1一、选择题 · 集合已知集合 M={x∣2x−1>5}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=25}{\}}M={x∣2x−1>5}, N={1,2,3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=15}{\}}N={1,2,3}, 则 M∩N=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}M∩N= ( ) (A) {1,2,3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\}}{1,2,3} (B) {2,3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\}}{2,3} (C) {3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=5}{\}}{3} (D) ∅\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=11}{\varnothing}∅答案:D;空集题目标签:集合交集解题过程求集合交集先解不等式,再与有限集逐项比较(1)求集合 M集合 M 用不等式描述,先把它化为区间条件。详细展开:由 2x−1>5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}2x−1>5 得 2x>6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}2x>6,再除以正数 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}2,不等号方向不变,所以 x>3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}x>3,即 M=(3,+∞)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}M=(3,+∞)。本步核对:除以正数时不等号不变;若除以负数才需要改变方向。2x−1>5⟺x>3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=26}{\Longleftrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{3}2x−1>5⟺x>3(2)检查 N 中的三个元素有限集 N 只有三个元素,逐个检查是否满足 x>3。详细展开:1,2,3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}1,2,3 都不大于 3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}3,其中 3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}3 也不满足严格不等式 x>3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}x>3。因此没有元素同时属于 M 与 N,交集为空集,选 D。本步核对:严格大于不包含端点 3,不能把 3 留在交集中。M∩N=∅⟹选 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=19}{\varnothing}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=39}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{D}}M∩N=∅⟹选 D
(1)求集合 M集合 M 用不等式描述,先把它化为区间条件。详细展开:由 2x−1>5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}2x−1>5 得 2x>6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}2x>6,再除以正数 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}2,不等号方向不变,所以 x>3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}x>3,即 M=(3,+∞)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}M=(3,+∞)。本步核对:除以正数时不等号不变;若除以负数才需要改变方向。2x−1>5⟺x>3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=26}{\Longleftrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{3}2x−1>5⟺x>3
(2)检查 N 中的三个元素有限集 N 只有三个元素,逐个检查是否满足 x>3。详细展开:1,2,3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}1,2,3 都不大于 3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}3,其中 3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}3 也不满足严格不等式 x>3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}x>3。因此没有元素同时属于 M 与 N,交集为空集,选 D。本步核对:严格大于不包含端点 3,不能把 3 留在交集中。M∩N=∅⟹选 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=19}{\varnothing}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=39}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{D}}M∩N=∅⟹选 D
2一、选择题 · 复数已知复数 z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}z 满足 i⋅z+2=2i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{i}i⋅z+2=2i, 则 ∣z∣=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}∣z∣= ( ) (A) 2\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}2 (B) 22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}22 (C) 4 (D) 8答案:B;2sqrt(2)题目标签:复数方程与模解题过程解复数方程并求模先孤立 z,再使用复数模公式(1)从方程中解出 z把常数项移到右边,再除以虚数单位 i。详细展开:由 iz+2=2i\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{i}}iz+2=2i 得 iz=−2+2i\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}}iz=−2+2i。因为 1/i=−i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{i}}1/i=−i,所以 z=(−2+2i)(−i)=2+2i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{i}}z=(−2+2i)(−i)=2+2i。可回代检查:i(2+2i)+2=2i\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{i}}i(2+2i)+2=2i。本步核对:除以 i\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}i 等价于乘 −i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}}−i,不要误写成乘 i\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}i。z=−2+2ii=2+2i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}}}{\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{i}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{i}}z=i−2+2i=2+2i(2)计算复数的模复数 a+bi 的模是实部、虚部平方和的算术平方根。详细展开:z=2+2i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}}z=2+2i 的实部和虚部都是 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}2,故 ∣z∣=22+22=8=22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}}∣z∣=22+22=8=22,对应选项 B。本步核对:模一定非负,化简根式时 8=22\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}8=22。∣z∣=22+22=22⟹选 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=52}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{B}}∣z∣=22+22=22⟹选 B
(1)从方程中解出 z把常数项移到右边,再除以虚数单位 i。详细展开:由 iz+2=2i\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{i}}iz+2=2i 得 iz=−2+2i\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}}iz=−2+2i。因为 1/i=−i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{i}}1/i=−i,所以 z=(−2+2i)(−i)=2+2i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{i}}z=(−2+2i)(−i)=2+2i。可回代检查:i(2+2i)+2=2i\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{i}}i(2+2i)+2=2i。本步核对:除以 i\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}i 等价于乘 −i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}}−i,不要误写成乘 i\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}i。z=−2+2ii=2+2i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}}}{\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{i}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{i}}z=i−2+2i=2+2i
(2)计算复数的模复数 a+bi 的模是实部、虚部平方和的算术平方根。详细展开:z=2+2i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}}z=2+2i 的实部和虚部都是 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}2,故 ∣z∣=22+22=8=22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}}∣z∣=22+22=8=22,对应选项 B。本步核对:模一定非负,化简根式时 8=22\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}8=22。∣z∣=22+22=22⟹选 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=52}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{B}}∣z∣=22+22=22⟹选 B
3一、选择题 · 双曲线双曲线 x2−4y2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4}x2−4y2=4 的离心率为 ( ) (A) 32\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}23 (B) 52\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}25 (C) 54\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}}45 (D) 5\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}}5答案:B;sqrt(5)/2题目标签:双曲线离心率解题过程求双曲线离心率化标准方程后确定 a、b、c(1)化为双曲线标准式把方程两边同除以 4,读出半实轴与半虚轴参数。详细展开:x2−4y2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}x2−4y2=4 两边除以 4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}4,得到 x2/4−y2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}x2/4−y2=1。与 x2/a2−y2/b2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}x2/a2−y2/b2=1 比较,有 a2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}a2=4、b2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}b2=1。本步核对:原方程右边不是 1 时不能直接把 x² 的系数当作 a²。x24−y21=1,a=2,b=1\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1}4x2−1y2=1,a=2,b=1(2)计算焦距参数与离心率双曲线满足 c²=a²+b²,再用 e=c/a。详细展开:由 c2=4+1=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}c2=4+1=5 得 c=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}}c=5。因此 e=c/a=5/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}e=c/a=5/2,对应选项 B。离心率大于 1,也符合双曲线的基本性质。本步核对:双曲线是 c²=a²+b²,不能误用椭圆的 a²=b²+c²。c=5,e=ca=52⟹选 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{c}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{5}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{2}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=70}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{B}}c=5,e=ac=25⟹选 B
