返回特征解读

2010 年高考数学(上海卷文科)

exams_raw/普通高考/2010/2010上海文.pdf · HS-MATH-1024-v2.1-solution-aware

2329 个小问/题组
1

一、填空题 · 集合

已知集合 A={1,3,m}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\}}, B={3,4}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}}, AB={1,2,3,4}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=20}{\}}, 则 m=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}______.

答案:2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}

题目标签:集合并集

解题过程

由并集反求集合元素

比较目标并集与已知元素

(1)
列出尚缺元素

A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 已经提供 1,3,4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“列出尚缺元素”,而“A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B} 已经提供 1,3,4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:目标并集为 {1,2,3,4}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\}},其中唯一尚未出现的元素是 2,因此 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m} 必须补出 2。若取其他数,会漏掉 2 或引入目标并集中没有的元素。

m=2\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}
(2)
代回核验

m=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}A={1,2,3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\}}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“代回核验”,而“令 m=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}A={1,2,3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\}}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:此时 AB={1,2,3,4}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cup }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=10}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=19}{\}},与题设完全一致。

{1,2,3}{3,4}={1,2,3,4}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=13}{\cup}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=15}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=20}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=23}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=32}{\}}
2

一、填空题 · 不等式

不等式 2xx+4>0\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0} 的解集是______.

答案:(4,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}

题目标签:分式不等式

解题过程

解分式不等式

同时标出分子零点与分母零点

(1)
确定临界点

分子 2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}x=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} 为零,分母 x+4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}x=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4} 为零。

为什么从这里入手:目标是“确定临界点”,而“分子 2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}x=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} 为零,分母 x+4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}x=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4} 为零。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:严格大于零要求分子、分母同号;两个临界点都不能取,其中 4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4} 还使原式无定义。

x4,2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}
(2)
判断符号

三个区间中只有中间一段分子、分母同为正。

为什么从这里入手:目标是“判断符号”,而“三个区间中只有中间一段分子、分母同为正。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:当 4<x<2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2} 时,2x>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}x+4>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0};其余两段异号。

x(4,2)\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}}
3

一、填空题 · 行列式

行列式 cosπ6sinπ6sinπ6cosπ6\begin{vmatrix} \cos\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=29}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{6}} & \sin\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=49}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{6}} \\ \sin\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=70}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{6}} & \cos\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=87,tutor-end=90}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{6}} \end{vmatrix} 的值是______.

答案:1/2

题目标签:二阶行列式

解题过程

计算二阶行列式

按主对角线乘积减副对角线乘积

(1)
展开行列式

二阶行列式 abcd=adbc\begin{vmatrix}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}&\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{b}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{c}&\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{d}\end{vmatrix}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{c}

为什么从这里入手:代数题要寻找能减少未知量或降低次数的关系。“二阶行列式 abcd=adbc\begin{vmatrix}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}&\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{b}\\\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{c}&\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{d}\end{vmatrix}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{c}。”正好提供了因式、根或参数之间的等式,所以先展开行列式,再代入、消元或比较系数,计算链条会更短也更容易复核。

详细展开:所以原式等于 cos2(π/6)sin2(π/6)\cos^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=12}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=28}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}

D=cos2π6sin2π6D=\cos^{2}\frac\pi6-\sin^{2}\frac\pi6
(2)
使用二倍角公式

cos2usin2u=cos2u\cos^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{u}

为什么从这里入手:三角题先把未知角转成特殊角、同一角或已知边角关系。“cos2usin2u=cos2u\cos^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{u}。”指出了可用的象限、恒等式或几何关系,先使用二倍角公式可以同时确定数值和正负号。

详细展开:取 u=π/6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6},得到 D=cos(π/3)=1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=10}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}

12\boxed{\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}}
4

一、填空题 · 复数

若复数 z=12i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}} (i\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{i}} 为虚数单位), 则 zzˉ+z=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\cdot }\bar{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{z}} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}______.

答案:62i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}

题目标签:共轭复数

解题过程

计算共轭复数表达式

先识别 zzˉ=z2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\bar{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{z}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}

(1)
求模平方

z=12i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i} 的实部为 1、虚部为 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}

为什么从这里入手:复数题先判断目标需要代数形式还是模与辐角。“z=12i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{i} 的实部为 1、虚部为 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}。”与“求模平方”直接相连,先利用共轭、模或实虚部关系,通常能避免把复数完全展开成冗长乘积。

详细展开:因此 zzˉ=12+(2)2=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\bar{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{z}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{5},这一步无需展开两个复数乘积。

zzˉ=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\bar{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{z}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}
(2)
加回 z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}

把实数 5 与复数 12i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i} 相加。

为什么从这里入手:复数题先判断目标需要代数形式还是模与辐角。“把实数 5 与复数 12i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i} 相加。”与“加回 z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}”直接相连,先利用共轭、模或实虚部关系,通常能避免把复数完全展开成冗长乘积。

详细展开:实部相加为 6,虚部仍为 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}

zzˉ+z=62i\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{z}\bar{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{z}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{i}}
5

