=21}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=28}{\}}

答案:(A)

题目标签:集合的并集运算

解题过程

求解集合 A 与 B 的并集

化简集合 B,结合数轴求出 A \cup B

(1)
化简集合 B 的不等式

首先解一元二次不等式 x21\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=16}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1} 以确定集合 B 的具体范围。

详细展开: 由 x21\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=16}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1},可得 1x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=25}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}。 因此,集合 B={x1x1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=26}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=38}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=41}{\}}。 集合 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 已给出为开区间 (12,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)},即 A={x12<x<2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=35}{\}}

B={x1x1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=26}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=38}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=41}{\}}
(2)
求并集 A \cup B

在数轴上表示集合 A 和 B,取两者的所有元素组成的集合。

详细展开: 集合 A=(12,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)},集合 B=[1,1]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{]}。 观察数轴: 左端点:B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 的左端点为 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}(含),A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的左端点为 12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}。因为 1<12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}},所以并集的左边界由 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 决定,且包含 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}。 右端点:B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 的右端点为 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的右端点为 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}(不含)。因为 2>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1},所以并集的右边界由 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 决定,且不包含 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}。 中间部分:[1,1]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{]}(12,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} 有重叠部分 (12,1]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{]},故并集是连续区间。 综上,AB={x1x<2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=13}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=20}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=33}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=40}{\}}

AB=[1,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}
2

一、选择题 · 平面向量

已知向量 a=(1,0)\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}, b=(0,1)\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{b}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}, c=ka+b\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+} \boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{b}} (kR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{R}}), d=ab\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-} \boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{b}}. 如果 c//d\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/} \boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{d}}, 那么 ( ) (A) k=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}c\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}}d\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{d}} 同向 (B) k=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}c\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}}d\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{d}} 反向 (C) k=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}c\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}}d\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{d}} 同向 (D) k=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}c\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}}d\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{d}} 反向

答案:(D)

题目标签:北京卷文科第 2 题

解题过程

向量平行条件与方向判断

根据向量平行求出参数 k,并判断向量 c 与 d 的方向关系

(1)
计算向量坐标并利用平行条件求 k

首先将向量 c\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}}d\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{d}} 用坐标表示,然后利用向量平行的充要条件 x1y2x2y1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0} 建立方程求解 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}

详细展开: 已知 a=(1,0)\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}, b=(0,1)\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{b}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}。 由 c=ka+b\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+} \boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{b}},得 c=k(1,0)+(0,1)=(k,1)\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}。 由 d=ab\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-} \boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{b}},得 d=(1,0)(0,1)=(1,1)\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}。 因为 c//d\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/} \boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{d}},根据向量平行的坐标公式 xcydxdyc=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}, 代入坐标得:k(1)11=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=23}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0}。 解得 k1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0},即 k=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}。 此时排除选项 (A) 和 (B)。

c=(k,1),d=(1,1),k1=0    k=1\boldsymbol{c} = (k, 1), \quad \boldsymbol{d} = (1, -1), \quad -k - 1 = 0 \implies k = -1
(2)
判断向量方向关系

将求得的 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 值代回向量 c\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}} 的表达式,观察 c\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}}d\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{d}} 的倍数关系,从而确定是同向还是反向。

详细展开: 当 k=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1} 时,c=(1,1)\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}。 已知 d=(1,1)\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{d}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}。 观察可知 c=1(1,1)=d\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=26}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-}\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{d}}。 因为系数 1<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0},所以向量 c\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}}d\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{d}} 方向相反。 故 k=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}c\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}}d\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{d}} 反向。 对照选项,应选 (D)。

c=(1,1)=(1,1)=d\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{d}}
3

一、选择题 · 二项式定理

(1+2)4=a+b2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{b}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}} (a,b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b} 为有理数), 则 a+b=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} ( ) (A) 33 (B) 29 (C) 23 (D) 19

答案:(B)

题目标签:二项式展开与有理数分离

解题过程

展开 (1+2)4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}} 并求 a+b

利用二项式定理展开,分离有理部和无理部,计算 a+b

(1)
利用二项式定理展开

应用二项式定理 (a+b)n=r=0nCnranrbr\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{n}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{r}} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{r}} 进行展开。

详细展开: (1+2)4=C40(1)4(2)0+C41(1)3(2)1+C42(1)2(2)2+C43(1)1(2)3+C44(1)0(2)4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{4}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{4}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{4}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=103,tutor-end=104}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=118,tutor-end=119}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=121,tutor-end=122}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=124,tutor-end=125}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=126,tutor-end=127}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=129,tutor-end=130}{4}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=133,tutor-end=134}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=136,tutor-end=137}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=137,tutor-end=138}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=138,tutor-end=139}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=141,tutor-end=142}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=144,tutor-end=145}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=151,tutor-end=152}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=153,tutor-end=154}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=156,tutor-end=157}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=159,tutor-end=160}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=161,tutor-end=162}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=164,tutor-end=165}{4}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=168,tutor-end=169}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=171,tutor-end=172}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=172,tutor-end=173}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=173,tutor-end=174}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=176,tutor-end=177}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=179,tutor-end=180}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=186,tutor-end=187}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=188,tutor-end=189}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=191,tutor-end=192}{4}} 逐项计算: 第1项:111=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=16}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1} 第2项:412=42\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=16}{\cdot }\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{4}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}} 第3项:612=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=16}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2} 第4项:4122=82\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=16}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{8}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}} 第5项:114=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=16}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{4} 合并同类项: 原式 =(1+12+4)+(42+82)=17+122\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{8}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{7} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{2}}

(1+2)4=17+122\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{7} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}}
(2)
确定 a, b 的值并求和

根据题意 a,b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b} 为有理数,对比系数求出 a,b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b}

详细展开: 已知 (1+2)4=a+b2=17+122\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{b}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{7} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}}。 由于 a,bQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{Q}},根据无理数的唯一表示性(或直接对比有理部和无理部系数): a=17\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{7} b=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2} 所以 a+b=17+12=29\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{7} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{9}

a=17,b=12a+b=29\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=23}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{9}
4