(1)化为双曲线标准式把方程两边同除以 4,读出半实轴与半虚轴参数。详细展开:x2−4y2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}x2−4y2=4 两边除以 4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}4,得到 x2/4−y2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}x2/4−y2=1。与 x2/a2−y2/b2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}x2/a2−y2/b2=1 比较,有 a2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}a2=4、b2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}b2=1。本步核对:原方程右边不是 1 时不能直接把 x² 的系数当作 a²。x24−y21=1,a=2,b=1\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1}4x2−1y2=1,a=2,b=1
(2)计算焦距参数与离心率双曲线满足 c²=a²+b²,再用 e=c/a。详细展开:由 c2=4+1=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}c2=4+1=5 得 c=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}}c=5。因此 e=c/a=5/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}e=c/a=5/2,对应选项 B。离心率大于 1,也符合双曲线的基本性质。本步核对:双曲线是 c²=a²+b²,不能误用椭圆的 a²=b²+c²。c=5,e=ca=52⟹选 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{c}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{5}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{2}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=70}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{B}}c=5,e=ac=25⟹选 B
4一、选择题 · 函数为了得到函数 y=9x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{9}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}}y=9x 的图象, 只需把函数 y=3x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}}y=3x 的图象上所有点的 ( ) (A) 横坐标变为原来的 12\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}21 倍 (纵坐标不变) (B) 横坐标变为原来的 2 倍 (纵坐标不变) (C) 纵坐标变为原来的 13\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}31 倍 (横坐标不变) (D) 纵坐标变为原来的 3 倍 (横坐标不变)答案:A题目标签:指数函数图象变换解题过程判断指数函数图象伸缩把 9^x 改写成 3 的幂(1)统一指数函数底数两个函数底数不同,先利用 9=3² 化成同一个母函数。详细展开:9x=(32)x=32x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{9}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}}9x=(32)x=32x。若记 f(x)=3x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}}f(x)=3x,目标函数就是 y=f(2x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}y=f(2x)。这说明变化发生在自变量内部,而不是在函数值外乘常数。本步核对:32x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}}32x 不等于 2⋅3x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}}2⋅3x,不能解释成纵坐标放大 2 倍。9x=32x=f(2x)(f(x)=3x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{9}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}9x=32x=f(2x)(f(x)=3x)(2)解释横坐标压缩函数 y=f(2x) 的图象由 y=f(x) 横向压缩为原来的一半。详细展开:原图上一点 (u,3u)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}(u,3u) 要在新图上保持同一纵坐标,就令 2x=u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}2x=u,得到新横坐标 x=u/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}x=u/2。因此所有点的横坐标变为原来的 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}1/2,纵坐标不变,选 A。本步核对:自变量内乘 2 对应横坐标除以 2,方向容易记反。(u,3u)↦(u2,3u)⟹选 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=16}{\mapsto}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{u}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{u}}\right)\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=66}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{A}}(u,3u)↦(2u,3u)⟹选 A
(1)统一指数函数底数两个函数底数不同,先利用 9=3² 化成同一个母函数。详细展开:9x=(32)x=32x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{9}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}}9x=(32)x=32x。若记 f(x)=3x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}}f(x)=3x,目标函数就是 y=f(2x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}y=f(2x)。这说明变化发生在自变量内部,而不是在函数值外乘常数。本步核对:32x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}}32x 不等于 2⋅3x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}}2⋅3x,不能解释成纵坐标放大 2 倍。9x=32x=f(2x)(f(x)=3x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{9}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}9x=32x=f(2x)(f(x)=3x)
(2)解释横坐标压缩函数 y=f(2x) 的图象由 y=f(x) 横向压缩为原来的一半。详细展开:原图上一点 (u,3u)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}(u,3u) 要在新图上保持同一纵坐标,就令 2x=u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u}2x=u,得到新横坐标 x=u/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}x=u/2。因此所有点的横坐标变为原来的 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}1/2,纵坐标不变,选 A。本步核对:自变量内乘 2 对应横坐标除以 2,方向容易记反。(u,3u)↦(u2,3u)⟹选 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=16}{\mapsto}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{u}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{u}}\right)\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=66}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{A}}(u,3u)↦(2u,3u)⟹选 A
5一、选择题 · 数列已知 {an}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}}{an} 是公差不为零的等差数列, a1=−2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}a1=−2, 若 a3,a4,a6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{6}}a3,a4,a6 成等比数列, 则 a10=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}a10= ( ) (A) −20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}−20 (B) −18\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{8}−18 (C) 16 (D) 18答案:C;16题目标签:等差与等比数列解题过程由等比条件求等差数列用公差表示三项,再列中项平方关系(1)用公差 d 表示指定项等差数列每一项都可由 a1+(n-1)d 表示。详细展开:由 a1=−2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}a1=−2,得到 a3=−2+2d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{d}a3=−2+2d、a4=−2+3d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{d}a4=−2+3d、a6=−2+5d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{d}a6=−2+5d。三项按此顺序成等比数列,必须满足中项平方等于前后项乘积。本步核对:成等比的是 a3、a4、a6,不是下标成等比。a3=−2+2d,a4=−2+3d,a6=−2+5d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{d}a3=−2+2d,a4=−2+3d,a6=−2+5d(2)解公差并求 a10列出 a4²=a3a6,解方程后用 d≠0 筛根。详细展开:代入得 (−2+3d)2=(−2+2d)(−2+5d)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}(−2+3d)2=(−2+2d)(−2+5d),展开整理为 d2−2d=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}d2−2d=0,即 d(d−2)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}d(d−2)=0。题设公差不为零,故 d=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}d=2。于是 a10=−2+9×2=16\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=17}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{6}a10=−2+9×2=16,选 C。本步核对:不能保留 d=0,因为题目明确说公差不为零。d(d−2)=0,d≠0⟹d=2,a10=16d(d-2)=0, d\ne0\Longrightarrow d=2,\qquad a_{10}=16d(d−2)=0,d=0⟹d=2,a10=16
(1)用公差 d 表示指定项等差数列每一项都可由 a1+(n-1)d 表示。详细展开:由 a1=−2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}a1=−2,得到 a3=−2+2d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{d}a3=−2+2d、a4=−2+3d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{d}a4=−2+3d、a6=−2+5d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{d}a6=−2+5d。三项按此顺序成等比数列,必须满足中项平方等于前后项乘积。本步核对:成等比的是 a3、a4、a6,不是下标成等比。a3=−2+2d,a4=−2+3d,a6=−2+5d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{d}a3=−2+2d,a4=−2+3d,a6=−2+5d