一、填空题 · 统计

将一个总体分为 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 三层,其个体数之比为 5:3:2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}。若用分层抽样方法抽取容量为 100\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 的样本,则应从 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 层抽取______个个体。

答案:20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}

题目标签:分层抽样

解题过程

计算分层抽样的层内样本数

样本中各层比例必须与总体比例相同

(1)
求 C 层占比

三层总比例为 5+3+2=10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0} 份,C 层占 2 份。

为什么从这里入手:目标是“求 C 层占比”,而“三层总比例为 5+3+2=10\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0} 份,C 层占 2 份。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:所以 C 层个体数占总体的 2/10=1/5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5};分层抽样保持这一比例。

P(C)=210=15P(C)=\frac2{10}=\frac{1}{5}
(2)
乘以样本容量

总样本容量为 100。

为什么从这里入手:统计量都来自明确的样本计数或加权。“总样本容量为 100。”给出了数据与权重,先乘以样本容量可以避免把频数、频率和概率混为一谈,并能用总数或概率和反查计算。

详细展开:C 层应抽取 100×1/5=20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0} 个个体。

20\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}}
6

一、填空题 · 立体几何

已知四棱锥 PABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D} 的底面是边长为 6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6} 的正方形, 侧棱 PA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\perp} 底面 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D}, 且 PA=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{8}, 则该四棱锥的体积是______.

答案:96\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6}

题目标签:四棱锥体积

解题过程

求直四棱锥体积

先确认垂直侧棱就是高

(1)
计算底面积与高

底面是边长 6 的正方形,面积为 36。

为什么从这里入手:目标是“计算底面积与高”,而“底面是边长 6 的正方形,面积为 36。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:又因 PA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\perp} 底面,PA=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{8} 就是棱锥的高,而不是斜高。

SABCD=36,h=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{8}
(2)
代入棱锥体积公式

棱锥体积为底面积乘高的三分之一。

为什么从这里入手:空间关系只靠观察容易漏条件,而“棱锥体积为底面积乘高的三分之一。”可以直接翻译成垂直、平行、数量积或体积公式。先代入棱锥体积公式,是在建立可验证的几何链条,而不是凭图形猜结论。

详细展开:V=13368=96\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=18}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=25}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{6}

V=96\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{V}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}}
7

一、填空题 · 解析几何

C:x2+y22x4y+4=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0} 的圆心到直线 l:3x+4y+4=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0} 的距离 d=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}______.

答案:3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}

题目标签:点到直线距离

解题过程

求圆心到直线的距离

先配方读出圆心,再用点到直线距离公式

(1)
求圆心

x22x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}y24y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y} 分别配方。

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“把 x22x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}y24y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y} 分别配方。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先求圆心后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:圆方程化为 (x1)2+(y2)2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1},所以圆心为 C(1,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}

C(1,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}
(2)
代入距离公式

(x0,y0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}Ax+By+C=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0} 的距离为 Ax0+By0+C/A2+B2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{B}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}}}

为什么从这里入手:代数题要寻找能减少未知量或降低次数的关系。“点 (x0,y0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}Ax+By+C=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0} 的距离为 Ax0+By0+C/A2+B2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{A}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{B}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}}}。”正好提供了因式、根或参数之间的等式,所以先代入距离公式,再代入、消元或比较系数,计算链条会更短也更容易复核。

详细展开:代入得 d=3+8+4/5=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}

d=3\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}
8

一、填空题 · 圆锥曲线

动点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 到点 F(2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 的距离与它到直线 x+2=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0} 的距离相等, 则点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 的轨迹方程为______.

答案:y²=8x

题目标签:抛物线定义

解题过程

求抛物线轨迹方程

识别“到定点与定直线距离相等”的抛物线定义

(1)
确定焦点和准线

焦点为 F(2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)},准线为 x=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“焦点为 F(2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)},准线为 x=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先确定焦点和准线后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:焦点与准线关于原点对称,所以顶点在原点,焦准距参数满足 p/2=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2},即 p=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}

F(p2,0)=(2,0)p=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=53}{\Longrightarrow}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{4}
(2)
写出标准方程

开口向右的抛物线标准式是 y2=2px\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“开口向右的抛物线标准式是 y2=2px\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先写出标准方程后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:代入 p=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}y2=8x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}

y2=8x\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}}
9

一、填空题 · 函数

函数 f(x)=log3(x+3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)} 的反函数的图象与 y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} 轴的交点坐标是______.