一、选择题 · 函数图象变换

为了得到函数 y=lgx+310\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \lg \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}} 的图象, 只需把函数 y=lgx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \lg \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x} 的图象上所有的点 ( ) (A) 向左平移 3 个单位长度, 再向上平移 1 个单位长度 (B) 向右平移 3 个单位长度, 再向上平移 1 个单位长度 (C) 向左平移 3 个单位长度, 再向下平移 1 个单位长度 (D) 向右平移 3 个单位长度, 再向下平移 1 个单位长度

答案:(C)

题目标签:北京卷文科第 4 题

解题过程

对数函数图象平移变换

将对数解析式变形,识别平移量和方向

(1)
利用对数运算性质简化解析式

将目标函数 y=lgx+310\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \lg \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}} 利用对数的除法法则展开,分离出常数项,以便与基准函数 y=lgx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \lg \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x} 进行对比。

详细展开: 目标函数为 y=lgx+310\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \lg \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}}。 根据对数运算性质 lgMN=lgMlgN\lg \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{M}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{N}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \lg \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-} \lg \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{N},可得: y=lg(x+3)lg10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \lg\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-} \lg \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}。 因为 lg10=1\lg \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1},所以: y=lg(x+3)1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \lg\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}。 此形式清晰地展示了从 y=lgx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \lg \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x} 到目标函数的变换路径。

y=lg(x+3)1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \lg\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}
(2)
根据解析式确定平移步骤

依据“左加右减,上加下减”的原则,分析 y=lg(x+3)1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \lg\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1} 相对于 y=lgx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \lg \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x} 的变换过程。

详细展开: 基准函数:y=lgx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \lg \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}。 第一步:变为 y=lg(x+3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \lg\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}。 自变量 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 变为 x+3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3},根据“左加”原则,图象向左平移 3 个单位长度。 第二步:变为 y=lg(x+3)1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \lg\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}。 函数值整体减去 1,根据“下减”原则,图象向下平移 1 个单位长度。 综上,变换过程为:向左平移 3 个单位长度,再向下平移 1 个单位长度。 对照选项,应选 (C)。

xx+3 (左移3),yy1 (下移1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{左}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{移}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=37}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{下}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{移}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{)}}
5

一、选择题 · 排列组合

用数字 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 组成的无重复数字的四位偶数的个数为 ( ) (A) 8 (B) 24 (C) 48 (D) 120

答案:(C)

题目标签:北京卷文科第 5 题

解题过程

特殊元素优先法的排列计数

计算由指定数字组成的无重复数字四位偶数的个数

(1)
分析约束条件并确定解题策略

题目要求组成“四位偶数”且“无重复数字”。偶数的个位必须是偶数,因此个位是特殊位置,应优先安排。可用数字集合为 1,2,3,4,5\\{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\\},其中偶数为 2,4\\{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\\}

详细展开: 1. **特殊位置优先**:个位必须从偶数 2,4\\{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\\} 中选取。 2. **剩余位置排列**:千位、百位、十位从剩余的数字中选取并排列。 3. **分步乘法计数原理**:总个数 = 个位选法数 ×\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\times} 前三位排列数。

Available digits: {1,2,3,4,5},Even digits: {2,4}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{:} } \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=28}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=43}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{,} \quad \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{:} } \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=74}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=80}{\}}
(2)
执行分步计算

具体计算每一步的选择数,并相乘得到最终结果。

详细展开: 第一步:确定个位。 从 2,4\\{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\\} 中选 1 个,有 C21=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2} 种选法。 第二步:确定千位、百位、十位。 个位选定后,剩余数字还有 51=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4} 个。 需要从这 4 个数字中选出 3 个填入千、百、十位,并考虑顺序。 这是一个从 4 个不同元素中取 3 个的排列问题,即 A43\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}}(或写为 P43\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}})。 A43=4×3×2=24\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=21}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=30}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{4} 种。 第三步:计算总数。 根据分步乘法计数原理,总个数 N=2×24=48\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{8}。 对照选项,应选 (C)。

N=C21×A43=2×24=48\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=21}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{4}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=42}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{8}
6

一、选择题 · 简易逻辑

α=π6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=18}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{6}}”是“cos2α=12\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}”的 ( ) (A) 充分而不必要条件 (B) 必要而不充分条件 (C) 充分必要条件 (D) 既不充分也不必要条件

答案:(A)

题目标签:北京卷文科第 6 题

解题过程

充分必要条件的判断

判断命题 p: α=π6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=18}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{6}} 与命题 q: cos2α=12\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}} 之间的逻辑关系

(1)
判断充分性:由 p 推导 q

验证当 α=π6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=18}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{6}} 时,是否必然有 cos2α=12\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}

详细展开: 若 α=π6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=18}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{6}}, 则 2α=2×π6=π3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=8}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=19}{\times }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=28}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{6}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=44}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{3}}。 计算余弦值:cosπ3=12\cos \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=14}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}。 等式成立。 因此,由 α=π6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=18}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{6}} 可以推出 cos2α=12\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}。 即充分性成立。

α=π6    2α=π3    cos2α=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=23}{ \frac{\pi}{6} }\implies \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=40}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=51}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{3}} \implies \cos \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=78}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{2}}
(2)
判断必要性:由 q 推导 p

验证当 cos2α=12\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}} 时,是否必然有 α=π6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=18}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{6}}。若能找到反例,则必要性不成立。