(2)解公差并求 a10列出 a4²=a3a6,解方程后用 d≠0 筛根。详细展开:代入得 (−2+3d)2=(−2+2d)(−2+5d)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}(−2+3d)2=(−2+2d)(−2+5d),展开整理为 d2−2d=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}d2−2d=0,即 d(d−2)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}d(d−2)=0。题设公差不为零,故 d=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}d=2。于是 a10=−2+9×2=16\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=17}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{6}a10=−2+9×2=16,选 C。本步核对:不能保留 d=0,因为题目明确说公差不为零。d(d−2)=0,d≠0⟹d=2,a10=16d(d-2)=0, d\ne0\Longrightarrow d=2,\qquad a_{10}=16d(d−2)=0,d=0⟹d=2,a10=16
6一、选择题 · 不等式已知 a>0,b>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}a>0,b>0, 则 ( ) (A) a2+b2>2ab\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{b}a2+b2>2ab (B) 1a+1b⩾1ab\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{b}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=36}{\geqslant }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{b}}a1+b1⩾ab1 (C) a+b>ab\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{b}}a+b>ab (D) 1a+1b⩽2ab\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{b}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=36}{\leqslant }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{b}}}a1+b1⩽ab2答案:C题目标签:正数不等式判断解题过程判断正数不等式对严格不等式看等号,对其余命题给证明或反例(1)排除 A、B、D全称命题只需一个合法反例即可否定。详细展开:A 在 a=b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}a=b 时等号成立,不满足严格大于。B 的原题右端为 1/(ab)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}1/(ab);取 a=b=1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}a=b=1/3,左端为 6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6}6,右端为 9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{9}9,故 B 错。D 取 a=1,b=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}a=1,b=4,左端 5/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}5/4,右端 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}1,也不成立。本步核对:B 的分母已按原 PDF 核对为 ab,不是 OCR 曾误写的根号 ab。a=b⇒A 错;a=b=13⇒6<9;(a,b)=(1,4)⇒54>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=15}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{错}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{;}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=58}{\Rightarrow}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{;}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=90}{\Rightarrow}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{1}a=b⇒A 错;a=b=31⇒6<9;(a,b)=(1,4)⇒45>1(2)证明 C 恒成立使用基本不等式给出严格下界。详细展开:因为 a,b>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}a,b>0,由均值不等式 a+b≥2ab\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{b}}a+b≥2ab。又 2ab>ab\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{>}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{b}}2ab>ab,所以 a+b>ab\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{b}}a+b>ab 对所有正数 a、b 都成立,故选 C。本步核对:即使 a=b,第一处可取等号,第二处仍严格大于。a+b≥2ab>ab⟹选 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{>}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{b}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=46}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{C}}a+b≥2ab>ab⟹选 C
(1)排除 A、B、D全称命题只需一个合法反例即可否定。详细展开:A 在 a=b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}a=b 时等号成立,不满足严格大于。B 的原题右端为 1/(ab)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}1/(ab);取 a=b=1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}a=b=1/3,左端为 6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6}6,右端为 9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{9}9,故 B 错。D 取 a=1,b=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}a=1,b=4,左端 5/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}5/4,右端 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}1,也不成立。本步核对:B 的分母已按原 PDF 核对为 ab,不是 OCR 曾误写的根号 ab。a=b⇒A 错;a=b=13⇒6<9;(a,b)=(1,4)⇒54>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=15}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{错}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{;}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=58}{\Rightarrow}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{;}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=90}{\Rightarrow}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{1}a=b⇒A 错;a=b=31⇒6<9;(a,b)=(1,4)⇒45>1
(2)证明 C 恒成立使用基本不等式给出严格下界。详细展开:因为 a,b>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}a,b>0,由均值不等式 a+b≥2ab\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{b}}a+b≥2ab。又 2ab>ab\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{>}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{b}}2ab>ab,所以 a+b>ab\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{b}}a+b>ab 对所有正数 a、b 都成立,故选 C。本步核对:即使 a=b,第一处可取等号,第二处仍严格大于。a+b≥2ab>ab⟹选 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{>}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{b}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=46}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{C}}a+b≥2ab>ab⟹选 C
7一、选择题 · 函数已知函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}f(x) 的定义域为 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}D, 则“f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}f(x) 的值域为 R\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}}R”是“对任意 M∈R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{R}}M∈R, 存在 x0∈D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{D}x0∈D, 使得 ∣f(x0)∣>M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{M}∣f(x0)∣>M”的 ( ) (A) 充分不必要条件 (B) 必要不充分条件 (C) 充要条件 (D) 既不充分也不必要条件答案:A;充分不必要题目标签:充分必要条件解题过程判断两个函数命题的关系分别证明正向推出并构造反例否定逆向(1)证明值域为 R 能推出无界条件值域覆盖全体实数时,可以主动指定一个绝对值很大的函数值。详细展开:若 f(D)=R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{R}}f(D)=R,对任意实数 M:当 M≥0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}M≥0 时取目标值 M+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}M+1,由满射性存在 x0∈D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D}x0∈D 使 f(x0)=M+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}f(x0)=M+1,于是 ∣f(x0)∣>M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{M}∣f(x0)∣>M;当 M<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}M<0 时任取定义域中的点也有绝对值不小于 0 而大于 M。因此前一命题推出后一命题。本步核对:M 可以是负数,完整证明需说明负数情形虽然是自动成立的。f(D)=R⟹(∀M∈R)(∃x0∈D):∣f(x0)∣>M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{R}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=30}{\Longrightarrow}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=39}{\forall }\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=43}{\in}\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{R}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=63}{\exists }\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=72}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{M}f(D)=R⟹(∀M∈R)(∃x0∈D):∣f(x0)∣>M(2)用反例说明逆命题不成立找一个绝对值无界但值域不是全体实数的函数。详细展开:取 D=R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{R}}D=R、f(x)=ex\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}}f(x)=ex。它的值域是 (0,+∞)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}(0,+∞),不是 R\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}}R;但对任意 M,若 M≥0 可取足够大的 x 使 ex>M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}ex>M,若 M<0 则任意 x 都满足 ∣ex∣>M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{M}∣ex∣>M。所以后一命题不能推出前一命题,前者是充分不必要条件,选 A。本步核对:不要用有界函数作反例,否则连后一命题也不成立。f(x)=ex:∣f∣ 无界,f(R)=(0,+∞)≠R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{:}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{|}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{无}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{界}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=36}{\quad} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{(}\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{R}}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=61}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{)}\ne\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{R}}f(x)=ex:∣f∣ 无界,f(R)=(0,+∞)=R