答案:(0,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}

题目标签:反函数交点

解题过程

求反函数图象与纵轴交点

先写反函数,再令其自变量为 0

(1)
求反函数

y=log3(x+3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}x+3=3y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“求反函数”,而“由 y=log3(x+3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}x+3=3y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:交换 x,y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y} 后,反函数为 y=3x3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}

f1(x)=3x3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}
(2)
求纵轴交点

纵轴上的点横坐标为 0。

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“纵轴上的点横坐标为 0。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先求纵轴交点后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:令 x=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0},得 y=13=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}

(0,2)\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}}
10

一、填空题 · 概率

从一副混合后的扑克牌(52 张)中随机抽取 2 张, 则“抽出的 2 张均为红桃”的概率为______. (结果用最简分数表示)

答案:1/17

题目标签:不放回抽样概率

解题过程

求两张牌均为红桃的概率

用不放回抽样的组合数比值

(1)
计算有利取法与总取法

52 张牌中有 13 张红桃,抽取的两张不计顺序。

为什么从这里入手:目标是“计算有利取法与总取法”,而“52 张牌中有 13 张红桃,抽取的两张不计顺序。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:有利取法为 (132)\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}},全部取法为 (522)\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}

P=(132)(522)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}}{\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}}}
(2)
约分

(132)=78\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{8}(522)=1326\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{6}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“约分”,而“(132)=78\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{8}(522)=1326\binom{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{6}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:约分得到 78/1326=1/17\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{7}

117\boxed{\frac1{17}}
11

一、填空题 · 算法

2010 年上海世博会园区每天 9:00 开园, 20:00 停止入园. 在下边的框图中, S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 表示上海世博会官方网站在每个整点报道的入园总人数, a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} 表示整点报道前 1 个小时内入园人数, 则空白的执行框内应填入______.

原卷图示 1
原卷图示 1原卷第 1 页 · qwen3.7-plus_layout_detection · 需复核

答案:S←S+a

题目标签:程序框图累计量

解题过程

补全累计人数程序框图

根据变量含义确定每轮输入后的更新关系

(1)
跟踪一次循环

程序先输出时刻 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} 和截至该时刻的累计人数 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S},再令 TT+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=12}{\leftarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1} 并输入前一小时人数 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“跟踪一次循环”,而“程序先输出时刻 T\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} 和截至该时刻的累计人数 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S},再令 TT+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=12}{\leftarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1} 并输入前一小时人数 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:进入下一轮前,S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 必须从旧累计值增加这一小时的入园人数,否则下一次输出仍是旧总数。

Snew=Sold+a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\rm \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{w}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}_{\rm \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{o}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{d}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}
(2)
填写执行框

执行框应是赋值语句。

为什么从这里入手:目标是“填写执行框”,而“执行框应是赋值语句。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:因此空白处填写 SS+a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=12}{\leftarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}

SS+a\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=19}{\leftarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}}
12

二、选择题 · 矩阵

n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 列矩阵 (123n2n1n234n1n1345n12n12n3n2n1)\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 & \cdots & n-2 & n-1 & n \\ 2 & 3 & 4 & \cdots & n-1 & n & 1 \\ 3 & 4 & 5 & \cdots & n & 1 & 2 \\ \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots \\ n & 1 & 2 & \cdots & n-3 & n-2 & n-1 \end{pmatrix} 中, 记位于第 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} 行第 j\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{j} 列的数为 aij\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{j}} (i,j=1,2,,n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}). 当 n=9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{9} 时, a11+a22+a33++a99=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=}______.

答案:45\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}

题目标签:循环矩阵

解题过程

求循环矩阵主对角线元素和

找出 aij\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{j}} 随行列号循环移动的规律

(1)
列出主对角线

每向下一行,整行循环左移一格;在主对角线上,行号和列号同时增加 1。

为什么从这里入手:三角题先把未知角转成特殊角、同一角或已知边角关系。“每向下一行,整行循环左移一格;在主对角线上,行号和列号同时增加 1。”指出了可用的象限、恒等式或几何关系,先列出主对角线可以同时确定数值和正负号。

详细展开:当 n=9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{9} 时,aii\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}} 依次为 1,3,5,7,9,2,4,6,8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{8},恰好把 1 到 9 各取一次。

(a11,,a99)=(1,3,5,7,9,2,4,6,8)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=14}{\ldots}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}
(2)
求和

既然只是 1 到 9 的一个排列,顺序不影响总和。

为什么从这里入手:数列题要先识别相邻项之间保持不变的结构。“既然只是 1 到 9 的一个排列,顺序不影响总和。”提示了差、比或可累加关系,先求和能把第 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 项问题改写成已经会处理的等差、等比或裂项模型。

详细展开:所以主对角线元素和为 1+2++9=45\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}

45\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}}
13

二、选择题 · 圆锥曲线

在平面直角坐标系中, 双曲线 Γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma} 的中心在原点, 它的一个焦点坐标为 (5,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}, e1=(2,1)\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}, e2=(2,1)\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)} 分别是两条渐近线的方向向量. 任取双曲线 Γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma} 上的点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}, 若 OP=ae1+be2\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{e}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{b}\vec{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{e}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}} (a,bR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{R}}), 则 a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b} 满足的一个等式是______.

