返回特征解读

2010 年高考数学(新课标卷文科)

exams_raw/普通高考/2010/2010新课标文(黑龙江,吉林,宁夏,海南).pdf · HS-MATH-1024-v2.1-solution-aware

2433 个小问/题组
1

一、选择题 · 集合

已知集合 A={xx2,xR}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=25}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=34}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{R}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=46}{\}}, B={xx4,xZ}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\mid }\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=30}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=39}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{Z}}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=51}{\}}, 则 AB=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} ( ) (A) (0,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} (B) [0,2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{]} (C) {0,2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=7}{\}} (D) {0,1,2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}}

答案:D;{0,1,2}

题目标签:集合交集

解题过程

求实数集与整数集的交集

分别化简两个集合并保留共同元素

(1)
写出两个集合

x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} 给出实数区间 [2,2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{]}

为什么从这里入手:集合题不能只看式子的外形,必须回到“元素是否满足条件”。这里的“x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} 给出实数区间 [2,2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{]}。”给出了元素筛选规则,因此先写出两个集合,再逐项保留或删除元素,思路最直接。

详细展开:B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 还要求 xZ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\in}\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Z}};根式要求 x0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0},且 x4\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4} 等价于 x16\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{6},所以 B={0,1,,16}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=14}{\ldots}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=19}{\}}

A=[2,2],B={0,1,,16}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=19}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=29}{\ldots}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=34}{\}}
(2)
取共同元素

交集中的元素必须同时满足实数区间限制与整数限制。

为什么从这里入手:集合题不能只看式子的外形,必须回到“元素是否满足条件”。这里的“交集中的元素必须同时满足实数区间限制与整数限制。”给出了元素筛选规则,因此先取共同元素,再逐项保留或删除元素,思路最直接。

详细展开:位于 [2,2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{]} 内的非负整数只有 0,1,2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}

AB={0,1,2}D\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=17}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=24}{\}}}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{D}}
2

一、选择题 · 平面向量

已知 a,b\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{b}} 为平面向量, 若 a=(4,3),2a+b=(3,18)\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2} \boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{+}\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{)}, 则 a,b\boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \boldsymbol{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{b}} 夹角的余弦值等于 ( ) (A) 865\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{8}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}} (B) 865\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{8}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5}} (C) 1665\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{6}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5}} (D) 1665\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}}

答案:C;16/65

题目标签:向量夹角

解题过程

求两个平面向量夹角余弦

先由线性关系求出未知向量

(1)
oldsymbol b

2a+b=(3,18)2\boldsymbol a+\boldsymbol b=(3,18),而 2a=(8,6)2\boldsymbol a=(8,6)

为什么从这里入手:目标是“求 oldsymbol b”,而“2a+b=(3,18)2\boldsymbol a+\boldsymbol b=(3,18),而 2a=(8,6)2\boldsymbol a=(8,6)。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:两边对应坐标相减,得到 b=(5,12)\boldsymbol b=(-5,12)

b=(3,18)(8,6)=(5,12)\boldsymbol b=(3,18)-(8,6)=(-5,12)
(2)
使用数量积公式

ab=4(5)+3(12)=16\boldsymbol a\cdot\boldsymbol b=4(-5)+3(12)=16a=5|\boldsymbol a|=5b=13|\boldsymbol b|=13

为什么从这里入手:目标是“使用数量积公式”,而“ab=4(5)+3(12)=16\boldsymbol a\cdot\boldsymbol b=4(-5)+3(12)=16a=5|\boldsymbol a|=5b=13|\boldsymbol b|=13。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:所以夹角余弦为 16/(513)=16/65\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=10}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5}

costheta=1665C\boxed{\cos\\\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{6}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{5}}}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{C}}
3

一、选择题 · 复数

已知复数 z=3+i(13i)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{i}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{3}} \mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{2}}}, 则 z=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} ( ) (A) 14\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}} (B) 12\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} (C) 1 (D) 2

答案:B;1/2

题目标签:复数的模

解题过程

求复数的模

利用商、乘方的模运算而不展开复数

(1)
分别求分子分母的模

3+i=3+1=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“分别求分子分母的模”,而“3+i=3+1=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:13i=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2},所以 (13i)2=13i2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{4}

3+i=2,(13i)2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{4}
(2)
求商的模

复数商的模等于模的商。

为什么从这里入手:复数题先判断目标需要代数形式还是模与辐角。“复数商的模等于模的商。”与“求商的模”直接相连,先利用共轭、模或实虚部关系,通常能避免把复数完全展开成冗长乘积。

详细展开:因此 z=2/4=1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}

z=12B\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{B}}
4

一、选择题 · 导数

曲线 y=x32x+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1} 在点 (1,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 处的切线方程为 ( ) (A) y=x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1} (B) y=x+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1} (C) y=2x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} (D) y=2x+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}

答案:A;y=x-1

题目标签:曲线切线

解题过程

求曲线在给定点的切线

导数给斜率,点斜式给方程

(1)
求切线斜率

y=x32x+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1},故 y=3x22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}

为什么从这里入手:函数的局部变化由导数控制。“y=x32x+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1},故 y=3x22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}。”给出了函数值、斜率或导数符号的入口,因此先求切线斜率,就能把图象语言转换成方程或符号表。

详细展开:在 x=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}y(1)=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1},这就是切线斜率;题给点 (1,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 也确在曲线上。

k=y(1)=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}'\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}
(2)
写点斜式

经过 (1,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 且斜率为 1。

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“经过 (1,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 且斜率为 1。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先写点斜式后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:y0=1(x1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)},即 y=x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}

y=x1A\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{A}}
5

一、选择题 · 圆锥曲线

中心在原点, 焦点在 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 轴上的双曲线的一条渐近线经过点 (4,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}, 则它的离心率为 ( ) (A) 6\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6}} (B) 5\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}} (C) 62\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{6}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}} (D) 52\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}