(1)证明值域为 R 能推出无界条件值域覆盖全体实数时,可以主动指定一个绝对值很大的函数值。详细展开:若 f(D)=R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{R}}f(D)=R,对任意实数 M:当 M≥0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}M≥0 时取目标值 M+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}M+1,由满射性存在 x0∈D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D}x0∈D 使 f(x0)=M+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}f(x0)=M+1,于是 ∣f(x0)∣>M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{M}∣f(x0)∣>M;当 M<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}M<0 时任取定义域中的点也有绝对值不小于 0 而大于 M。因此前一命题推出后一命题。本步核对:M 可以是负数,完整证明需说明负数情形虽然是自动成立的。f(D)=R⟹(∀M∈R)(∃x0∈D):∣f(x0)∣>M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{R}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=30}{\Longrightarrow}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=39}{\forall }\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=43}{\in}\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{R}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=63}{\exists }\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=72}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{M}f(D)=R⟹(∀M∈R)(∃x0∈D):∣f(x0)∣>M
(2)用反例说明逆命题不成立找一个绝对值无界但值域不是全体实数的函数。详细展开:取 D=R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{R}}D=R、f(x)=ex\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}}f(x)=ex。它的值域是 (0,+∞)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}(0,+∞),不是 R\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}}R;但对任意 M,若 M≥0 可取足够大的 x 使 ex>M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}ex>M,若 M<0 则任意 x 都满足 ∣ex∣>M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{M}∣ex∣>M。所以后一命题不能推出前一命题,前者是充分不必要条件,选 A。本步核对:不要用有界函数作反例,否则连后一命题也不成立。f(x)=ex:∣f∣ 无界,f(R)=(0,+∞)≠R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{:}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{|}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{无}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{界}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=36}{\quad} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{(}\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{R}}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=61}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{)}\ne\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{R}}f(x)=ex:∣f∣ 无界,f(R)=(0,+∞)=R
8一、选择题 · 三角函数设函数 f(x)=sinωx+cosωx(ω>0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=19}{\omega }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+} \cos \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=35}{\omega }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=45}{\omega }\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)}f(x)=sinωx+cosωx(ω>0), 若 f(x+π)=f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}f(x+π)=f(x) 恒成立, 且 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}f(x) 在 [0,π4]\left[\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=18}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{4}}\right][0,4π] 上存在零点, 则 ω\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega}ω 的最小值为 ( ) (A) 8 (B) 6 (C) 4 (D) 3答案:C;4题目标签:三角函数周期与零点解题过程求满足周期与零点条件的最小频率周期条件先离散化 omega,再用零点筛选(1)由恒等周期条件限制 omega把函数合成为单一正弦,比较平移 pi 后的相位。详细展开:f(x)=2sin(ωx+π/4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=25}{\omega }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=30}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}f(x)=2sin(ωx+π/4)。若 f(x+π)=f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}f(x+π)=f(x) 对所有 x 恒成立,则相位增量 ωπ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}ωπ 必须是 2π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi}2π 的整数倍,所以 ω=2k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}ω=2k,其中 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}k 为正整数。本步核对:相位增加奇数个 pi 会使函数变号,不满足恒等相等。ωπ=2kπ⟹ω=2k(k∈N∗)\omega\pi=2k\pi\Longrightarrow\omega=2k\quad(k\in\mathbf{N}^*)ωπ=2kπ⟹ω=2k(k∈N∗)(2)检查区间内是否有零点求最靠近区间的零点并与右端点比较。详细展开:零点满足 ωx+π/4=nπ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\omega }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=12}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=19}{\pi}ωx+π/4=nπ。在 x≥0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}x≥0 中第一个零点取 n=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}n=1,即 x=3π/(4ω)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=15}{\omega}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}x=3π/(4ω)。要使它不超过 π/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}π/4,需 ω≥3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}ω≥3。结合 ω\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega}ω 必须为正偶数,最小只能是 4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}4;此时零点 3π/16\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6}3π/16 确在区间内,故选 C。本步核对:不能直接取 omega=3,因为它不满足上一部得到的偶整数条件。3π4ω≤π4⟺ω≥3,ωmin=4\frac{3\pi}{4\omega}\le\frac\pi4\Longleftrightarrow\omega\ge3,\qquad \omega_{\min}=44ω3π≤4π⟺ω≥3,ωmin=4
(1)由恒等周期条件限制 omega把函数合成为单一正弦,比较平移 pi 后的相位。详细展开:f(x)=2sin(ωx+π/4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=25}{\omega }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=30}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}f(x)=2sin(ωx+π/4)。若 f(x+π)=f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}f(x+π)=f(x) 对所有 x 恒成立,则相位增量 ωπ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}ωπ 必须是 2π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi}2π 的整数倍,所以 ω=2k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k}ω=2k,其中 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}k 为正整数。本步核对:相位增加奇数个 pi 会使函数变号,不满足恒等相等。ωπ=2kπ⟹ω=2k(k∈N∗)\omega\pi=2k\pi\Longrightarrow\omega=2k\quad(k\in\mathbf{N}^*)ωπ=2kπ⟹ω=2k(k∈N∗)
(2)检查区间内是否有零点求最靠近区间的零点并与右端点比较。详细展开:零点满足 ωx+π/4=nπ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\omega }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=12}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=19}{\pi}ωx+π/4=nπ。在 x≥0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}x≥0 中第一个零点取 n=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}n=1,即 x=3π/(4ω)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=15}{\omega}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}x=3π/(4ω)。要使它不超过 π/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}π/4,需 ω≥3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}ω≥3。结合 ω\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega}ω 必须为正偶数,最小只能是 4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}4;此时零点 3π/16\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6}3π/16 确在区间内,故选 C。本步核对:不能直接取 omega=3,因为它不满足上一部得到的偶整数条件。3π4ω≤π4⟺ω≥3,ωmin=4\frac{3\pi}{4\omega}\le\frac\pi4\Longleftrightarrow\omega\ge3,\qquad \omega_{\min}=44ω3π≤4π⟺ω≥3,ωmin=4