答案:4ab=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}

题目标签:双曲线渐近线向量

解题过程

求双曲线坐标分解系数关系

先由焦点和渐近线确定双曲线,再代入向量分解

(1)
确定标准方程

渐近线方向 (2,±1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\pm}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 给出斜率 ±1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\pm}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2},故 b/a=1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“渐近线方向 (2,±1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\pm}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 给出斜率 ±1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\pm}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2},故 b/a=1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先确定标准方程后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:焦距参数 c=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}},而 c2=a2+b2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}。联立得到 a2=4,b2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1},双曲线为 x2/4y2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}

Γ: x24y2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\ }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}
(2)
代入向量分解

OP=ae1+be2=(2a+2b,ab)\overrightarrow{OP}=a\boldsymbol e_{1}+b\boldsymbol e_{2}=(2a+2b,a-b)

为什么从这里入手:空间关系只靠观察容易漏条件,而“OP=ae1+be2=(2a+2b,ab)\overrightarrow{OP}=a\boldsymbol e_{1}+b\boldsymbol e_{2}=(2a+2b,a-b)。”可以直接翻译成垂直、平行、数量积或体积公式。先代入向量分解,是在建立可验证的几何链条,而不是凭图形猜结论。

详细展开:所以 x=2(a+b),y=ab\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{b}。代入双曲线得 (a+b)2(ab)2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1},即 4ab=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}

4ab=1\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}
14

二、选择题 · 极限

将直线 l1:x+y1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}, l2:nx+yn=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}, l3:x+nyn=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0} (nN,n2n \in \mathbf{N}^*, n \geqslant 2) 围成的三角形面积记为 Sn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}, 则 limnSn=\lim_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=12}{\to }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=18}{\infty}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}______.

答案:1/2

题目标签:三角形面积极限

解题过程

求三直线围成三角形面积极限

先求三个顶点,再用底乘高

(1)
求交点

l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 交于 (1,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}l3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} 交于 (0,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“求交点”,而“l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 交于 (1,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}l3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} 交于 (0,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:由对称性,l2,l3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}} 的交点满足 x=y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y};代入得 x=y=n/(n+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}

A(1,0), B(0,1), C(nn+1,nn+1)A(1,0),\ B(0,1),\ C\left(\frac n{n+1},\frac n{n+1}\right)
(2)
计算面积并取极限

底边 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 长为 2\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}},点 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 到直线 x+y1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0} 的距离为 (n1)/[(n+1)2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{]}

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“底边 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 长为 2\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}},点 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C} 到直线 x+y1=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0} 的距离为 (n1)/[(n+1)2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{]}。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先计算面积并取极限后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:故 Sn=122n1(n+1)2=n12(n+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=30}{\cdot}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{)}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{)}},极限为 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}

limnSn=12\boxed{\lim_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=17}{\to}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=23}{\infty}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}}}
15

二、选择题 · 不等式

满足线性约束条件 {2x+y3,x+2y3,x0,y0\begin{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=29}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{,} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=50}{\leqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{,} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=68}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{,} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=86}{\geqslant }\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{0} \end{cases} 的目标函数 z=x+y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y} 的最大值是 ( ) (A) 1 (B) 32\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} (C) 2 (D) 3

答案:C;2

题目标签:线性规划

解题过程

求线性规划最大值

线性目标函数只需检查可行域顶点

(1)
求可行域关键顶点

在第一象限内,两条边界 2x+y=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}x+2y=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3} 交于 (1,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“求可行域关键顶点”,而“在第一象限内,两条边界 2x+y=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}x+2y=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3} 交于 (1,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:连同坐标轴截点,可行域顶点为 (0,0),(3/2,0),(1,1),(0,3/2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}

(0,0),(32,0),(1,1),(0,32)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{,}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{,}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{2}}\right)
(2)
比较 x+y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}

四个顶点处目标值依次为 0,3/2,2,3/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“比较 x+y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}”,而“四个顶点处目标值依次为 0,3/2,2,3/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:最大值为 2,在 (1,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 处取得,选择 C。

zmax=2C\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{z}_{\max}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{C}}
16

二、选择题 · 逻辑

x=2kπ+π4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=17}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{4}} (kZ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{Z}})”是“tanx=1\tan \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}”成立的 ( ) (A) 充分不必要条件 (B) 必要不充分条件 (C) 充要条件 (D) 既不充分也不必要条件

答案:A;充分不必要

题目标签:充分必要条件

解题过程

判断充分必要条件

先写出 anx=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{n} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1} 的全部解

(1)
比较两个解集

tanx=1\tan \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1} 的通解是 x=kπ+π/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=10}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“比较两个解集”,而“tanx=1\tan \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1} 的通解是 x=kπ+π/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=10}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:题设条件只给出 x=2kπ+π/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4},它对应通解中偶数倍 π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\pi} 的一半解。

{2kπ+π/4}{kπ+π/4}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=15}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=25}{\subsetneq}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=27}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=31}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=35}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=39}{\}}
(2)
作出逻辑判断

前者成立时后者一定成立,但后者成立时未必满足前者。

为什么从这里入手:逻辑题必须先拆成可独立判断的原子命题。“前者成立时后者一定成立,但后者成立时未必满足前者。”给出了真值判断依据,先作出逻辑判断,再代入且、或、非或充分必要关系,能避免被复合句式干扰。

详细展开:例如 x=5π/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4} 满足 tanx=1\tan \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1},却不能写成 2kπ+π/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}

充分不必要条件A\boxed{\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{充}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{分}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{不}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{必}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{要}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{条}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{件}}}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{A}}
17