答案:D;√5/2

题目标签:双曲线离心率

解题过程

由双曲线渐近线求离心率

渐近线斜率直接给出 b/a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}

(1)
求半轴比

焦点在 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 轴上时渐近线为 y=±(b/a)x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\pm}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“焦点在 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 轴上时渐近线为 y=±(b/a)x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\pm}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先求半轴比后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:经过 (4,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 的一条渐近线斜率为 2/4=1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2},所以 b/a=1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}

ba=12\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}
(2)
代入离心率关系

双曲线满足 c2=a2+b2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“双曲线满足 c2=a2+b2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先代入离心率关系后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:e2=c2/a2=1+b2/a2=1+1/4=5/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{4},故 e=5/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}

e=52D\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{5}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{D}}
6

一、选择题 · 三角函数

如图, 质点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 在半径为 2 的圆周上逆时针运动, 其初始位置为 P0(2,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}, 角速度为 1 , 那么点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 轴的距离 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d} 关于时间 t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} 的函数图象大致为 ( ) (A) (B) (C) (D)

原卷图示 1
原卷图示 1原卷第 1 页 · qwen3.7-plus_layout_detection · 需复核

答案:C

题目标签:圆周运动距离图象

解题过程

选择圆周运动点到轴距离图象

先写距离函数并检查初值、初始趋势和零点

(1)
建立函数模型

初始点 P0(2,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)} 的极角可取 π/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4},逆时针角速度为 1。

为什么从这里入手:三角题先把未知角转成特殊角、同一角或已知边角关系。“初始点 P0(2,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)} 的极角可取 π/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4},逆时针角速度为 1。”指出了可用的象限、恒等式或几何关系,先建立函数模型可以同时确定数值和正负号。

详细展开:时刻 t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} 的纵坐标为 y=2sin(tπ/4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=13}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)},到 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 轴距离是纵坐标绝对值。

d(t)=2sin(tπ4)d(t)=2\left|\sin\left(t-\frac\pi4\right)\right|
(2)
对照图象特征

d(0)=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}},且开始时距离递减,在 t=π/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4} 首次降到 0,随后增大;最小正周期为 π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\pi}

为什么从这里入手:三角题先把未知角转成特殊角、同一角或已知边角关系。“d(0)=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}},且开始时距离递减,在 t=π/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4} 首次降到 0,随后增大;最小正周期为 π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\pi}。”指出了可用的象限、恒等式或几何关系,先对照图象特征可以同时确定数值和正负号。

详细展开:四个候选中只有 C 同时满足这些特征。

C\boxed{\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{C}}}
7

一、选择题 · 立体几何

设长方体的长、宽、高分别为 2aaa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{、} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{、} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}, 其顶点都在一个球面上, 则该球的表面积为 ( ) (A) 3πa2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} (B) 6πa2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} (C) 12πa2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=7}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} (D) 24πa2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=7}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}

答案:B;6πa²

题目标签:长方体外接球

解题过程

求长方体外接球表面积

球直径等于长方体体对角线

(1)
求外接球半径

长方体中心到任一顶点距离相同,球心就是长方体中心。

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“长方体中心到任一顶点距离相同,球心就是长方体中心。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先求外接球半径后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:体对角线长为 (2a)2+a2+a2=6a\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{a},所以 2R=6a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}R2=3a2/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}

R2=32a2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}
(2)
求球面积

球表面积公式为 4πR2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{R}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“求球面积”,而“球表面积公式为 4πR2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{R}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:代入得到 4π3a2/2=6πa2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=23}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}}

6πa2B\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{B}}
8

一、选择题 · 算法

如果执行如图所示的框图, 输入 N=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}, 则输出的数等于 ( ) (A) 54\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}} (B) 45\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}} (C) 65\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}} (D) 56\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{6}}

原卷图示 1
原卷图示 1原卷第 1 页 · qwen3.7-plus_layout_detection · 需复核

答案:D;5/6

题目标签:框图裂项求和

解题过程

执行循环框图

把每次累加项裂成相邻倒数之差

(1)
确定实际求和范围

初始 k=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1},每轮先加 1/[k(k+1)]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{]},若 k<N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{N} 再令 kk+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=12}{\leftarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}

为什么从这里入手:数列题要先识别相邻项之间保持不变的结构。“初始 k=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1},每轮先加 1/[k(k+1)]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{]},若 k<N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{N} 再令 kk+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=12}{\leftarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}。”提示了差、比或可累加关系,先确定实际求和范围能把第 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 项问题改写成已经会处理的等差、等比或裂项模型。

详细展开:当 N=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5} 时实际累加 k=1,2,3,4,5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5} 五项。

S=k=151k(k+1)S=\sum_{k=1}^{5}\frac1{k(k+1)}
(2)
裂项相消

1/[k(k+1)]=1/k1/(k+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“裂项相消”,而“1/[k(k+1)]=1/k1/(k+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:相邻项抵消后只剩 11/6=5/6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6}

S=56D\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{6}}}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{D}}
9

一、选择题 · 函数

设偶函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 满足 f(x)=2x4(x0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=25}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}, 则 {xf(x2)>0}=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=19}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=} ( ) (A) {xx<2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}x>4}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=5}{\}} (B) {xx<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}x>4}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=5}{\}} (C) {xx<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}x>6}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=5}{\}} (D) {xx<2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}x>2}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=5}{\}}

答案:B;x<0或x>4

题目标签:偶函数不等式

解题过程

解偶函数平移后的不等式

先用偶性把函数写成含绝对值的统一式

(1)
写出完整函数

已知 x0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}f(x)=2x4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4},又 f\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f} 为偶函数。

为什么从这里入手:目标是“写出完整函数”,而“已知 x0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}f(x)=2x4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4},又 f\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f} 为偶函数。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:所以对任意实数 u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}f(u)=2u4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}。取 u=x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2},不等式变为 2x2>4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}

f(x2)=2x24\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}
(2)
解绝对值不等式

4=22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}} 且底数 2 大于 1。

为什么从这里入手:最值与范围题要先找到变量受限方式以及等号何时成立。“因 4=22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}} 且底数 2 大于 1。”给出了可行域或关键界,先解绝对值不等式能把‘可能有多大’转成单调性、基本不等式或边界比较。