9一、选择题 · 函数应用在一定条件下, 某人工智能大语言模型训练 N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}N 个单位的数据量所需要的时间 T=klog2N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k} \log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{N}T=klog2N (单位: h), 其中 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}k 为常数. 在此条件下, 已知训练数据量 N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}N 从 106\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6}}106 个单位增加到 1.024×109\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{9}}1.024×109 个单位时, 训练时间增加 20 h; 当训练数据量 N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}N 从 1.024×109\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{9}}1.024×109 个单位增加到 4.096×109\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{9}}4.096×109 个单位时, 训练时间增加 ( ) (A) 2 h (B) 4 h (C) 20 h (D) 40 h答案:B;4 h题目标签:对数增长模型解题过程计算对数模型中的时间增量对数差化为数据量倍数的对数(1)由第一次增长确定 k训练时间差只取决于新旧数据量的比值。详细展开:第一次数据量倍数为 (1.024×109)/106=1024=210\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{0}}(1.024×109)/106=1024=210,所以时间增加 klog21024=10k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}klog21024=10k。题设该增量为 20 小时,故 k=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}k=2。本步核对:1.024×10^9 除以 10^6 是 1024,不是 1.024。20=klog2(1024)=10k⟹k=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=38}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}20=klog2(1024)=10k⟹k=2(2)计算第二次时间增加量第二次数据量扩大 4 倍,直接代入同一个 k。详细展开:4.096×109\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{9}}4.096×109 是 1.024×109\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{9}}1.024×109 的 4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}4 倍,因此时间增加 klog24=2×2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}klog24=2×2=4 小时,对应选项 B。本步核对:第二次不能继续使用第一次的 1024 倍,应重新计算为 4 倍。ΔT=2log24=4 h⟹选 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=24}{\ }\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{h}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=54}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{B}}ΔT=2log24=4 h⟹选 B
(1)由第一次增长确定 k训练时间差只取决于新旧数据量的比值。详细展开:第一次数据量倍数为 (1.024×109)/106=1024=210\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{0}}(1.024×109)/106=1024=210,所以时间增加 klog21024=10k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}klog21024=10k。题设该增量为 20 小时,故 k=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}k=2。本步核对:1.024×10^9 除以 10^6 是 1024,不是 1.024。20=klog2(1024)=10k⟹k=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=38}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}20=klog2(1024)=10k⟹k=2
(2)计算第二次时间增加量第二次数据量扩大 4 倍,直接代入同一个 k。详细展开:4.096×109\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{9}}4.096×109 是 1.024×109\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{9}}1.024×109 的 4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}4 倍,因此时间增加 klog24=2×2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}klog24=2×2=4 小时,对应选项 B。本步核对:第二次不能继续使用第一次的 1024 倍,应重新计算为 4 倍。ΔT=2log24=4 h⟹选 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=24}{\ }\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{h}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=54}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{B}}ΔT=2log24=4 h⟹选 B
10一、选择题 · 平面向量在平面直角坐标系 xOy\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}xOy 中, ∣OA→∣=∣OB→∣=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{|}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{2}}∣OA∣=∣OB∣=2, ∣AB→∣=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}∣AB∣=2, 设 C(3,4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}C(3,4), 则 ∣2CA→+AB→∣\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{A}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{|}∣2CA+AB∣ 的取值范围是 ( ) (A) [6,14]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{]}[6,14] (B) [6,12]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{]}[6,12] (C) [8,14]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{]}[8,14] (D) [8,12]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{]}[8,12]答案:D;[8,12]题目标签:向量模长范围解题过程求向量模长的变化范围先化简向量式,再转为两个定长向量的距离(1)由三边关系得到 OA 垂直 OB利用向量差模长公式求两向量夹角。详细展开:记 a=OA→\boldsymbol a=\overrightarrow{OA}a=OA、b=OB→\boldsymbol b=\overrightarrow{OB}b=OB。由 ∣a−b∣2=∣a∣2+∣b∣2−2a⋅b|\boldsymbol a-\boldsymbol b|^{2}=|\boldsymbol a|^{2}+|\boldsymbol b|^{2}-2\boldsymbol a\cdot\boldsymbol b∣a−b∣2=∣a∣2+∣b∣2−2a⋅b,代入 4=2+2−2a⋅b4=2+2-2\boldsymbol a\cdot\boldsymbol b4=2+2−2a⋅b,得点积为 0。因此 a、b 垂直,且 ∣a+b∣=2|\boldsymbol a+\boldsymbol b|=2∣a+b∣=2。本步核对:AB 对应向量 b-a,不能误写成 a+b。a⋅b=0,∣a+b∣=2+2=2\boldsymbol a\cdot\boldsymbol b=0,\qquad |\boldsymbol a+\boldsymbol b|=\sqrt{2+2}=2a⋅b=0,∣a+b∣=2+2=2(2)化简目标并用三角不等式把 C 的位置向量代入,目标成为长度 2 的动向量与长度 10 的定向量之差。详细展开:2CA→+AB→=2(a−c)+(b−a)=a+b−2c2\overrightarrow{CA}+\overrightarrow{AB}=2(\boldsymbol a-\boldsymbol c)+(\boldsymbol b-\boldsymbol a)=\boldsymbol a+\boldsymbol b-2\boldsymbol c2CA+AB=2(a−c)+(b−a)=a+b−2c。其中 ∣a+b∣=2|\boldsymbol a+\boldsymbol b|=2∣a+b∣=2,而 ∣2c∣=232+42=10|2\boldsymbol c|=2\sqrt{3^{2}+4^{2}}=10∣2c∣=232+42=10。随着垂直向量组转动,a+b 可取任意方向,故差的模从 10−2=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{8}10−2=8 到 10+2=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}10+2=12,两端均能取得,选 D。本步核对:下界是两长度之差的绝对值,不是 10-4 或 10-√2。8=10−2≤∣a+b−2c∣≤10+2=128=10-2\le|\boldsymbol a+\boldsymbol b-2\boldsymbol c|\le10+2=128=10−2≤∣a+b−2c∣≤10+2=12
(1)由三边关系得到 OA 垂直 OB利用向量差模长公式求两向量夹角。详细展开:记 a=OA→\boldsymbol a=\overrightarrow{OA}a=OA、b=OB→\boldsymbol b=\overrightarrow{OB}b=OB。由 ∣a−b∣2=∣a∣2+∣b∣2−2a⋅b|\boldsymbol a-\boldsymbol b|^{2}=|\boldsymbol a|^{2}+|\boldsymbol b|^{2}-2\boldsymbol a\cdot\boldsymbol b∣a−b∣2=∣a∣2+∣b∣2−2a⋅b,代入 4=2+2−2a⋅b4=2+2-2\boldsymbol a\cdot\boldsymbol b4=2+2−2a⋅b,得点积为 0。因此 a、b 垂直,且 ∣a+b∣=2|\boldsymbol a+\boldsymbol b|=2∣a+b∣=2。本步核对:AB 对应向量 b-a,不能误写成 a+b。a⋅b=0,∣a+b∣=2+2=2\boldsymbol a\cdot\boldsymbol b=0,\qquad |\boldsymbol a+\boldsymbol b|=\sqrt{2+2}=2a⋅b=0,∣a+b∣=2+2=2
(2)化简目标并用三角不等式把 C 的位置向量代入,目标成为长度 2 的动向量与长度 10 的定向量之差。详细展开:2CA→+AB→=2(a−c)+(b−a)=a+b−2c2\overrightarrow{CA}+\overrightarrow{AB}=2(\boldsymbol a-\boldsymbol c)+(\boldsymbol b-\boldsymbol a)=\boldsymbol a+\boldsymbol b-2\boldsymbol c2CA+AB=2(a−c)+(b−a)=a+b−2c。其中 ∣a+b∣=2|\boldsymbol a+\boldsymbol b|=2∣a+b∣=2,而 ∣2c∣=232+42=10|2\boldsymbol c|=2\sqrt{3^{2}+4^{2}}=10∣2c∣=232+42=10。随着垂直向量组转动,a+b 可取任意方向,故差的模从 10−2=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{8}10−2=8 到 10+2=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}10+2=12,两端均能取得,选 D。本步核对:下界是两长度之差的绝对值,不是 10-4 或 10-√2。8=10−2≤∣a+b−2c∣≤10+2=128=10-2\le|\boldsymbol a+\boldsymbol b-2\boldsymbol c|\le10+2=128=10−2≤∣a+b−2c∣≤10+2=12