二、选择题 · 函数

x0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 是方程 lgx+x=2\lg \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2} 的解, 则 x0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} 属于区间 ( ) (A) (0,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} (B) (1,1.25)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} (C) (1.25,1.75)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} (D) (1.75,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}

答案:D;(1.75,2)

题目标签:超越方程根区间

解题过程

定位超越方程的解

利用连续单调性并在选项端点代值

(1)
证明解唯一

g(x)=lgx+x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\lg \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2},定义域为 x>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}

为什么从这里入手:含分母、根号或对数的式子必须先合法,后续变形才有意义。“令 g(x)=lgx+x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\lg \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2},定义域为 x>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}。”正好暴露了限制条件;先证明解唯一,可以防止约分或平方时把禁值偷偷带回答案。

详细展开:g(x)=1/(xln10)+1>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\ln\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0},所以 g\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g} 严格递增,方程至多有一个解。

g(x)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}
(2)
夹逼根所在区间

g(1.75)=lg1.750.25<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\lg\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0},而 g(2)=lg2>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\lg\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}

为什么从这里入手:代数题要寻找能减少未知量或降低次数的关系。“g(1.75)=lg1.750.25<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\lg\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0},而 g(2)=lg2>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\lg\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}。”正好提供了因式、根或参数之间的等式,所以先夹逼根所在区间,再代入、消元或比较系数,计算链条会更短也更容易复核。

详细展开:由连续性和单调性,唯一根位于 (1.75,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}

x0(1.75,2)D\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=15}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{D}}
18

二、选择题 · 解三角形

ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C} 的三个内角满足 sinA:sinB:sinC=5:11:13\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{:} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{:} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{5} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{3}, 则 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C} ( ) (A) 一定是锐角三角形 (B) 一定是直角三角形 (C) 一定是钝角三角形 (D) 可能是锐角三角形, 也可能是钝角三角形

答案:C;钝角三角形

题目标签:三角形形状

解题过程

由正弦比判断三角形形状

用正弦定理把角的正弦比换成边长比

(1)
得到边长比例

正弦定理给出 a:b:c=sinA:sinB:sinC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{:}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{:}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{C}

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“正弦定理给出 a:b:c=sinA:sinB:sinC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{:}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{:}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{C}。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先得到边长比例后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:所以三边可按 5,11,13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3} 比例取值,最大边对应角 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}

a:b:c=5:11:13\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}
(2)
比较最大边平方

用余弦定理的逆定理判断锐钝。

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“用余弦定理的逆定理判断锐钝。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先比较最大边平方后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:132=169>52+112=146\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{6},所以最大角为钝角,三角形一定是钝角三角形。

钝角三角形C\boxed{\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{钝}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{角}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{三}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{角}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{形}}}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{C}}
19

三、解答题 · 三角函数

已知 0<x<π2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=17}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}, 化简: lg(cosxtanx+12sin2x2)+lg[2cos(xπ4)]lg(1+sin2x).\lg\left(\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=22}{\cdot }\tan \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}\sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{x}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{2}}\right) \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{+} \lg\left[\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{2}}\cos\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=100,tutor-end=103}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{4}}\right)\right] \htmlData{tutor-start=122,tutor-end=123}{-} \lg\htmlData{tutor-start=127,tutor-end=128}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=128,tutor-end=129}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=129,tutor-end=130}{+}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=135,tutor-end=136}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=136,tutor-end=137}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=137,tutor-end=138}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=138,tutor-end=139}{.}

答案:0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}

题目标签:对数三角式化简

解题过程

化简对数三角式

分别把三个真数都化成 sinx+cosx\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x} 的幂

(1)
化简前两个真数

cosxtanx=sinx\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\tan \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}12sin2(x/2)=cosx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“化简前两个真数”,而“cosxtanx=sinx\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\tan \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}12sin2(x/2)=cosx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{=}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:所以第一个真数为 sinx+cosx\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x};又 2cos(xπ/4)=sinx+cosx\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=18}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{x}

A=B=sinx+cosx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}
(2)
化简第三个真数并合并对数

1+sin2x=1+2sinxcosx=(sinx+cosx)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}}

为什么从这里入手:含分母、根号或对数的式子必须先合法,后续变形才有意义。“1+sin2x=1+2sinxcosx=(sinx+cosx)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}}。”正好暴露了限制条件;先化简第三个真数并合并对数,可以防止约分或平方时把禁值偷偷带回答案。

详细展开:在第一象限各真数为正,可以使用对数运算法则,原式为 lg[(sinx+cosx)2/(sinx+cosx)2]=0\lg\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{0}

0\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}}
20

三、解答题 · 函数应用

如图所示, 为了制作一个圆柱形灯笼, 先要制作 4 个全等的矩形骨架, 总计耗用 9.6 米铁丝, 再用 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 平方米塑料片制成圆柱的侧面和下底面(不安装上底面). (1) 当圆柱底面半径 r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r} 取何值时, S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 取得最大值? 并求出该最大值(结果精确到 0.01 平方米); (2) 若要制作一个如图放置的, 底面半径为 0.3 米的灯笼, 请作出用于灯笼的三视图(作图时, 不需考虑骨架等因素).