详细展开:2x2>22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}} 等价于 x2>2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2},即 x<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}x>4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}

x<0 或 x>4B\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{或} }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{4}}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{B}}
10

一、选择题 · 三角函数

cosα=45,α\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=32}{\alpha} 是第三象限的角, 则 sin(α+π4)=\sin \left(\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=17}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=27}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{4}}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=} ( ) (A) 7210\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{7} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}} (B) 7210\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{7} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}} (C) 210\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}} (D) 210\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}}

答案:A;-7√2/10

题目标签:和角正弦

解题过程

求第三象限角的和角正弦

先由象限确定正弦符号,再用和角公式

(1)
补出 sinα\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\alpha}

cosα=4/5\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5},由平方关系得 sinα=3/5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“补出 sinα\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\alpha}”,而“cosα=4/5\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5},由平方关系得 sinα=3/5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:第三象限正弦为负,所以 sinα=3/5\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}

sinα=35\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{5}}
(2)
代入和角公式

sin(α+π/4)=sinαcosπ/4+cosαsinπ/4\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=15}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=29}{\alpha}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=36}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{+}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=49}{\alpha}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=56}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{4}

为什么从这里入手:三角题先把未知角转成特殊角、同一角或已知边角关系。“sin(α+π/4)=sinαcosπ/4+cosαsinπ/4\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=15}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=29}{\alpha}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=36}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{+}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=49}{\alpha}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=56}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{4}。”指出了可用的象限、恒等式或几何关系,先代入和角公式可以同时确定数值和正负号。

详细展开:代入得 (3/54/5)2/2=72/10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{7}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}

7210A\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{7}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}}}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{A}}
11

一、选择题 · 线性规划

已知平行四边形 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D} 的三个顶点为 A(1,2)B(3,4)C(4,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{、} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{、} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}, 点 (x,y)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 在平行四边形 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D} 的内部, 则 z=2x5y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y} 的取值范围是 ( ) (A) (14,16)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} (B) (14,20)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} (C) (12,18)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} (D) (12,20)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}

答案:B;(-14,20)

题目标签:平行四边形线性函数

解题过程

求平行四边形内线性函数范围

线性函数极值出现在顶点,内部点不能取到端值

(1)
补出第四个顶点并算顶点值

A,B,C,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D} 顺序,D=A+CB=(0,4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“补出第四个顶点并算顶点值”,而“按 A,B,C,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D} 顺序,D=A+CB=(0,4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:z=2x5y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{y}A,B,C,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D} 处分别为 12,14,18,20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}

zA=12, zB=14, zC=18, zD=20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=12}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=24}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{C}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=35}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{z}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{D}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{0}
(2)
写出开区间

平行四边形内部是凸集,线性函数在内部可取得顶点极值之间的所有中间值。

为什么从这里入手:函数的局部变化由导数控制。“平行四边形内部是凸集,线性函数在内部可取得顶点极值之间的所有中间值。”给出了函数值、斜率或导数符号的入口,因此先写出开区间,就能把图象语言转换成方程或符号表。

详细展开:最小、最大值只在边界顶点取得,题目限制内部,所以端点不含。

z(14,20)B\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{B}}
12

一、选择题 · 函数

已知函数 f(x)={lgx,0<x10,12x+6,x>10,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{|}\lg \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{,} & \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=54}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{,} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{,} & \htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{,}\end{array}\right.a,b,c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{c} 互不相等, 且 f(a)=f(b)=f(c)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}, 则 abc\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c} 的取值范围是 ( ) (A) (1,10)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} (B) (5,6)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} (C) (10,12)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)} (D) (20,24)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}

答案:C;(10,12)

题目标签:分段函数多原像

解题过程

求三原像对应的乘积范围

用公共函数值参数化三条分支

(1)
找出出现三个不同原像的值域

令公共函数值为 t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}。在 0<t<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1} 时,lgx=t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\lg \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t} 有两个解 x=10t,10t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{t}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{t}}

为什么从这里入手:三角题先把未知角转成特殊角、同一角或已知边角关系。“令公共函数值为 t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}。在 0<t<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1} 时,lgx=t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\lg \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t} 有两个解 x=10t,10t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{t}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{t}}。”指出了可用的象限、恒等式或几何关系,先找出出现三个不同原像的值域可以同时确定数值和正负号。

详细展开:线性分支 x/2+6=t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{t} 给出第三个解 x=122t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{t},且 10<x<12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2},满足该分支 x>10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}。端点会造成分支重合或失去第三个不同解,因此必须 0<t<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}

a,b,c=10t,10t,122t(0<t<1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{t}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{t}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{t}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{)}
(2)
求乘积范围

前两个对数分支解的乘积恒为 1。

为什么从这里入手:含分母、根号或对数的式子必须先合法,后续变形才有意义。“前两个对数分支解的乘积恒为 1。”正好暴露了限制条件;先求乘积范围,可以防止约分或平方时把禁值偷偷带回答案。

详细展开:所以 abc=122t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{t}。当 0<t<1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1} 时,10<abc<12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}

abc(10,12)C\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=13}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{C}}
13

二、填空题 ·

圆心位于原点且与直线 x+y2=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0} 相切的圆的方程为______.