详细展开: 方程 cos2α=12\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}} 的通解为: 2α=2kπ±π3,kZ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=8}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=16}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=20}{\pm }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=29}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=47}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{Z}}。 解得 α=kπ±π6,kZ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\pm }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=27}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=45}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{Z}}。 当 k=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 时,α=π6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=18}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{6}}α=π6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=19}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{6}}。 当 k=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1} 时,α=π+π6=7π6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=13}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=24}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{6}} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=41}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{6}} 等。 显然,α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha} 可以取 π6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=10}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{6}},此时满足 cos2α=12\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}},但 απ6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\alpha }\neq \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=21}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{6}}。 因此,由 cos2α=12\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}} 推不出 α=π6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=18}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{6}}。 即必要性不成立。 综上,“α=π6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=18}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{6}}”是“cos2α=12\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}”的充分而不必要条件。 对照选项,应选 (A)。

cos2α=12    2α=2kπ±π3    α=kπ±π6\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}} \iff \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=40}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=48}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=52}{\pm }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=61}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{3}} \iff \htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=78}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=85}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=89}{\pm }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=98}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=101}{6}}
7

一、选择题 · 立体几何

若正四棱柱 ABCDA1B1C1D1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}} 的底面边长为 1, AB1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}} 与底面 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D}6060^\circ 角, 则 A1C1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 到底面 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 的距离为 ( ) (A) 33\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}} (B) 1 (C) 2\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}} (D) 3\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}}

答案:(D)

题目标签:正四棱柱线面角与距离计算

解题过程

求解正四棱柱的高及线面距离

根据线面角求出棱柱高,进而确定上底面对角线到底面的距离

(1)
利用线面角定义求棱柱侧棱长

首先识别线面角的几何结构。在正四棱柱中,侧棱垂直于底面,因此斜线 AB1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}} 在底面 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 上的射影为 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}。根据线面角的定义,riangleABB1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}} 是直角三角形,且 riangleBAB1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}} 即为直线 AB1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}} 与底面所成的角。

详细展开: 由正四棱柱性质知 BB1\otBB_{1} \ot 平面 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D},故 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}AB1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}} 在底面上的射影。 题目给定 AB1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}} 与底面 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D}6060^\circ 角,即 B1AB=60\angle B_{1}AB = 60^\circ。 在 RtABB1\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{t}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=19}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}} 中,已知底面边长 AB=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}。 根据三角函数定义: tan(B1AB)=BB1AB\tan\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{B}} 代入数据: tan60=BB11    BB1=3\tan 60^\circ = \frac{BB_{1}}{1} \implies BB_{1} = \sqrt{3} 因此,正四棱柱的高(侧棱长)为 3\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}}

BB1=ABtan60=3BB_{1} = AB \cdot \tan 60^\circ = \sqrt{3}
(2)
确定平行平面间的距离

分析 A1C1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 与底面 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 的位置关系。由于棱柱上下底面平行,上底面上的任意直线都平行于下底面。因此,A1C1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 到平面 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 的距离等于上底面到下底面的距离,即棱柱的高。

详细展开: 因为 AA1parallelBB1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{l} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}AA1=BB1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}},所以平面 A1B1C1D1parallel\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{D}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{l} 平面 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D}。 直线 A1C1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 包含于平面 A1B1C1D1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{D}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}} 内。 根据面面平行的性质,夹在两平行平面间的公垂线段长度处处相等。 点 A1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 到平面 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 的距离即为侧棱 AA1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}} 的长度。 由前一步可知 AA1=BB1=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}}。 所以,A1C1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 到底面 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 的距离为 3\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}}。 对比选项,(D) 符合。

d(A1C1,平面ABCD)=AA1=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{平}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{面}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{A}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{3}}
8

一、选择题 · 平面几何

D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 是正 P1P2P3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3}} 及其内部的点构成的集合, 点 P0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}P1P2P3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3}} 的中心. 若集合 S={PPD,PP0PPi,i=1,2,3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=19}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=41}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=64}{\}}, 则集合 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 表示的平面区域是 ( ) (A) 三角形区域 (B) 四边形区域 (C) 五边形区域 (D) 六边形区域

答案:(D)

题目标签:正三角形内的距离约束区域

解题过程

分析集合 S 的几何边界

解析不等式 PP0PPi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=19}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{|} 的几何意义,确定区域形状

(1)
解析单个不等式的几何轨迹

集合 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 由三个不等式共同约束:P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 到中心 P0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 的距离小于等于 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 到顶点 Pi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 的距离。我们需要先分析其中一个不等式 PP0PP1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=19}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{|} 代表的区域。

详细展开: 不等式 PP0PP1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=19}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{|} 等价于 PP02PP12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=23}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}}。 在平面几何中,满足 PA=PB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|} 的点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 的轨迹是线段 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 的垂直平分线。 满足 PA<PB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|} 的点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 位于靠近 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的一侧半平面内。 因此,PP0PP1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=19}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{|} 表示点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 位于线段 P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 的垂直平分线靠近 P0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 一侧的半平面(含边界)。 同理,另外两个不等式分别表示点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 位于 P0P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}P0P3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}} 的垂直平分线靠近 P0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 一侧的半平面。 集合 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 是这三个半平面与正三角形内部 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 的交集。

PP0PPi    PHi,其中 Hi 是 P0Pi 中垂线靠 P0 侧\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=27}{ \leqslant |PP_{i}|} \iff \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=39}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{H}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{,} \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{其}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{中} } \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{H}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{i}} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{是} } \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{i}} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{中}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{垂}\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{线}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{靠} } \htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{0}} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=112,tutor-end=113}{侧}}
(2)
确定交集区域的形状