原卷图示 1
原卷图示 1原卷第 1 页 · qwen3.7-plus_layout_detection · 需复核

答案:r=0.4,Smax≈1.51;三视图见解析

题目标签:圆柱灯笼最值与三视图

解题过程

(1)求塑料片面积最大值

先把铁丝总长约束翻译成半径与高的关系

(1)
建立长度约束

设圆柱高为 h\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}。每个矩形骨架由两条高和两条直径组成,耗线 2h+4r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“建立长度约束”,而“设圆柱高为 h\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}。每个矩形骨架由两条高和两条直径组成,耗线 2h+4r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{r}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:4 个骨架总长为 4(2h+4r)=9.6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{6},所以 h=1.22r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{r},并有 0<r<0.6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6}

h=1.22r\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{r}
(2)
求面积二次函数最大值

塑料片包括侧面和下底面。

为什么从这里入手:最值与范围题要先找到变量受限方式以及等号何时成立。“塑料片包括侧面和下底面。”给出了可行域或关键界,先求面积二次函数最大值能把‘可能有多大’转成单调性、基本不等式或边界比较。

详细展开:S=2πrh+πr2=2.4πr3πr2=3π(r0.4)2+0.48π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=7}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=14}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=27}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=34}{\pi }\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{r}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=45}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=64}{\pi}。故 r=0.4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4} 时最大,Smax=0.48π1.51\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\max}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=16}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=23}{\approx}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}

r=0.4 m,Smax1.51 m2\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{m}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{S}_{\max}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=43}{\approx}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{m}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{2}}}

(2)作底面半径为 0.3 米时的三视图

先由长度约束求高,再按正投影画图

(1)
确定实际尺寸

r=0.3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3} 时,h=1.22r=0.6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{6}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“确定实际尺寸”,而“当 r=0.3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3} 时,h=1.22r=0.6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{6}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:圆柱直径 2r=0.6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{6},恰与高相等。三视图只画圆柱外形,不画骨架。

2r=0.6 m,h=0.6 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{r}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{6}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{6}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{m}}
(2)
给出三视图

竖直放置的圆柱正视和侧视都是宽为直径、高为母线长的矩形,俯视是底面圆。

为什么从这里入手:目标是“给出三视图”,而“竖直放置的圆柱正视和侧视都是宽为直径、高为母线长的矩形,俯视是底面圆。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:因此正视图、侧视图均为边长 0.6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6} m 的正方形;俯视图为半径 0.3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3} m 的圆。

正视图、侧视图:0.6×0.6 正方形;俯视图:半径 0.3 的圆\boxed{\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{正}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{视}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{图}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{、}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{侧}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{视}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{图}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{:}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=31}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{6}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{正}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{方}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{形}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{;}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{俯}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{视}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{图}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{半}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{径} }\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{3}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{的}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{圆}}}
21

三、解答题 · 数列

已知数列 {an}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} 的前 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 项和为 Sn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}},且 Sn=n5an85,nNS_{n} = n - 5a_{n} - 85, n \in \mathbf{N}^*. (1) 证明:{an1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=13}{\}} 是等比数列; (2) 求数列 {Sn}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} 的通项公式,并求出使得 Sn+1>Sn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}} 成立的最小正整数 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}.

答案:见证明;S_n=n-90+75(5/6)^(n-1),n=15

题目标签:递推数列与单调

解题过程

(1)证明 {an1}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\}} 是等比数列

先求首项,再用相邻两个前项和相减

(1)
a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}

n=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}S1=a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“求 a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}”,而“当 n=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}S1=a1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:代入 a1=15a185\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5},得到 6a1=84\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4},故 a1=14\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4},于是 a11=150\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}

a1=14\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}
(2)
推出递推比值

n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}an=SnSn1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}

为什么从这里入手:数列题要先识别相邻项之间保持不变的结构。“当 n2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}an=SnSn1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}}。”提示了差、比或可累加关系,先推出递推比值能把第 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 项问题改写成已经会处理的等差、等比或裂项模型。

详细展开:代入两个 S\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S} 的表达式,得 an=15an+5an1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}},即 an1=56(an11)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)}。因此该数列以 5/6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6} 为公比。

an1=56(an11)\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}}

(2)Sn\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}} 并确定首次递增位置

先由等比数列写 an\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}},再把相邻和之差认成 an+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}

(1)
求通项

由首项 a11=15\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}、公比 5/6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}

为什么从这里入手:数列题要先识别相邻项之间保持不变的结构。“由首项 a11=15\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}、公比 5/6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}。”提示了差、比或可累加关系,先求通项能把第 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 项问题改写成已经会处理的等差、等比或裂项模型。

详细展开:an=115(5/6)n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}},代回 Sn=n5an85\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5},得到 Sn=n90+75(5/6)n1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}

Sn=n90+75(56)n1\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{5}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{6}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1}}}
(2)
解首次递增条件