答案:x²+y²=2

题目标签:原点圆切线

解题过程

求与直线相切的原点圆

半径等于圆心到切线的距离

(1)
求半径

圆心为 O(0,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“圆心为 O(0,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先求半径后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:到直线 x+y2=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0} 的距离为 2/12+12=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}},所以 r2=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}

r=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}
(2)
写圆方程

圆心在原点的圆为 x2+y2=r2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“圆心在原点的圆为 x2+y2=r2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先写圆方程后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:代入半径平方得到所求方程。

x2+y2=2\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}
14

二、填空题 · 统计

设函数 y=f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 在区间 [0,1]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{]} 上的图象是连续不断的一条曲线, 且恒有 0f(x)1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=27}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}, 可以用随机模拟方法近似计算由曲线 y=f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 及直线 x=0,x=1,y=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0} 所围成部分的面积 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}, 先产生两组 (每组 N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} 个) 区间 [0,1]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{]} 上的均匀随机数 x1,x2,,xN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{N}}y1,y2,,yN\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{N}}, 由此得到 N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} 个点 (xi,yi)(i=1,2,,N)\left(x_{i}, y_{i}\right)(i=1,2, \cdots, N). 再数出其中满足 yif(xi)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=16}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{f}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{i}}\right) (i=1,2,,N)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)} 的点数 N1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}, 那么由随机模拟方法可得 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 的近似值为______.

答案:N₁/N

题目标签:蒙特卡洛面积

解题过程

用随机模拟估计曲线下面积

把面积看成单位正方形内命中概率

(1)
确定抽样区域和命中事件

(xi,yi)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} 均匀落在面积为 1 的单位正方形内。

为什么从这里入手:概率题的关键不是立刻代数,而是先说清随机试验与事件。“点 (xi,yi)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} 均匀落在面积为 1 的单位正方形内。”确定了基本事件或随机变量,所以先确定抽样区域和命中事件,再依据独立、互斥、对立或期望线性性计算。

详细展开:满足 yif(xi)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} 的点恰落在曲线下方目标区域,命中概率等于目标面积与正方形面积之比。

P(命中)=S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{命}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{中}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{S}
(2)
用频率近似概率

N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} 个点中有 N1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 个命中。

为什么从这里入手:概率题的关键不是立刻代数,而是先说清随机试验与事件。“N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} 个点中有 N1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 个命中。”确定了基本事件或随机变量,所以先用频率近似概率,再依据独立、互斥、对立或期望线性性计算。

详细展开:大样本下命中频率 N1/N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{N} 近似命中概率,因此 SN1/N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=9}{\approx }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{N}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{N}

SN1N\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=15}{\approx}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{N}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{N}}}
15

二、填空题 · 立体几何

一个几何体的正视图为一个三角形, 则这个几何体可能是下列几何体中的______. (填入所有可能的几何体前的编号) ①三棱锥 ②四棱锥 ③三棱柱 ④四棱柱 ⑤圆锥 ⑥圆柱

答案:①②③⑤\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{①}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{②}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{③}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{⑤}

题目标签:三角形正视图

解题过程

判断可能具有三角形正视图的几何体

考虑能否选取观察方向使投影外轮廓成为三角形

(1)
判断锥体

三棱锥、四棱锥从合适方向观察,都可使顶点投影与底面投影形成三角形外轮廓;圆锥沿垂直于轴的方向观察也是三角形。

为什么从这里入手:空间关系只靠观察容易漏条件,而“三棱锥、四棱锥从合适方向观察,都可使顶点投影与底面投影形成三角形外轮廓;圆锥沿垂直于轴的方向观察也是三角形。”可以直接翻译成垂直、平行、数量积或体积公式。先判断锥体,是在建立可验证的几何链条,而不是凭图形猜结论。

详细展开:所以 ①、②、⑤ 都可能。

①,②,⑤

(2)
判断柱体

三棱柱沿侧棱方向观察时,正视图就是三角形底面,因此 ③ 也可能。

为什么从这里入手:空间关系只靠观察容易漏条件,而“三棱柱沿侧棱方向观察时,正视图就是三角形底面,因此 ③ 也可能。”可以直接翻译成垂直、平行、数量积或体积公式。先判断柱体,是在建立可验证的几何链条,而不是凭图形猜结论。

详细展开:四棱柱与圆柱的非退化正投影外轮廓不能成为三角形。

①②③⑤\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{①}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{②}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{③}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{⑤}}
16

二、填空题 · 解三角形

ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C} 中, D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} 边上一点, BC=3BD,AD=2,ADB=135\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=32}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=48}{\circ}}. 若 AC=2AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{B}, 则 BD=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}______.

答案:2+√5

题目标签:余弦定理解三角形

解题过程

由分点条件和余弦定理求长度

分别在 riangleADB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}riangleADC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{e} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C} 中表示两边平方

(1)
设未知量并写两个余弦定理

BD=x>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0},则 DC=2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x};又 ADB=135\angle ADB=135^\circ,所以 ADC=45\angle ADC=45^\circ

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“设 BD=x>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0},则 DC=2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x};又 ADB=135\angle ADB=135^\circ,所以 ADC=45\angle ADC=45^\circ。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先设未知量并写两个余弦定理后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:由 AD=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}},得 AB2=2+x222xcos135=x2+2x+2AB^{2}=2+x^{2}-2\sqrt{2}x\cos135^\circ=x^{2}+2x+2AC2=2+4x24x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}

AB2=x2+2x+2,AC2=4x24x+2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{C}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}
(2)
使用边长比例

AC=2AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B},故 AC2=2AB2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“使用边长比例”,而“AC=2AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B},故 AC2=2AB2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:代入得 x24x1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0},根为 2±5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pm}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}}。因 x>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0},取 x=2+5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}}

BD=2+5\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5}}}
17

三、解答题 · 数列

设等差数列 {an}\left\{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}}\right\} 满足 a3=5,a10=9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{9}. (1) 求 {an}\left\{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}}\right\} 的通项公式; (2) 求 {an}\left\{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}}\right\} 的前 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 项和 Sn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} 及使得 Sn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} 最大的序号 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 的值.