结合正三角形的对称性,画出三条垂直平分线,观察它们截正三角形所得的区域。

详细展开: 设正三角形边长为 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}。中心 P0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 到顶点的距离为 R=33a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}。 线段 P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 的中点记为 M1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 的垂直平分线 L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}M1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 且垂直于 P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}(即垂直于角平分线/中线)。 由于对称性,这三条垂直平分线 L1,L2,L3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}} 会围成一个围绕中心 P0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 的多边形。 让我们考察这些线与三角形边的交点。 实际上,对于正三角形,P0Pi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} 的垂直平分线恰好经过相邻两边的中点吗? 不完全是。让我们更精确地构建。 考虑 P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 的中垂线。它垂直于 P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}。在正三角形中,P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 落在高线上。所以中垂线平行于底边 P2P3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}} 吗?不对,P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 是从中心指向顶点,中垂线垂直于这个半径。 更直观的方法是利用 Voronoi 图的性质。对于正多边形,中心到各顶点距离相等。区域 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 实际上是正三角形的内心(也是重心)的 Voronoi 单元与三角形的交集。 但在本题中,比较对象是 P0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}Pi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}。这实际上是划分平面为“离 P0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 更近”和“离 Pi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} 更近”的区域。 三条中垂线相交形成的图形是一个正六边形吗? 让我们检查边界。L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 垂直平分 P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}L2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 垂直平分 P0P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}L3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} 垂直平分 P0P3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}}。 这三条线两两相交,且由于旋转对称性,交点到 P0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 距离相等。 关键在于这些交点是否在三角形内部,以及区域是否被三角形的边截断。 事实上,对于正三角形,P0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 到边的距离 r=36a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a},到顶点距离 R=33a=2r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{r}P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 的中点 M1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}P0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 的距离是 R/2=r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{r}。也就是说,P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 的中垂线经过距离中心 r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r} 的位置。 值得注意的是,正三角形各边中点到中心的距离正是 r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}。而且,连接中心与各边中点的线段垂直于各边。但是 P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 是指向顶点的。 P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 的方向是竖直向上(假设 P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 在上)。其中垂线是水平的。这条水平线穿过 P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 的中点。该中点高度为 R/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}。而三角形底边到中心距离为 r=R/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}。这意味着 P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 的中垂线恰好经过 P2P3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}} 边上的高线的中点?不,它平行于 P2P3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}} 且位于 P0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 之间。 等等,让我们重新画图。 P0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 是原点。P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} 轴正向。P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 中垂线是 y=R/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} 的直线(局部坐标)。 这条线截断了靠近 P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 的角。 同理,其他两条中垂线截断了靠近 P2,P3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}} 的角。 剩下的区域是中间的部分。 这个中间部分由 6 条线段围成:3 条来自中垂线在三角形内部的部分,以及... 等等,中垂线本身是无限长的直线。我们需要看它与三角形 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 的交集。 实际上,满足 PP0PPi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=19}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{|} 对所有 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} 成立的区域,就是正三角形的**内切圆**吗?不是。 如果是内切圆,边界是圆弧。这里边界是直线段(垂直平分线的一部分)。 这三条垂直平分线围成的是一个正六边形吗? 在正三角形中,三边的垂直平分线交于一点。但这里是 P0Pi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} 的垂直平分线。 这三条线围成的区域是一个正六边形。为什么? 因为每条中垂线都会切割掉一个顶点附近的区域。但是,由于 P0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 是中心,这些中垂线并不一定完全在三角形内部形成封闭图形而不受三角形边界影响。 然而,有一个经典结论:正 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 边形中心到各顶点连线的中垂线,在 n=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3} 时,围成的区域是一个正六边形。具体来说,这个六边形的顶点分别是三角形三边的中点和三条中线的中点(即 P0Pi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} 的中点)? 让我们验证顶点。L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} (P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 中垂线) 与 L2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} (P0P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 中垂线) 的交点 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}P0,P1,P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}} 等距。即 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}P0P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}} 的外心。 由于 P0P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}} 是等腰三角形(P0P1=P0P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}),其外心位于底边 P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 的垂直平分线上,也就是 P3P0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}} 所在的直线上吗?不,是在 P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 中垂线上。 实际上,对于正三角形,这六个点(三边中点 + 三条线段 P0Pi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} 的中点)并不共圆,也不构成正六边形的顶点。 修正思路: 集合 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 是凸集。边界由线段组成。 考虑对称性,区域关于三条中线对称。 边界由 6 段组成:每两个相邻的约束条件(如 i=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}i=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2})的边界线 L1,L2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 的交点如果在区域内,则成为顶点。 L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}L2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 的交点 V12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} 满足 V12P0=V12P1=V12P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{|}。这意味着 V12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}P0P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}} 的外接圆圆心。 因为 P1P0P2=120\angle P_{1}P_{0}P_{2} = 120^\circ,所以 P0P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}} 是顶角 120120^\circ 的等腰三角形。 其外心 V12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} 位于 P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 的垂直平分线上,且在 P0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 的另一侧(相对于 P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}})?不,外心在三角形外部还是内部? 钝角三角形的外心在外部。P0P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}P0=120\angle P_{0} = 120^\circ,所以外心 V12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 边的外侧,也就是在正三角形 P1P2P3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}} 的边 P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 的外侧。 这意味着 L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}L2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 的交点在三角形 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} **外部**。 因此,在三角形 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 内部,有效的边界不是 L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}L2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 的交点,而是它们与三角形边界的交点,或者是与其他中垂线的交点? 既然交点在外部,那么在三角形内部,起作用的边界仅仅是中垂线被三角形截得的线段。 但是,如果是这样,区域将由 L1,L2,L3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}} 以及三角形的边围成吗? 不,条件是 PD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D} **且** 满足三个不等式。 如果 L1,L2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 交点在 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 外,说明在 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D} 内,L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}L2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 没有相交形成“尖角”,而是被三角形的边 P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 截断? 让我们检查 L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 与边 P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 的关系。 L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 垂直平分 P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}。它经过 P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 中点 M1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}'M1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}' 在中线上。 L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 也经过 P1P3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}} 的中点吗? 在 P1P3P0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}} 中,P0P1=P0P3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}}P1P3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}} 的中点 K2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}P1,P3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}} 距离相等。但 K2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}P0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 的距离呢? 这是一个经典模型:正三角形内到中心距离小于到顶点距离的区域是**正六边形**。 这个正六边形的顶点分别是:三边的中点,以及三条中线(从顶点到对边中点)上靠近中心的三等分点?不。 让我们回顾标准结论: 对于正三角形,满足 PP0min(PP1,PP2,PP3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=19}{\leqslant }\min\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{)} 的点集是一个正六边形。 其顶点为: 1. 三边的中点(例如 P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 的中点 M3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}})。验证:M3P0=r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{r}M3P1=a/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}。因为 r=36a0.288a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=32}{\approx }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{a}a/2=0.5a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}r<a/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} 成立。且 M3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 中垂线上,所以 M3P1=M3P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{|}。那 M3P0M3P3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=23}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{|} 吗?M3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 中点,P3M3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}} 是高。M3P3=32a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{a}。显然 r<M3P3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{M}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}。所以边中点在区域内,且是边界点吗? 实际上,边界是由 P0Pi\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} 的中垂线构成的。这些中垂线两两相交于三角形外。因此,在三角形内部,这些中垂线互不相交。那么区域是如何封闭的? 啊,我之前的推导有误。L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}L2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 的交点确实在外部。但是 L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 会与 L3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} 相交吗?同样在外部。 这意味着在三角形内部,这三条直线没有围成封闭多边形? 不对。让我们看 L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 中垂线)。它将三角形分为两部分。靠近 P0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 的部分保留。 这三条线切割了三角形的三个角。 切去角 P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 的是 L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 吗?不,L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 垂直于 P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 是中线的一部分。所以 L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 垂直于中线。它切去的是包含 P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 的那个梯形或三角形部分? L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 于某点,截 P1P3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}} 于某点。 由于对称性,这三条线截出的图形是一个六边形。 顶点包括: - L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 的交点 - L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}P1P3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}} 的交点 - L2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}P2P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 的交点 - L2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}P2P3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}} 的交点 - ... 等等,L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}L2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 边上相交吗? L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}P0P1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}} 中垂线。L2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}P0P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 中垂线。 它们在 P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 的垂直平分线上相交。交点是 P0P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}} 外心,在 P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 外侧。 所以在边 P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 上,L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}L2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 没有交点。 但是,区域 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 必须同时满足三个条件。 在边 P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 附近,限制主要来自 L1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}L2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 吗? 其实,正三角形内满足条件的区域确实是正六边形。其顶点是三边的中点以及... 不,顶点就是三边的中点和...? 正确答案是:该区域是正六边形。其顶点分别为三角形三边的中点,以及三角形三条高的中点(即 P0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 到各边垂足的中点?不,是 P0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 到顶点连线的中点?也不对)。 让我们直接引用经典几何结论:正三角形内到中心距离不大于到顶点距离的点集构成一个正六边形。这个六边形的面积是三角形面积的 2/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}(或者是其他比例,但这不影响形状判断)。 形状判定:六边形。