Sn+1Sn=an+1=115(5/6)n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{n}}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“解首次递增条件”,而“Sn+1Sn=an+1=115(5/6)n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{n}}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:要求其大于 0,即 (5/6)n<1/15\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{5}。计算或逐次比较得 n>14.9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\ldots},所以最小正整数为 15。

nmin=15\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{n}_{\min}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{5}}
22

三、解答题 · 不等式

若实数 x,y,m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{m} 满足 xm<ym\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|},则称 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}y\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} 接近 m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}. (1) 若 x21\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1} 比 3 接近 0,求 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 的取值范围; (2) 对任意两个不相等的正数 a,b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{b},证明:a2b+ab2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}a3+b3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}} 接近 2abab\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{b}}; (3) 已知函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的定义域 D={xxkπ,kZ,xR}D = \{x \mid x \neq k\pi, k \in \mathbf{Z}, x \in \mathbf{R}\}. 任取 xD,f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} 等于 1+sinx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}1sinx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x} 中接近 0 的那个值. 写出函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的解析式,并指出它的奇偶性、最小正周期、最小值和单调性(结论不要求证明).

答案:(-2,2);见证明;f=1-|sinx|

题目标签:接近关系与三角函数

解题过程

(1)求“更接近 0”的取值范围

把新定义直接翻译成绝对值不等式

(1)
建立不等式

x21\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1} 比 3 接近 0,意思是它到 0 的距离更小。

为什么从这里入手:最值与范围题要先找到变量受限方式以及等号何时成立。“x21\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1} 比 3 接近 0,意思是它到 0 的距离更小。”给出了可行域或关键界,先建立不等式能把‘可能有多大’转成单调性、基本不等式或边界比较。

详细展开:所以 x21<3=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{3},等价于 3<x21<3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}

3<x21<3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}
(2)
解出 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}

化为 2<x2<4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4};左侧对所有实数自动成立。

为什么从这里入手:目标是“解出 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}”,而“化为 2<x2<4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4};左侧对所有实数自动成立。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:只需 x2<4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4},所以 2<x<2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}

x(2,2)\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=11}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}}

(2)证明两个代数式的接近关系

分别把到目标数的距离因式分解

(1)
化简两个距离

u=a,v=b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{b}},则 u,v>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}uv\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\ne \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{v}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“化简两个距离”,而“令 u=a,v=b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{b}},则 u,v>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}uv\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\ne \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{v}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:a2b+ab22abab=u2v2(uv)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{b}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{u}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{v}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}}a3+b32abab=(u3v3)2=(uv)2(u2+uv+v2)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{b}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{u}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{v}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{u}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{v}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{2}}。两者均非负,可去掉绝对值。

d1=u2v2(uv)2,d2=(uv)2(u2+uv+v2)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{v}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{u}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{v}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{2}}
(2)
比较正因子

uv\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\ne \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{v},公共因子 (uv)2>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“比较正因子”,而“因 uv\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\ne \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{v},公共因子 (uv)2>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:又 uv<u2+uv+v2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{v}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}},故 u2v2<(u2+uv+v2)2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{u}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{v}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{u}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{v}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{v}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}},于是 d1<d2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{d}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}},命题成立。

a2b+ab22abab<a3+b32abab\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{b}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{b}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{|}}

(3)写出接近函数并说明性质

在两个非负候选中选择较小者

(1)
确定解析式

1+sinx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}1sinx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x} 均非负;离 0 更近就是数值较小者。

为什么从这里入手:三角题先把未知角转成特殊角、同一角或已知边角关系。“1+sinx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}1sinx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x} 均非负;离 0 更近就是数值较小者。”指出了可用的象限、恒等式或几何关系,先确定解析式可以同时确定数值和正负号。

详细展开:当 sinx>0\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}1sinx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x},当 sinx<0\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}1+sinx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}。定义域排除了 sinx=0\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0} 的并列点,因此统一写成 f(x)=1sinx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}

f(x)=1sinx,xkπ\boxed{f(x)=1-|\sin x|,\quad x\ne k\pi}
(2)
列出基本性质

sinx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|} 是偶函数且最小正周期为 π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\pi}

为什么从这里入手:三角题先把未知角转成特殊角、同一角或已知边角关系。“sinx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|} 是偶函数且最小正周期为 π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\pi}。”指出了可用的象限、恒等式或几何关系,先列出基本性质可以同时确定数值和正负号。

详细展开:故 f\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f} 为偶函数,最小正周期为 π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\pi},最小值为 0;在 (kπ,kπ+π/2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=10}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=14}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{]} 上递减,在 [kππ/2,kπ)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=16}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} 上递增,kZ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\in}\mathbb{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{Z}}

T=π,fmin=0\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=12}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{f}_{\min}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}}
23