答案:a_n=11-2n;S_n=n(10-n),n=5

题目标签:等差数列

解题过程

(1)求等差数列通项

用两个已知项建立首项与公差方程

(1)
解首项和公差

设首项为 a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}、公差为 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“解首项和公差”,而“设首项为 a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}、公差为 d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:a1+2d=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}a1+9d=9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{9};相减得 7d=14\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4},所以 d=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2},再得 a1=9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{9}

a1=9,d=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}
(2)
写通项

等差数列 an=a1+(n1)d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{d}

为什么从这里入手:数列题要先识别相邻项之间保持不变的结构。“等差数列 an=a1+(n1)d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{d}。”提示了差、比或可累加关系,先写通项能把第 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 项问题改写成已经会处理的等差、等比或裂项模型。

详细展开:代入得 an=92(n1)=112n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}

an=112n\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}}

(2)求前 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 项和及最大项位置

把和式配成关于整数 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 的开口向下二次式

(1)
求和式

Sn=n2[2a1+(n1)d]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{]}

为什么从这里入手:数列题要先识别相邻项之间保持不变的结构。“Sn=n2[2a1+(n1)d]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{]}。”提示了差、比或可累加关系,先求和式能把第 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 项问题改写成已经会处理的等差、等比或裂项模型。

详细展开:代入 a1=9,d=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2},得 Sn=n(10n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}

Sn=n(10n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}
(2)
配方求最大值

Sn=(n5)2+25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5}

为什么从这里入手:最值与范围题要先找到变量受限方式以及等号何时成立。“Sn=(n5)2+25\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5}。”给出了可行域或关键界,先配方求最大值能把‘可能有多大’转成单调性、基本不等式或边界比较。

详细展开:正整数 n=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5} 时平方项最小为 0,所以 Sn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} 最大,最大值为 25。

Sn=n(10n),n=5 时最大\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{5}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{时}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{最}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{大}}}
18

三、解答题 · 立体几何

如图, 已知四棱锥 PABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D} 的底面为等腰梯形, AB//CD,ACBD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=23}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{D}, 垂足为 H,PH\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{H} 是四棱锥的高. (1) 证明: 平面 PAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=11}{\perp} 平面 PBD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{D}; (2) 若 AB=6,APB=ADB=60\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=21}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{P} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=34}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=49}{\circ}}, 求四棱锥 PABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{D} 的体积.

原卷图示 1
原卷图示 1原卷第 1 页 · qwen3.7-plus_layout_detection · 需复核

答案:见证明;(3+2√3)/3

题目标签:四棱锥面面垂直与体积

解题过程

(1)证明两个平面垂直

先证明交平面内一条直线垂直另一平面

(1)
证明 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\perp} 平面 PBD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}

PH\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{H} 是高,所以 PH\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\perp} 底面,进而 ACPH\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{H};题设又有 ACBD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D}

为什么从这里入手:空间关系只靠观察容易漏条件,而“PH\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{H} 是高,所以 PH\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\perp} 底面,进而 ACPH\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{H};题设又有 ACBD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D}。”可以直接翻译成垂直、平行、数量积或体积公式。先证明 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\perp} 平面 PBD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D},是在建立可验证的几何链条,而不是凭图形猜结论。

详细展开:PH\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{H}BD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 是平面 PBD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D} 内相交于 H\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H} 的两条直线,所以一条直线同时垂直它们,便垂直该平面。

ACPH, ACBDAC平面 PBD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=13}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=21}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=43}{\Longrightarrow}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=56}{\perp}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{平}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{面} }\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{D}
(2)
推出面面垂直

AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 位于平面 PAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} 内。

为什么从这里入手:空间关系只靠观察容易漏条件,而“AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 位于平面 PAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C} 内。”可以直接翻译成垂直、平行、数量积或体积公式。先推出面面垂直,是在建立可验证的几何链条,而不是凭图形猜结论。

详细展开:一个平面经过另一个平面的垂线,则两平面垂直。

平面 PAC平面 PBD\boxed{\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{平}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{面} }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=25}{\perp}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{平}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{面} }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{D}}

(2)求四棱锥体积

利用等腰梯形的对称性和两条垂直对角线分段计算

(1)
HA,HB,HC,HD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{D}

等腰梯形关于中轴对称,两条对角线也对称,故 HA=HB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}HC=HD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{D}

为什么从这里入手:三角题先把未知角转成特殊角、同一角或已知边角关系。“等腰梯形关于中轴对称,两条对角线也对称,故 HA=HB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}HC=HD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{D}。”指出了可用的象限、恒等式或几何关系,先求 HA,HB,HC,HD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{D}可以同时确定数值和正负号。

详细展开:AHB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B} 为等腰直角三角形,AB=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{6}},所以 HA=HB=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}}。又 ADB=60\angle ADB=60^\circ,在直角三角形 AHD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}HD=HA/tan60=1HD=HA/\tan60^\circ=1,故 HC=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}

HA=HB=3,HC=HD=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}
(2)
求高和底面积

PH\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\perp} 底面且 HA=HB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B},故 PA=PB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}。结合 APB=60\angle APB=60^\circAPB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B} 为等边三角形,PA=AB=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{6}}

为什么从这里入手:三角题先把未知角转成特殊角、同一角或已知边角关系。“PH\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\perp} 底面且 HA=HB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B},故 PA=PB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}。结合 APB=60\angle APB=60^\circAPB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B} 为等边三角形,PA=AB=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{6}}。”指出了可用的象限、恒等式或几何关系,先求高和底面积可以同时确定数值和正负号。

详细展开:于是 PH=PA2HA2=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3}}。底面两对角线垂直,面积为 12ACBD=12(3+1)2=2+3\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{+}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{3}}

PH=3,SABCD=2+3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{D}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{3}}
(3)
计算体积

棱锥体积是底面积乘高的三分之一。

为什么从这里入手:空间关系只靠观察容易漏条件,而“棱锥体积是底面积乘高的三分之一。”可以直接翻译成垂直、平行、数量积或体积公式。先计算体积,是在建立可验证的几何链条,而不是凭图形猜结论。

详细展开:V=13(2+3)3=(3+23)/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{3}

V=3+233\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{V}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{3}}}
19