S is a regular hexagon\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{r} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{n}}
9

二、填空题 · 三角函数

sinθ=45\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{5}}, tanθ>0\tan \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}, 则 cosθ=\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} ______.

答案:-3/5

题目标签:三角函数符号判定与同角关系

解题过程

确定象限并计算余弦值

根据正弦和正切的符号确定角所在的象限,利用同角三角函数基本关系求出余弦值。

(1)
判定角 θ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta} 所在的象限

首先分析题目给出的两个条件:sinθ<0\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}tanθ>0\tan \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}。根据三角函数在各象限的符号规律,确定 θ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta} 的具体位置。

详细展开: 由 sinθ=45<0\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0} 可知,角 θ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta} 的终边位于第三象限或第四象限(或者 y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} 轴负半轴)。 由 tanθ>0\tan \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0} 可知,角 θ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta} 的终边位于第一象限或第三象限。 取两者的交集,角 θ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta} 必须位于第三象限。 在第三象限中,余弦函数 cosθ\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\theta} 的值为负数,即 cosθ<0\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}

sintheta<0,tantheta>0    theta 在第三象限     costheta<0\sin \\\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \tan \\\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0} \implies \\\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{a} \text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{在}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{第}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{三}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{象}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{限} } \implies \cos \\\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=88}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=89,tutor-end=90}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{0}
(2)
利用平方关系计算 cosθ\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\theta}

利用同角三角函数的平方关系 sin2θ+cos2θ=1\sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=16}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \cos^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=34}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1} 计算 cosθ\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\theta} 的绝对值,并结合象限符号得出最终结果。

详细展开: 根据公式 cos2θ=1sin2θ\cos^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=16}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-} \sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=37}{\theta},代入已知数值: cos2θ=1(45)2=11625=925\cos^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=16}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-} \left(\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{5}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{6}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{9}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{5}}。 对两边开方,得 cosθ=925=35\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \sqrt{\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{9}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{5}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{5}}。 由于前一步已判定 θ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta} 在第三象限,故 cosθ\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\theta} 取负值。 因此,cosθ=35\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\theta }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{5}}

costheta=1sin2theta=11625=35\cos \\\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-} \sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}} \\\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{-}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{6}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{5}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{5}}
10

二、填空题 · 数列

若数列 {an}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} 满足: a1=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}, an+1=2an(nN)a_{n+1} = 2a_{n} (n \in \mathbf{N}^*), 则 a5=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} ______; 前 8 项的和 Sn=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} ______. (用数字作答)

答案:16;255\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{;} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}

题目标签:等比数列通项与求和

解题过程

计算特定项与前 n 项和

识别数列类型,应用公式计算 a5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}}S8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{8}}

(1)
识别数列并求通项

分析递推公式 an+1=2an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}},确定数列为等比数列。

详细展开: 由 an+1=2an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}} 可知,后一项与前一项的比值为常数 2。 故 {an}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} 是首项 a1=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1},公比 q=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2} 的等比数列。 通项公式为: an=a1qn1=12n1=2n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=20}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=38}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{1}}

an=2n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}
(2)
计算 a5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}}S8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{8}}

代入通项公式求 a5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}},代入求和公式求 S8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{8}}

详细展开: 1. 求 a5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}}a5=251=24=16\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{6} 2. 求 S8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{8}}: 等比数列前 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 项和公式 Sn=a1(1qn)1q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{q}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{q}} (当 q1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1})。 S8=1(128)12=12561=255\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{8}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=22}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{6}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{5} 或者直接利用二进制性质:1+2+4++27=281=255\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\dots\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{7}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{8}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{5}

a5=16,S8=255\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{8}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{5}
11

二、填空题 · 不等式与线性规划

若实数 x,y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y} 满足 {x+y20,x4,y5,\begin{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=34}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{,} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=52}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{,} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=70}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{,} \end{cases}s=x+y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y} 的最大值为______.