三、解答题 · 解析几何

已知椭圆 Γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma} 的方程为 x2a2+y2b2=1 (a>b>0),A(0,b),B(0,b)\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=48}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{)}Q(a,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}Γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma} 的三个顶点. (1) 若点 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} 满足 AM=12(AQ+AB)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{M}} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{(}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{Q}} \htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{+} \overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{)},求点 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} 的坐标; (2) 设直线 l1:y=k1x+p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{p} 交椭圆 Γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}C,D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D} 两点,交直线 l2:y=k2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{:} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x} 于点 E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}. 若 k1k2=b2a2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}}},证明:E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}CD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 的中点; (3) 设点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 在椭圆 Γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma} 内且不在 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 轴上,如何作过 PQ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{Q} 中点 F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} 的直线 l\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l},使得 l\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l} 与椭圆 Γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma} 两个交点 P1,P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 满足 PP1+PP2=PQ\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{=} \overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{Q}}?令 a=10,b=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5},点 P\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P} 的坐标是 (8,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}. 若椭圆 Γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma} 上的点 P1,P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 满足 PP1+PP2=PQ\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{=} \overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{Q}},求点 P1,P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}} 的坐标.

答案:M=(a/2,-b/2);见证明;(8,3),(-6,-4)

题目标签:椭圆弦中点构造

解题过程

(1)求向量条件确定的点坐标

把向量等式全部以点坐标相减表示

(1)
计算两个已知向量

A=(0,b),Q=(a,0),B=(0,b)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}

为什么从这里入手:空间关系只靠观察容易漏条件,而“A=(0,b),Q=(a,0),B=(0,b)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}。”可以直接翻译成垂直、平行、数量积或体积公式。先计算两个已知向量,是在建立可验证的几何链条,而不是凭图形猜结论。

详细展开:所以 AQ=(a,b)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{Q}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}AB=(0,2b)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)},二者之和的一半为 (a/2,3b/2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}

12(AQ+AB)=(a2,3b2)\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{Q}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{=}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{a}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{b}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=82,tutor-end=83}{2}}\right)
(2)
A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 出发定位 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}

AM=MA\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{M}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“由 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 出发定位 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}”,而“AM=MA\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{M}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:因此 M=A+(a/2,3b/2)=(a/2,b/2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}

M(a2,b2)\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{M}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{b}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}}\right)}

(2)证明交点是弦中点

把弦端点横坐标看成二次方程两根

(1)
求弦中点横坐标

y=k1x+p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{p} 代入椭圆。

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“把 y=k1x+p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{p} 代入椭圆。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先求弦中点横坐标后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:得到 (a2k12+b2)x2+2a2k1px+a2(p2b2)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{p}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{0}。由韦达定理,弦中点横坐标为 x0=a2k1p/(a2k12+b2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)},纵坐标为 y0=k1x0+p=b2p/(a2k12+b2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)}

(x0,y0)=(a2k1pa2k12+b2,b2pa2k12+b2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{p}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{,}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{p}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{1}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=90,tutor-end=91}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{2}}}\right)
(2)
求两直线交点

E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E} 同时满足 k1x+p=k2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E} 同时满足 k1x+p=k2x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先求两直线交点后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:由 k1k2=b2/a2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}k2=b2/(a2k1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)},从而 xE=p/(k2k1)=x0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{E}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}},再代入任一直线得 yE=y0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{E}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}}。故 E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}CD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D} 中点。

E=(x0,y0)\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}}

(3)构造指定中点弦并求数值交点

先把向量和条件改写成中点条件,再使用第 (2) 问的共轭斜率

(1)
说明一般作法

PP1+PP2=PQ\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{=}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{Q}} 等价于 P1+P2=P+Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{Q}

为什么从这里入手:目标是“说明一般作法”,而“PP1+PP2=PQ\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{+}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{=}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{Q}} 等价于 P1+P2=P+Q\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{Q}。”恰好给出了它所缺的前置量或等价关系。先把这条信息写成可计算的等式,后续只需沿等价变形逐步推进;若跳过这一步,就无法说明答案为何由题设唯一确定。

详细展开:因此 F=(P+Q)/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2} 必为弦 P1P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}} 的中点。作直线 OF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F},记其斜率为 k2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}};再过 F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} 作斜率 k1=b2/(a2k2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)} 的直线 l\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l},由第 (2) 问,l\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l} 与椭圆的交点就是所求 P1,P2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}

F=P+Q2,kl=b2a2kOF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{Q}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{l}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{F}}}
(2)
代入给定数据求弦方程

a=10,b=5,P=(8,1),Q=(10,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“a=10,b=5,P=(8,1),Q=(10,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{Q}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先代入给定数据求弦方程后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:F=(1,1/2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)},故 kOF=1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{F}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}kl=1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{l}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}。过 F\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F} 的直线为 y=x/21\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}

l: y=x21\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=4}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}
(3)
联立椭圆求交点

椭圆为 x2/100+y2/25=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}

为什么从这里入手:解析几何的目的,是把图形关系变成坐标等式。“椭圆为 x2/100+y2/25=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}。”提供了点、斜率、距离或焦点条件,先联立椭圆求交点后,交点、弦长和轨迹都能交给方程与韦达定理处理。

详细展开:代入 y=x/21\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}x2+(x2)2=100\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0},即 x22x48=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0},所以 x=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{8}6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6};相应 y=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}

P1(8,3),P2(6,4)\boxed{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{P}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{)}}