解答题 · 统计

为调查某地区老人是否需要志愿者提供帮助,用简单随机抽样方法从该地区调查了 500 位老年人,结果如下: | 性别 \ 是否需要志愿者 | 男 | 女 | |---|---|---| | 需要 | 40 | 30 | | 不需要 | 160 | 270 | (1) 估计该地区老年人中,需要志愿者提供帮助的老年人的比例; (2) 能否有 99% 的把握认为该地区的老年人是否需要志愿者提供帮助与性别有关? (3) 根据 (2) 的结论,能否提供更好的调查方法来估计该地区老年人,需要志愿者帮助的老年人的比例?说明理由。 附: P(K2k)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{K}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=18}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)} 0.050 0.010 0.001 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 3.841 6.635 10.828 K2=n(adbc)2(a+b)(c+d)(a+c)(b+d)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)}}

原卷图示 1
原卷图示 1原卷第 2 页 · qwen3.7-plus_layout_detection · 需复核

答案:0.14;有关;按性别分层

题目标签:比例估计与独立性检验

解题过程

(1)估计需要帮助者比例

用样本频率估计总体比例

(1)
统计需要帮助人数

男性需要 40 人,女性需要 30 人。

为什么从这里入手:统计量都来自明确的样本计数或加权。“男性需要 40 人,女性需要 30 人。”给出了数据与权重,先统计需要帮助人数可以避免把频数、频率和概率混为一谈,并能用总数或概率和反查计算。

详细展开:样本中共 40+30=70\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0} 人需要帮助,总样本为 500。

nneed=70\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}_{\rm \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}
(2)
计算频率

样本比例为 70/500\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}

为什么从这里入手:统计量都来自明确的样本计数或加权。“样本比例为 70/500\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}。”给出了数据与权重,先计算频率可以避免把频数、频率和概率混为一谈,并能用总数或概率和反查计算。

详细展开:约分得到 0.14=14%\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\%},作为总体比例估计。

p^=0.14\boxed{\hat{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{p}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}}

(2)进行独立性检验

把列联表四格数据代入给定统计量

(1)
对应公式中的四格

可取 a=40,b=30,c=160,d=270,n=500\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“对应公式中的四格”,而“可取 a=40,b=30,c=160,d=270,n=500\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:代入题给公式得到 K29.967\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\approx}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{7}。计算时四个边际和分别为 70,430,200,300\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}

K2=500(4027030160)2704302003009.967\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=23}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=34}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=51}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=59}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=67}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=78}{\approx}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{7}
(2)
与临界值比较

99% 把握对应显著性水平 0.01\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1},临界值为 6.635。

为什么从这里入手:目标是“与临界值比较”,而“99% 把握对应显著性水平 0.01\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1},临界值为 6.635。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:因 9.967>6.635\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5},拒绝“是否需要帮助与性别无关”的原假设,可以有 99% 的把握认为二者有关。

有 99% 的把握认为二者有关\boxed{\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{有} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=19}{\%} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{的}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{把}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{握}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{认}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{为}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{二}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{者}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{有}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{关}}}

(3)提出更合适的抽样方法

既然性别影响需求,就应把性别作为分层变量

(1)
说明简单随机抽样的不足

男女需要帮助的样本比例分别为 40/200=20%\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\%}30/300=10%\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\%},差异明显。

为什么从这里入手:概率题的关键不是立刻代数,而是先说清随机试验与事件。“男女需要帮助的样本比例分别为 40/200=20%\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\%}30/300=10%\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\%},差异明显。”确定了基本事件或随机变量,所以先说明简单随机抽样的不足,再依据独立、互斥、对立或期望线性性计算。

详细展开:若样本中男女比例偶然偏离总体性别比例,总体估计会增加波动。

p^male=0.20,p^female=0.10\hat{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{p}}_{\rm \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{e}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,}\quad\hat{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{p}}_{\rm \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{e}}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{0}
(2)
给出改进方案

先掌握地区老年人男女比例,再按该比例分层抽样。

为什么从这里入手:目标是“给出改进方案”,而“先掌握地区老年人男女比例,再按该比例分层抽样。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:在男女两层内分别随机抽取,最后按总体性别权重合并估计,可提高代表性与精度。

按性别分层,并按总体性别比例抽样\boxed{\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{按}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{性}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{别}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{分}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{层}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{并}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{按}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{总}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{体}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{性}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{别}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{比}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{例}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{抽}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{样}}}
20

解答题 · 圆锥曲线

F1,F2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 分别是椭圆 E:x2+y2b2=1 (0<b<1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=37}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)} 的左、右焦点,过 F1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 的直线 l\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E} 相交于 A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B} 两点,且 AF2,AB,BF2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{|} 成等差数列。 (1) 求 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|}; (2) 若直线 l\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l} 的斜率为 1,求 b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b} 的值。

答案:AB=4/3;b=√2/2

题目标签:椭圆焦点弦

解题过程

(1)求焦点弦长度

把两条焦半径和与椭圆定义联立

(1)
汇总两点的焦半径

椭圆长半轴为 1,所以对 A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B} 分别有 AF1+AF2=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}BF1+BF2=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“椭圆长半轴为 1,所以对 A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B} 分别有 AF1+AF2=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}BF1+BF2=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先汇总两点的焦半径后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:由于直线过 F1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B} 是两个交点,F1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 位于弦内,故 AB=AF1+BF1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}。相加两条椭圆定义得到 AB+AF2+BF2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}

AB+AF2+BF2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}
(2)
使用等差条件

AF2,AB,BF2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}} 成等差数列意味着 AF2+BF2=2AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{B}

为什么从这里入手:数列题要先识别相邻项之间保持不变的结构。“AF2,AB,BF2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}} 成等差数列意味着 AF2+BF2=2AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{F}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{B}。”提示了差、比或可累加关系,先使用等差条件能把第 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 项问题改写成已经会处理的等差、等比或裂项模型。

详细展开:代入得 3AB=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4},所以 AB=4/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}