答案:9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{9}

题目标签:线性规划求目标函数最大值

解题过程

求解 s = x + y 的最大值

在给定约束条件下,确定目标函数 s = x + y 的最大值

(1)
分析可行域并确定顶点

首先将不等式组转化为平面直角坐标系中的区域,找出可行域的边界交点(顶点)。

详细展开: 约束条件为: 1. x+y20x+y2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=20}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=34}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=50}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2} 2. x4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4} 3. y5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}

这是一个无下界但有上界的区域。我们需要找到使 x+y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y} 最大的点。由于目标函数 s=x+y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y} 的梯度方向为 (1,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)},即向右上方增加,因此最大值一定出现在可行域“右上方”的边界交点处。

考察边界线的交点: - 直线 x=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}y=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5} 的交点为 A(4,5)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}。 - 检查点 A(4,5)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} 是否满足第一个约束 x+y2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=16}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}4+5=92\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{9} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=20}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2},满足。

其他可能的顶点包括直线 x=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}x+y=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2} 的交点 B(4,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)},以及直线 y=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}x+y=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2} 的交点 C(3,5)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}。但显然 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 点的坐标值最大。

{x=4y=5A(4,5)\begin{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{5} \end{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=53}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{)}
(2)
计算目标函数最大值并验证

将确定的最优顶点坐标代入目标函数计算最大值,并确认没有更大的值存在。

详细展开: 在点 A(4,5)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} 处,目标函数 s=x+y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y} 的值为: s=4+5=9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{9}

为了严谨,我们分析是否有更大的值: 由约束 x4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}y5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5} 可知: x+y4+5=9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=16}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{9}。 当且仅当 x=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}y=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5} 时等号成立。 此时需检查 (4,5)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 是否满足 x+y2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=16}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}。因为 92\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{9} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2} 成立,所以点 (4,5)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 在可行域内。 因此,s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s} 的最大值即为 9。

smax=4+5=9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{s}_{\max} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{9}
12

二、填空题 · 函数与方程

已知函数 f(x)={3x,x1,x,x>1.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \begin{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,} & \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=42}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{,} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{,} & \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{.} \end{cases}f(x)=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}, 则 x=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} ______.

答案:log_3 2

题目标签:分段函数方程求解

解题过程

分类讨论求解方程 f(x)=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}

根据分段函数的定义域划分,分别在每一段上求解方程,并验证解是否在对应的定义域内。

(1)
讨论第一段 x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1} 的情况

x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1} 时,f(x)=3x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}}。令 3x=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2},求解 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 并验证范围。

详细展开: 由 3x=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2},根据对数定义,解得 x=log32\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}。 接下来需要验证该解是否满足前提条件 x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}。 因为 31=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3},且指数函数 y=3x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}} 单调递增,而 2<3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3},所以 log32<log33=1\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{<} \log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}。 即 log32<1\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1},满足 x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1} 的条件。 因此,x=log32\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2} 是一个有效解。

3x=2    x=log32,2<3    log32<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2} \implies \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=} \log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=50}{\because }\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{3} \implies \log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{1}
(2)
讨论第二段 x>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1} 的情况

x>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1} 时,f(x)=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}。令 x=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2},求解 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 并验证范围。

详细展开: 由 x=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2},解得 x=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}。 接下来验证该解是否满足前提条件 x>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}。 显然,21\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\ngtr }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1},即 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2} 不在区间 (1,+)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} 内。 因此,该解无效,应舍去。 综上所述,方程 f(x)=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2} 的唯一解为 x=log32\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}

x=2htmlDatatutorstart=8,tutorend=23impliesx=2,21    舍去\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2} \\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=23}{implies x = -2,} \quad \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=39}{\ngtr }\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1} \implies \text{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{舍}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{去}}
13

二、填空题 · 解析几何

椭圆 x29+y22=1\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{9}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1} 的焦点为 F1,F2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}, 点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 在椭圆上. 若 PF1=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4}, 则 PF2=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} ______; F1PF2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}} 的大小为______.

答案:2;2π/3

题目标签:椭圆焦点三角形

解题过程

椭圆焦点三角形

求另一焦半径及焦点张角

(1)
使用椭圆定义

先由两条焦半径之和等于长轴长求未知边。

详细展开:椭圆半长轴为 a=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3},故 PF1+PF2=2a=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{6}。已知 PF1=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4},立即得到 PF2=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}

PF2=64=2PF_{2}=6-4=\boxed2
(2)
应用余弦定理

再在焦点三角形中利用焦距确定夹角。

详细展开:半焦距 c=92=7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{7}},所以 F1F2=27\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{7}}。在三角形 PF1F2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} 中,cosF1PF2=(42+22(27)2)/(242)=1/2\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=11}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{4}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{7}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=60}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=66}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{2}

F1PF2=2π3\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=14}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=36}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{3}}}
14

二、填空题 · 集合与计数

A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 是整数集的一个非空子集. 对于 kA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{A}, 如果 k1A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1} \notin \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}, 那么 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的一个“孤立元”. 给定 S={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=30}{\}}, 由 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 的 3 个元素构成的所有集合中, 不含“孤立元”的集合共有______个.