11二、填空题 · 抛物线已知抛物线 y2=2px(p>0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}y2=2px(p>0) 的顶点到焦点的距离为 3, 则 p=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}p= ______.答案:6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6}6题目标签:抛物线焦点参数解题过程由焦距求抛物线参数把题设方程与 y²=4ax 对照(1)识别标准参数标准抛物线 y²=4ax 的顶点到焦点距离是 a。详细展开:题目给的是 y2=2px\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}y2=2px,与 y2=4ax\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}y2=4ax 比较,有 4a=2p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}4a=2p,所以 a=p/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}a=p/2。焦点为 (p/2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}(p/2,0),顶点为原点。本步核对:不要套用 y²=2px 时焦点为 (p,0) 的错误记忆。a=p2,F(p2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{p}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{F}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{p}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{0}\right)a=2p,F(2p,0)(2)代入距离求 p顶点到焦点的距离就是焦点横坐标的绝对值。详细展开:因为 p>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}p>0,顶点 O 到焦点 F 的距离为 p/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}p/2。题设该距离等于 3,所以 p/2=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}p/2=3,解得 p=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}p=6。本步核对:最后应填写 p 而不是中间参数 a=3。p2=3⟹p=6\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{p}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=29}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{6}2p=3⟹p=6
(1)识别标准参数标准抛物线 y²=4ax 的顶点到焦点距离是 a。详细展开:题目给的是 y2=2px\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}y2=2px,与 y2=4ax\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}y2=4ax 比较,有 4a=2p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}4a=2p,所以 a=p/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}a=p/2。焦点为 (p/2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}(p/2,0),顶点为原点。本步核对:不要套用 y²=2px 时焦点为 (p,0) 的错误记忆。a=p2,F(p2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{p}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{F}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{p}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{0}\right)a=2p,F(2p,0)
(2)代入距离求 p顶点到焦点的距离就是焦点横坐标的绝对值。详细展开:因为 p>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}p>0,顶点 O 到焦点 F 的距离为 p/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}p/2。题设该距离等于 3,所以 p/2=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}p/2=3,解得 p=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}p=6。本步核对:最后应填写 p 而不是中间参数 a=3。p2=3⟹p=6\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{p}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=29}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{6}2p=3⟹p=6
12二、填空题 · 二项式定理已知 (1−2x)4=a0−2a1x+4a2x2−8a3x3+16a4x4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{4}}(1−2x)4=a0−2a1x+4a2x2−8a3x3+16a4x4, 则 a0=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}a0= ______; a1+a2+a3+a4=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=}a1+a2+a3+a4= ______.答案:1;15题目标签:二项式系数解题过程比较二项式系数逐项对应组合数,再求和(1)展开并识别 ai按二项式定理写出一般项,注意题目已把 (-2x)^i 的幂因子分离。详细展开:(1−2x)4=∑i=04(4i)(−2x)i(1-2x)^{4}=\sum_{i=0}^{4}\binom4i(-2x)^{i}(1−2x)4=∑i=04(i4)(−2x)i,所以各项依次为 1−2(41)x+4(42)x2−8(43)x3+16(44)x41-2\binom41x+4\binom42x^{2}-8\binom43x^{3}+16\binom44x^{4}1−2(14)x+4(24)x2−8(34)x3+16(44)x4。与题设逐项比较可得 ai=(4i)a_{i}=\binom4iai=(i4)。本步核对:不能把 a1 误认成实际 x 项系数 -8;实际系数是 -2a1。(a0,a1,a2,a3,a4)=(1,4,6,4,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)}(a0,a1,a2,a3,a4)=(1,4,6,4,1)(2)计算两个空从识别出的组合数直接取值和求和。详细展开:常数项给出 a0=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}a0=1。其余四项之和为 4+6+4+1=15\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}4+6+4+1=15。也可用全部组合数之和 24=16\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{6}24=16 再减去 a0=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}a0=1,得到 15。本步核对:第二个空不包含 a0,使用 2⁴ 后必须减 1。a0=1,a1+a2+a3+a4=15\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{5}a0=1,a1+a2+a3+a4=15
(1)展开并识别 ai按二项式定理写出一般项,注意题目已把 (-2x)^i 的幂因子分离。详细展开:(1−2x)4=∑i=04(4i)(−2x)i(1-2x)^{4}=\sum_{i=0}^{4}\binom4i(-2x)^{i}(1−2x)4=∑i=04(i4)(−2x)i,所以各项依次为 1−2(41)x+4(42)x2−8(43)x3+16(44)x41-2\binom41x+4\binom42x^{2}-8\binom43x^{3}+16\binom44x^{4}1−2(14)x+4(24)x2−8(34)x3+16(44)x4。与题设逐项比较可得 ai=(4i)a_{i}=\binom4iai=(i4)。本步核对:不能把 a1 误认成实际 x 项系数 -8;实际系数是 -2a1。(a0,a1,a2,a3,a4)=(1,4,6,4,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)}(a0,a1,a2,a3,a4)=(1,4,6,4,1)
(2)计算两个空从识别出的组合数直接取值和求和。详细展开:常数项给出 a0=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}a0=1。其余四项之和为 4+6+4+1=15\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}4+6+4+1=15。也可用全部组合数之和 24=16\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{6}24=16 再减去 a0=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}a0=1,得到 15。本步核对:第二个空不包含 a0,使用 2⁴ 后必须减 1。a0=1,a1+a2+a3+a4=15\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{5}a0=1,a1+a2+a3+a4=15
13二、填空题 · 三角函数已知 α,β∈[0,2π]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=14}{\beta }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=26}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{]}α,β∈[0,2π], 且 sin(α+β)=sin(α−β)\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=} \sin\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=35}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=42}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)}sin(α+β)=sin(α−β), cos(α+β)≠cos(α−β)\cos(\alpha + \beta) \neq \cos(\alpha - \beta)cos(α+β)=cos(α−β). 写出满足条件的一组 α,β\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\beta}α,β 的值 α=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}α= ______, β=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\beta }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}β= ______.答案:一组为 pi/2,pi/2题目标签:三角恒等条件构造解题过程构造满足和差条件的角先把两个条件化成乘积,再给出一组特解(1)化简正弦相等条件把两边移到一起,使用正弦差公式。详细展开:sin(α+β)−sin(α−β)=2cosαsinβ\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=17}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=30}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=36}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=49}{\alpha}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=58}{\beta}sin(α+β)−sin(α−β)=2cosαsinβ,所以第一个条件等价于 cosαsinβ=0\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\alpha}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}cosαsinβ=0。另一方面,余弦不等要求 −2sinαsinβ≠0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\alpha}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=21}{\beta}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}−2sinαsinβ=0,即 sinα≠0\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\alpha}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}sinα=0 且 sinβ≠0\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\beta}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}sinβ=0。于是只能令 cosα=0\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}cosα=0。本步核对:只满足正弦相等还不够,必须同时检查两个余弦不相等。cosαsinβ=0,sinαsinβ≠0⟹cosα=0\cos\alpha\sin\beta=0,\quad \sin\alpha\sin\beta\ne0\Longrightarrow\cos\alpha=0cosαsinβ=0,sinαsinβ=0⟹cosα=0(2)选择并验证一组角在给定区间内取最简单的特殊角即可。详细展开:取 α=π/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=10}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}α=π/2、β=π/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}β=π/2。则 sin(α+β)=sinπ=0\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=17}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=26}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0}sin(α+β)=sinπ=0,sin(α−β)=sin0=0\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=17}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}sin(α−β)=sin0=0;同时 cosπ=−1≠1=cos0\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}cosπ=−1=1=cos0。两角都在 [0,2π]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{]}[0,2π] 内,因此这是一组合法答案。本步核对:构造后要逐条代回两个原条件,不能只检查化简后的部分条件。α=π2,β=π2\alpha=\frac\pi2,\qquad\beta=\frac\pi2α=2π,β=2π