AB=43\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{3}}}

(2)由焦点弦斜率求短半轴

把直线代入椭圆,用两根差表示弦长

(1)
建立交点方程

c=1b2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}},左焦点为 (c,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)},斜率为 1 的直线是 y=x+c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“设 c=1b2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}},左焦点为 (c,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)},斜率为 1 的直线是 y=x+c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先建立交点方程后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:代入 x2+y2/b2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}(1+b2)x2+2cx+c2b2=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}。若两根为 x1,x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}},判别式化简为 8b4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}}

(x1x2)2=8b4(1+b2)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{4}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}}}
(2)
用弦长方程解参数

直线斜率为 1,所以 AB2=2(x1x2)2=16b4/(1+b2)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“直线斜率为 1,所以 AB2=2(x1x2)2=16b4/(1+b2)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先用弦长方程解参数后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:又 AB=4/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3},故 b2/(1+b2)=1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3},解得 b2=1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2},取正值得 b=2/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}

b=22\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}}
21

解答题 · 导数

设函数 f(x)=x(ex1)ax2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}}。 (1) 若 a=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}},求 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的单调区间; (2) 若当 x0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0} 时,f(x)0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=15}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0},求 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 的取值范围。

答案:见解析;a≤1

题目标签:指数函数单调与参数

解题过程

(1)求参数固定时的单调区间

求导后完整因式分解以识别全部临界点

(1)
求导并分解

a=1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}f(x)=x(ex1)x2/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“求导并分解”,而“当 a=1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}f(x)=x(ex1)x2/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:f(x)=(x+1)ex1x=(x+1)(ex1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)},零点为 x=1,0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}

f(x)=(x+1)(ex1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}
(2)
判断导数符号

(,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} 上两个因子均负,乘积正;在 (1,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 上一正一负,乘积负;在 (0,+)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} 上均正。

为什么从这里入手:函数的局部变化由导数控制。“在 (,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} 上两个因子均负,乘积正;在 (1,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 上一正一负,乘积负;在 (0,+)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} 上均正。”给出了函数值、斜率或导数符号的入口,因此先判断导数符号,就能把图象语言转换成方程或符号表。

详细展开:所以递增区间为 (,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}(0,+)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)},递减区间为 (1,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}

:(,1),(0,+);:(1,0)\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=15}{\nearrow}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=24}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=39}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{;}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=54}{\searrow}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{)}}

(2)求半轴上恒非负的参数范围

x>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 除以 x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}},把问题化成一个比值函数的下界

(1)
提取参数条件

x=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}f(0)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0} 自动成立。对 x>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}f(x)0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0} 等价于 ex1ax0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=13}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}

为什么从这里入手:代数题要寻找能减少未知量或降低次数的关系。“x=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}f(0)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0} 自动成立。对 x>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}f(x)0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0} 等价于 ex1ax0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=13}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}。”正好提供了因式、根或参数之间的等式,所以先提取参数条件,再代入、消元或比较系数,计算链条会更短也更容易复核。

详细展开:所以必须且只需 a(ex1)/x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x} 对所有 x>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 成立。

aex1x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\le}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}}
(2)
求比值下界

基本不等式 ex1+x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=8}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x} 给出 (ex1)/x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=14}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1},且当 x0+x\to0^+ 时该比值趋于 1。

为什么从这里入手:最值与范围题要先找到变量受限方式以及等号何时成立。“基本不等式 ex1+x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=8}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x} 给出 (ex1)/x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=14}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1},且当 x0+x\to0^+ 时该比值趋于 1。”给出了可行域或关键界,先求比值下界能把‘可能有多大’转成单调性、基本不等式或边界比较。

详细展开:因此所有 x>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 上的下确界为 1,参数条件为 a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}

a1\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}
22

解答题 · 平面几何

如图,已知圆上的弧 AC^=BD^\widehat{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \widehat{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{D}},过 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 点的圆的切线与 BA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} 的延长线交于 E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E} 点,证明: (1) ACE=BCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=20}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{D}; (2) BC2=BECD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=18}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{D}

原卷图示 1
原卷图示 1原卷第 2 页 · qwen3.7-plus_layout_detection · 需复核

答案:见证明

题目标签:圆的切线与相似

解题过程

(1)证明切线弦角等于另一圆周角

把两角都转成同一条弧所对的圆周角

(1)
使用切线弦定理

CE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E} 是圆在 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 点的切线,CA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} 是弦。

为什么从这里入手:函数的局部变化由导数控制。“CE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E} 是圆在 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 点的切线,CA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} 是弦。”给出了函数值、斜率或导数符号的入口,因此先使用切线弦定理,就能把图象语言转换成方程或符号表。

详细展开:切线与弦 CA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} 所成角等于弦 CA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} 在圆内所对的圆周角,因此 ACE=ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}

ACE=ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}
(2)
使用等弧所对圆周角相等

题设 AC^=BD^\widehat{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\widehat{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{D}}

为什么从这里入手:三角题先把未知角转成特殊角、同一角或已知边角关系。“题设 AC^=BD^\widehat{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\widehat{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{D}}。”指出了可用的象限、恒等式或几何关系,先使用等弧所对圆周角相等可以同时确定数值和正负号。

详细展开:ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C} 对应弧 AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}BCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} 对应弧 BD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D},故二者相等,进而得到结论。

ACE=BCD\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=14}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=25}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{D}}

(2)证明乘积关系

证明两个三角形相似后读取对应边比例

(1)
建立两组等角

由切线弦定理,ECB=CDB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B};又 E,B,A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A} 共线,所以 EBC=ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}

为什么从这里入手:函数的局部变化由导数控制。“由切线弦定理,ECB=CDB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B};又 E,B,A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{A} 共线,所以 EBC=ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{C}。”给出了函数值、斜率或导数符号的入口,因此先建立两组等角,就能把图象语言转换成方程或符号表。

详细展开:结合第 (1) 问中的 ABC=BCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{D},得到 EBC=BCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{D}

ECB=CDB,EBC=BCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=18}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=34}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=45}{\angle }\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{D}
(2)
由相似三角形取比例