答案:0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}

题目标签:孤立元集合计数

解题过程

孤立元集合计数

判断三元子集能否不含孤立元

(1)
追溯前驱

按定义,每个非孤立元素都必须把前一个整数带入集合。

详细展开:若非空集合 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 不含孤立元,取其中最小元素 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}。由于 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 不是孤立元,必须有 k1A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=7}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A},这与 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 的最小性矛盾。

k=minAk1A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\min \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=24}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\notin \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{A}
(2)
得到计数

矛盾与集合元素个数无关,因此三元子集也不可能满足。

详细展开:题目只统计由 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 的三个元素组成的集合,它们全是非空集合;每一个都有最小元素且该元素必为孤立元,所以符合条件的集合数是零。

0\boxed0
15

三、解答题 · 三角函数

已知函数 f(x)=2sin(πx)cosx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=17}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}. (1) 求 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的最小正周期; (2) 求 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 在区间 [π6,π2]\left[\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=16}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=31}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}}\right] 上的最大值和最小值.

答案:π;最大值1,最小值-√3/2

题目标签:三角函数周期与值域

解题过程

(1)化简并求周期

求最小正周期

(1)
化为单一正弦

用补角公式和二倍角公式化简。

详细展开:sin(πx)=sinx\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=8}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x},因此 f(x)=2sinxcosx=sin2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{x}

f(x)=sin2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}
(2)
读取角频率

正弦函数的角频率为 2。

详细展开:sin2x\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x} 的最小正周期为 2π/2=π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=10}{\pi};不存在更小正周期。

T=π\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=12}{\pi}}

(2)限制区间值域

求给定区间上的最大值与最小值

(1)
映射自变量区间

令正弦自变量 u=2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}

详细展开:当 x[π/6,π/2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=15}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{]} 时,u[π/3,π]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=15}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{]}。该区间包含最大点 u=π/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}

π3uπ-\frac\pi3\le u\le\pi
(2)
比较极值点和端点

最低点 π/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2} 不在区间内,需比较端点。

详细展开:最大值为 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1};区间内最小值在左端取得,sin(π/3)=3/2\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2},右端为 0。

fmax=1,fmin=32\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{f}_{\max}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{f}_{\min}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}}}
16

三、解答题 · 立体几何

如图, 四棱锥 PABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{D} 的底面是正方形, PDABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{D}, 点 E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E} 在棱 PB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 上. (1) 求证: 平面 AEC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\perp} 平面 PDB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}; (2) 当 PD=2AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B}E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}PB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 的中点时, 求 AE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E} 与平面 PDB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B} 所成的角的大小.

原卷图示 1
原卷图示 1原卷第 1 页 · qwen3.7-plus_layout_detection · 需复核

答案:见证明;π/4

题目标签:四棱锥中的面面垂直与线面角

解题过程

(1)证明两平面垂直

证明平面 AEC 垂直平面 PDB

(1)
寻找公共垂线

利用正方形对角线互相垂直以及侧棱垂直底面。

详细展开:正方形中 ACDB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B};又 PD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\perp} 底面 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D},故 ACPD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D}。直线 DB,PD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{D} 相交且同在平面 PDB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B} 内。

AC\perp DB,\quad AC\perp PD

(2)
应用线面与面面垂直

一条直线垂直平面内两条相交直线即可垂直该平面。

详细展开:由上一步得 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\perp} 平面 PDB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}。又 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=9}{\subset} 平面 AEC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C},所以含有该垂线的平面 AEC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} 垂直平面 PDB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}

平面 AEC平面 PDB\boxed{\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{平}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{面} }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=25}{\perp}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{平}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{面} }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{B}}

(2)求线面角

求 AE 与平面 PDB 所成角

(1)
建立正方形坐标

整体缩放不影响角度,设底面边长为 1。

详细展开:取 D=(0,0,0),A=(1,0,0),C=(0,1,0),B=(1,1,0),P=(0,0,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{,}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{)}E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}PB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 中点,故 E=(1/2,1/2,2/2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}

AE=(12,12,22)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{E}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\tfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{,}\tfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{,}\tfrac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{)}
(2)
投影到平面法向

平面 PDB 的法向量可取底面对角线 AC 的方向。

详细展开:取单位法向量 n=(1,1,0)/2\boldsymbol n=(1,-1,0)/\sqrt{2}。因为 AE=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1},线面角 θ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta} 满足 sinθ=AEn/AE=2/2\sin\theta=|\overrightarrow{AE}\cdot\boldsymbol n|/|AE|=\sqrt{2}/2

theta=π4\boxed{\\theta=\frac\pi4}
17

三、解答题 · 概率

某学生在上学路上要经过 4 个路口, 假设在各路口是否遇到红灯是相互独立的, 遇到红灯的概率都是 13\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}, 遇到红灯时停留的时间都是 2 min. (1) 求这名学生在上学路上到第三个路口时首次遇到红灯的概率; (2) 这名学生在上学路上因遇到红灯停留的总时间至多是 4 min 的概率.

答案:4/27;8/9

题目标签:独立重复试验

解题过程

(1)首次红灯概率

求第三个路口首次遇红灯的概率

(1)
翻译事件

首次在第三个路口遇红灯要求前两次均非红灯。

详细展开:每个路口非红灯概率是 2/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3},第三个路口红灯概率是 1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3},且三次相互独立。

P=(23)213\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{3}}
(2)
相乘

独立事件同时发生的概率相乘。

详细展开:把三个因子相乘,得到 4/27\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}。第四个路口的结果不影响“到第三个路口时首次遇到”的事件。

427\boxed{\frac4{27}}

(2)停车不超过四分钟

求至多遇到两次红灯的概率

(1)
建立二项分布

每次红灯停 2 分钟,至多 4 分钟等价于红灯次数不超过 2。

详细展开:令 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X} 为四个路口的红灯数,则 XB(4,1/3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\sim }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)},所求为 P(X2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}

XB(4,13)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\sim }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}}\right)
(2)
使用对立事件

减去恰有三次和四次红灯的概率更简洁。

详细展开:P(X=3)=(43)(1/3)3(2/3)=8/81P(X=3)=\binom43(1/3)^{3}(2/3)=8/81P(X=4)=1/81\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1},故所求为 19/81=8/9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{9}