(1)化简正弦相等条件把两边移到一起,使用正弦差公式。详细展开:sin(α+β)−sin(α−β)=2cosαsinβ\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=17}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=30}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=36}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=49}{\alpha}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=58}{\beta}sin(α+β)−sin(α−β)=2cosαsinβ,所以第一个条件等价于 cosαsinβ=0\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\alpha}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}cosαsinβ=0。另一方面,余弦不等要求 −2sinαsinβ≠0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\alpha}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=21}{\beta}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}−2sinαsinβ=0,即 sinα≠0\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\alpha}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}sinα=0 且 sinβ≠0\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\beta}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}sinβ=0。于是只能令 cosα=0\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}cosα=0。本步核对:只满足正弦相等还不够,必须同时检查两个余弦不相等。cosαsinβ=0,sinαsinβ≠0⟹cosα=0\cos\alpha\sin\beta=0,\quad \sin\alpha\sin\beta\ne0\Longrightarrow\cos\alpha=0cosαsinβ=0,sinαsinβ=0⟹cosα=0
(2)选择并验证一组角在给定区间内取最简单的特殊角即可。详细展开:取 α=π/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=10}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}α=π/2、β=π/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}β=π/2。则 sin(α+β)=sinπ=0\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=17}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=26}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0}sin(α+β)=sinπ=0,sin(α−β)=sin0=0\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=17}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}sin(α−β)=sin0=0;同时 cosπ=−1≠1=cos0\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}cosπ=−1=1=cos0。两角都在 [0,2π]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{]}[0,2π] 内,因此这是一组合法答案。本步核对:构造后要逐条代回两个原条件,不能只检查化简后的部分条件。α=π2,β=π2\alpha=\frac\pi2,\qquad\beta=\frac\pi2α=2π,β=2π
14二、填空题 · 立体几何某科技兴趣小组用 3D 打印机制作的一个零件可以抽象为如图所示的多面体, 其中 ABCDEF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F}ABCDEF 是一个平面多边形, 平面 AFR⊥\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{R} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\perp}AFR⊥ 平面 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}ABC, 平面 CDT⊥\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\perp}CDT⊥ 平面 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}ABC, AB⊥BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}AB⊥BC, AB∥EF∥RS∥CD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=26}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=39}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{D}AB∥EF∥RS∥CD, BC∥DE∥ST∥AF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=26}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=39}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{F}BC∥DE∥ST∥AF. 若 AB=BC=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{8}AB=BC=8, AF=CD=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}AF=CD=4, RA=RF=TC=TD=52\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}}RA=RF=TC=TD=25, 则该多面体的体积为______.原卷图示 1原卷第 1 页 · qwen3.7-plus_layout_detection · 需复核答案:60\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}60题目标签:多面体体积解题过程分割多面体求体积先求共同高,再把半个多面体拆成棱柱和棱锥(1)求两个等腰三角形的高RA=RF 与 AF=4 给出三角形 RAF 的底边中点和高,另一端同理。详细展开:在等腰三角形 RAF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{F}RAF 中,底边 AF=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}AF=4,腰 RA=RF=5/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}RA=RF=5/2。顶点 R 到 AF 中点的距离为 (5/2)2−22=3/2\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}(5/2)2−22=3/2。因平面 RAF 垂直底面,这个距离就是 R 到底面的高;同理 T 到底面的高也为 3/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}3/2。由平行关系,R、S、T 位于同一高度。本步核对:2 是底边 AF 的一半,不是整条 AF=4。h=(52)2−22=32\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{2}}h=(25)2−22=23(2)构造分割并确定关键长度延长 AB 交 ED 于 M,再过 B 作 BK 平行 CT 交 ST 于 K。详细展开:由平行关系和 AB=BC=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{8}AB=BC=8、AF=CD=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}AF=CD=4,可得 BM=ME=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}BM=ME=4、BC=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{8}BC=8。三角形 CTD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}CTD 与 BKM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{M}BKM 全等,底均为 4,高均为 3/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}3/2,面积都是 3;同时 SK=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}SK=2。三角形 BME\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{E}BME 为直角三角形,两直角边均为 4,面积为 8。本步核对:各体积使用的“高”对应不同底面,不能把 3/2、2、8 混用。S△CTD=S△BKM=12⋅4⋅32=3,S△BME=8,SK=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{D}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=31}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{M}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=52}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=58}{\cdot}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=91}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{E}}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{2}S△CTD=S△BKM=21⋅4⋅23=3,S△BME=8,SK=2(3)计算半体积并加倍半个多面体 CDEBST 可拆成一个三棱柱和两个三棱锥。详细展开:三棱柱 CTD−BKM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}CTD−BKM 的体积为 3×8=24\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=7}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}3×8=24;棱锥 S−BKM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{M}S−BKM 的体积为 13×3×2=2\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=17}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=24}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}31×3×2=2;棱锥 S−BME\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{E}S−BME 的体积为 13×8×32=4\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=17}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=24}{\times}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{4}31×8×23=4。故半个多面体体积为 30。另一半与它全等,所以总体积为 2×30=60\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=7}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}2×30=60。本步核对:最后必须乘 2;括号内只计算了由 C、D、E、B、S、T 围成的一半。V=2(24+2+4)=60\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}V=2(24+2+4)=60