因此 EBCBCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=17}{\sim}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=27}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{D}

为什么从这里入手:三角题先把未知角转成特殊角、同一角或已知边角关系。“因此 EBCBCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=17}{\sim}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=27}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{D}。”指出了可用的象限、恒等式或几何关系,先由相似三角形取比例可以同时确定数值和正负号。

详细展开:对应边给出 BE/BC=BC/CD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{D},交叉相乘即 BC2=BECD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=15}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{D}

BC2=BECD\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=22}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{D}}
23

解答题 · 参数方程

已知直线 C1:{x=1+tcosα,y=tsinα,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{:} \begin{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{t} \cos \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=42}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{,} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{t} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=64}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{,} \end{cases} (t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t} 为参数),圆 C2:{x=cosθ,y=sinθ,\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{:} \begin{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \cos \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=36}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{,} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{=} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=56}{\theta}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{,} \end{cases} (θ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta} 为参数)。 (1) 当 α=π3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=18}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}} 时,求 C1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}C2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 的交点坐标; (2) 过坐标原点 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}C1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 的垂线,垂足为 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}OA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} 的中点,当 α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha} 变化时,求点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 轨迹的参数方程,并指出它是什么曲线。

答案:(1,0),(1/2,-√3/2);圆

题目标签:参数直线与轨迹

解题过程

(1)求参数直线与单位圆交点

先把参数直线化为普通方程再联立圆

(1)
写直线方程

α=π/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=10}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3} 时方向向量为 (1/2,3/2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)},斜率为 3\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}}

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“当 α=π/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=10}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3} 时方向向量为 (1/2,3/2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)},斜率为 3\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}}。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先写直线方程后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:直线过 (1,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)},所以 C1:y=3(x1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)};圆 C2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}x2+y2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}

y=3(x1),x2+y2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}
(2)
联立求坐标

代入圆得 x2+3(x1)2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1},即 2x23x+1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“代入圆得 x2+3(x1)2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1},即 2x23x+1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先联立求坐标后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:所以 x=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2},对应 y=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}3/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}

(1,0),(12,32)\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,}\quad\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-}\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{2}}\right)}

(2)求垂足中点的轨迹

用直线一般式直接计算原点到直线的垂足

(1)
求垂足 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}

直线 C1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 的一般式为 xsinαycosαsinα=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{y}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=23}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=34}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{0}

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“直线 C1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 的一般式为 xsinαycosαsinα=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{y}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=23}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=34}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{0}。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先求垂足 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:用点到直线垂足公式,原点的垂足为 A=(sin2α,sinαcosα)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=17}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=29}{\alpha}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=39}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{)}

A=(sin2α,sinαcosα)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=17}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=29}{\alpha}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=39}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{)}
(2)
P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 的参数方程并识别曲线

P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}OA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} 中点,所以坐标减半。再用二倍角公式消去参数结构。

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}OA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} 中点,所以坐标减半。再用二倍角公式消去参数结构。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先写 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 的参数方程并识别曲线后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:x=12sin2α=14(1cos2α)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=27}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{-}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=53}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{)}y=12sinαcosα=14sin2α\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=24}{\alpha}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=34}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{4}}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=58}{\alpha},故 (x1/4)2+y2=1/16\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{6}

{x=12sin2α,\y=12sinαcosα,(x14)2+y2=116\boxed{\begin{cases}x=\frac{1}{2}\sin^{2}\alpha,\\\y=-\frac{1}{2}\sin\alpha\cos\alpha,\end{cases}\quad\left(x-\frac{1}{4}\right)^{2}+y^{2}=\frac1{16}}
24

解答题 · 不等式

设函数 f(x)=2x4+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}。 (1) 画出函数 y=f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 的图象; (2) 若不等式 f(x)ax\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=15}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x} 的解集非空,求 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 的取值范围。

原卷图示 1
原卷图示 1原卷第 2 页 · qwen3.7-plus_layout_detection · 需复核

答案:见图;a<-2或a≥1/2

题目标签:绝对值函数与参数

解题过程

(1)画绝对值函数图象

在绝对值内部零点处分段

(1)
写分段式

2x4=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0} 的分界点为 x=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“写分段式”,而“2x4=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0} 的分界点为 x=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:当 x<2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}2x4=42x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x};当 x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2} 时等于 2x4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}。所以 f(x)=52x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}2x3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}

f(x)={52x,x<2,2x3,x2.\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\begin{cases}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}&\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{,}&\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=40}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{.}\end{cases}
(2)
描述图象

两条射线在 (2,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 相接。

为什么从这里入手:目标是“描述图象”,而“两条射线在 (2,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 相接。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:图象是顶点 (2,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}、左支斜率 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}、右支斜率 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2} 的 V 形折线。

顶点 (2,1),两支斜率 2,2\boxed{\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{顶}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{点} }\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{两}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{支}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{斜}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{率} }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}}

(2)求不等式有解时的参数范围

分别在 x>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}x<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 上考察比值 f(x)/x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}

(1)
研究正半轴

x>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 时不等式等价于 af(x)/x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}

为什么从这里入手:最值与范围题要先找到变量受限方式以及等号何时成立。“当 x>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 时不等式等价于 af(x)/x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}。”给出了可行域或关键界,先研究正半轴能把‘可能有多大’转成单调性、基本不等式或边界比较。

详细展开:0<x<2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2} 时比值为 5/x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2},递减到 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2} 时为 23/x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x},从 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} 递增。因此正半轴上存在解当且仅当 a1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}

a12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}
(2)
研究负半轴并合并

x<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 时除以负数要反向,需 af(x)/x=2+5/x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“研究负半轴并合并”,而“当 x<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 时除以负数要反向,需 af(x)/x=2+5/x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\le }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:该比值在负半轴的值域为 (,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)},所以存在负解当且仅当 a<2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}。合并两类。

a(,2)[12,+)\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=27}{\cup}\left[\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=52}{\infty}\right)}