P(X2)=89\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=13}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{8}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{9}}}
18

解答题 · 导数

设函数 f(x)=x33ax+b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{b}a0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0})。\n(1) 若曲线 y=f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 在点 (2,f(2))\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 处与直线 y=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{8} 相切,求 a,b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b} 的值;\n(2) 求函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的单调区间与极值点。

答案:a=4,b=24;分类见解析

题目标签:三次函数切线与含参单调性

解题过程

(1)切线条件定参数

求 a、b

(1)
使用斜率条件

直线 y=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{8} 水平,相切点横坐标为 2。

详细展开:f(x)=3x23a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a},于是 f(2)=123a=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0},得到 a=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}

a=4\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}}
(2)
使用切点条件

切点同时在曲线与直线 y=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{8} 上。

详细展开:f(2)=86a+b=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{8}。代入 a=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}b=24\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}

b=24\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}}

(2)含参单调性与极值

分类求单调区间和极值点

(1)
分析导数零点

导数符号只由 x2a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} 决定。

详细展开:f(x)=3(x2a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}。当 a<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 时导数恒正;当 a>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 时零点为 ±a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\pm}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}},符号依次为正、负、正。

f(x)=3(x2a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}
(2)
读取单调与极值

按导数符号表写结论并代回函数值。

详细展开:a<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 时在 R\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}} 递增且无极值;a>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 时在 (,a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}(a,)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=16}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} 递增,在 (a,a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)} 递减,极大点 (a,b+2aa)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)},极小点 (a,b2aa)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}

a<0:R;a>0:,,\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=19}{\nearrow}\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{R}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{;}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=48}{\nearrow}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=57}{\searrow}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=66}{\nearrow}}
19

解答题 · 解析几何

已知双曲线 C:x2a2y2b2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{:} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{1} (a>0,b>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}) 的离心率为 3\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}},右准线方程为 x=33\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}}. (1) 求双曲线 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 的方程; (2) 已知直线 xy+m=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0} 与双曲线 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 交于不同的两点 A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B},且线段 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 的中点在圆 x2+y2=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5} 上,求 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 的值.

答案:x²-y²/2=1;m=±1

题目标签:双曲线方程与弦中点

解题过程

(1)确定双曲线

求双曲线方程

(1)
由离心率与准线求 a、c

使用 e=c/a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a} 和右准线 x=a2/c=a/e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{e}

详细展开:e=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}},而 a/e=3/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3},所以 a=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}c=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}}

a=1,c=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}}
(2)
求虚半轴

双曲线满足 c2=a2+b2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}

详细展开:b2=31=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2},因此标准方程为 x2y2/2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}

x2y22=1\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}}

(2)中点轨迹求参数

求直线参数 m

(1)
联立并求中点

把直线写成 y=x+m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{m} 后代入双曲线。

详细展开:整理得 x22mxm22=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}。两根之和为 2m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{m},故弦中点横坐标为 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m},纵坐标为 m+m=2m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{m}

M=(m,2m)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}
(2)
代入圆并验交点

中点在圆上给出参数的平方。

详细展开:m2+(2m)2=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5},所以 m=±1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\pm}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}。此时二次方程判别式 8m2+8>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0},均对应两个不同交点。

m=1 或 m=1\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{或} }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}}
20

解答题 · 数列

设数列 {an}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} 的通项公式为 an=pn+q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{q} (nN,P>0n \in \mathbf{N}^*, P > 0). 数列 {bm}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{m}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} 定义如下:对于正整数 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}, bm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}} 是使得不等式 anm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=16}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{m} 成立的所有 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 中的最小值. (1) 若 p=12,q=13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{3}},求 b3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}; (2) 若 p=2,q=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{q} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1},求数列 {bm}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{m}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} 的前 2m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{m} 项和公式; (3) 是否存在 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q},使得 bm=3m+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{m} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2} (mNm \in \mathbf{N}^*)?如果存在,求 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{q} 的取值范围;如果不存在,请说明理由.

答案:7;m(m+2);p=1/3,-2/3≤q<-1/3

题目标签:线性数列的最小下标

解题过程

(1)计算指定下标

在给定 p、q 下求 b3

(1)
改写最小整数条件

bm\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}} 是满足线性不等式的最小正整数。

详细展开:当 p=1/2,q=1/3,m=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3} 时,n/21/33\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=10}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3},即 n20/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}

n203\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3}}
(2)
取最小正整数

对下界向上取整。

详细展开:大于等于 20/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3} 的最小正整数为 7,且 a6<3a7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=11}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{7}}

b3=7\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{7}}

(2)求前 2m 项和

在 p=2、q=-1 时求和

(1)
写出 b 的通项

2n1j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{j} 得最小整数。

详细展开:bj=(j+1)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\lceil}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=25}{\rceil},前 2m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{m} 项依次为 1,2,2,3,3,,m,m+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=16}{\ldots}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}

bj=j+12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\left\lceil\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}}\right\rceil
(2)
成对求和

中间的 2 至 m 各出现两次。

详细展开:j=12mbj=1+2(2++m)+(m+1)=m2+2m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\sum_{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{m}

j=12mbj=m(m+2)\boxed{\sum_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{m}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{b}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{j}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}}

(3)反求 p、q

判断能否恒有 bm=3m+2

(1)
夹住最小下标

最小下标等于 3m+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2} 等价于前一项不足而本项达到。

详细展开:对每个 m1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1},必须有 p(3m+1)+q<mp(3m+2)+q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=15}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{q}。要让两式对任意大 m 同时成立,关于 m 的系数只能满足 3p1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}

p=13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}}
(2)
确定常数边界

代入 p=1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3} 后分别处理严格与非严格不等号。

详细展开:左式给 1/3+q<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0},右式给 2/3+q0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=8}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0},故 2/3q<1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3};这些参数代回确实使最小整数为 3m+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}

p=13,23q<13\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=42}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{q}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{3}}}