(1)求两个等腰三角形的高RA=RF 与 AF=4 给出三角形 RAF 的底边中点和高,另一端同理。详细展开:在等腰三角形 RAF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{F}RAF 中,底边 AF=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}AF=4,腰 RA=RF=5/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}RA=RF=5/2。顶点 R 到 AF 中点的距离为 (5/2)2−22=3/2\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}(5/2)2−22=3/2。因平面 RAF 垂直底面,这个距离就是 R 到底面的高;同理 T 到底面的高也为 3/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}3/2。由平行关系,R、S、T 位于同一高度。本步核对:2 是底边 AF 的一半,不是整条 AF=4。h=(52)2−22=32\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{2}}h=(25)2−22=23
(2)构造分割并确定关键长度延长 AB 交 ED 于 M,再过 B 作 BK 平行 CT 交 ST 于 K。详细展开:由平行关系和 AB=BC=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{8}AB=BC=8、AF=CD=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}AF=CD=4,可得 BM=ME=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}BM=ME=4、BC=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{8}BC=8。三角形 CTD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}CTD 与 BKM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{M}BKM 全等,底均为 4,高均为 3/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}3/2,面积都是 3;同时 SK=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}SK=2。三角形 BME\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{E}BME 为直角三角形,两直角边均为 4,面积为 8。本步核对:各体积使用的“高”对应不同底面,不能把 3/2、2、8 混用。S△CTD=S△BKM=12⋅4⋅32=3,S△BME=8,SK=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{D}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=31}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{M}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=52}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=58}{\cdot}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=91}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{E}}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{2}S△CTD=S△BKM=21⋅4⋅23=3,S△BME=8,SK=2
(3)计算半体积并加倍半个多面体 CDEBST 可拆成一个三棱柱和两个三棱锥。详细展开:三棱柱 CTD−BKM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M}CTD−BKM 的体积为 3×8=24\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=7}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}3×8=24;棱锥 S−BKM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{M}S−BKM 的体积为 13×3×2=2\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=17}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=24}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}31×3×2=2;棱锥 S−BME\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{E}S−BME 的体积为 13×8×32=4\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=17}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=24}{\times}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{4}31×8×23=4。故半个多面体体积为 30。另一半与它全等,所以总体积为 2×30=60\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=7}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}2×30=60。本步核对:最后必须乘 2;括号内只计算了由 C、D、E、B、S、T 围成的一半。V=2(24+2+4)=60\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}V=2(24+2+4)=60
15二、填空题 · 函数关于定义域为 R\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}}R 的函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}f(x), 给出下列四个结论: ①存在在 R\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}}R 上单调递增的函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}f(x) 使得 f(x)+f(2x)=−x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}f(x)+f(2x)=−x 恒成立; ②存在在 R\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}}R 上单调递减的函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}f(x) 使得 f(x)−f(2x)=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}f(x)−f(2x)=x 恒成立; ③使得 f(x)+f(−x)=cosx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \cos \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}f(x)+f(−x)=cosx 恒成立的函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}f(x) 存在且有无穷多个; ④使得 f(x)−f(−x)=cosx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \cos \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}f(x)−f(−x)=cosx 恒成立的函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}f(x) 存在且有无穷多个. 其中正确结论的序号是______.答案:②③\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{②}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{③}②③题目标签:抽象函数存在性解题过程判断函数方程的存在性构造法与奇偶性约束逐项判断(1)判断结论 ①、②单调性与函数方程右端的增减方向可直接比较,也可构造线性函数。详细展开:若 f 单调递增,则 f(x)+f(2x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}f(x)+f(2x) 也是单调递增函数,不可能恒等于严格递减的 −x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}−x,故①错。对②,取 f(x)=−x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}f(x)=−x,它在实数上单调递减,且 f(x)−f(2x)=−x−(−2x)=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}f(x)−f(2x)=−x−(−2x)=x,所以②正确。本步核对:② 的方程是相减,不能误看成①中的相加。①错;f(x)=−x⟹f(x)−f(2x)=x, ②对\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{①}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{错}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{;}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=40}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=55}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{②}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{对}}①错;f(x)=−x⟹f(x)−f(2x)=x, ②对(2)判断结论 ③、④把 f 分解成偶部和奇部,观察等式左右的奇偶性。详细展开:③ 中令 f(x)=12cosx+h(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}f(x)=21cosx+h(x),其中 h 是任意奇函数,则 f(x)+f(−x)=cosx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}f(x)+f(−x)=cosx;奇函数 h 有无穷多个,所以③正确。④ 的左边 f(x)−f(−x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}f(x)−f(−x) 必为奇函数,而且在 x=0 时恒为 0;右边 cosx\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}cosx 是偶函数且 cos0=1\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}cos0=1,因此连一个解都没有,④错误。本步核对:④ 只需代入 x=0 就产生矛盾,不必尝试构造函数。f=12cosx+hodd⇒③对;0=f(0)−f(0)≠cos0=1⇒④错f=\frac{1}{2}\cos x+h_{\rm odd}\Rightarrow③\text{对};\qquad 0=f(0)-f(0)\ne\cos0=1\Rightarrow④\text{错}f=21cosx+hodd⇒③对;0=f(0)−f(0)=cos0=1⇒④错
(1)判断结论 ①、②单调性与函数方程右端的增减方向可直接比较,也可构造线性函数。详细展开:若 f 单调递增,则 f(x)+f(2x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}f(x)+f(2x) 也是单调递增函数,不可能恒等于严格递减的 −x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}−x,故①错。对②,取 f(x)=−x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}f(x)=−x,它在实数上单调递减,且 f(x)−f(2x)=−x−(−2x)=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}f(x)−f(2x)=−x−(−2x)=x,所以②正确。本步核对:② 的方程是相减,不能误看成①中的相加。①错;f(x)=−x⟹f(x)−f(2x)=x, ②对\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{①}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{错}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{;}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=40}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=55}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{②}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{对}}①错;f(x)=−x⟹f(x)−f(2x)=x, ②对
(2)判断结论 ③、④把 f 分解成偶部和奇部,观察等式左右的奇偶性。详细展开:③ 中令 f(x)=12cosx+h(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}f(x)=21cosx+h(x),其中 h 是任意奇函数,则 f(x)+f(−x)=cosx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}f(x)+f(−x)=cosx;奇函数 h 有无穷多个,所以③正确。④ 的左边 f(x)−f(−x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}f(x)−f(−x) 必为奇函数,而且在 x=0 时恒为 0;右边 cosx\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}cosx 是偶函数且 cos0=1\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}cos0=1,因此连一个解都没有,④错误。本步核对:④ 只需代入 x=0 就产生矛盾,不必尝试构造函数。f=12cosx+hodd⇒③对;0=f(0)−f(0)≠cos0=1⇒④错f=\frac{1}{2}\cos x+h_{\rm odd}\Rightarrow③\text{对};\qquad 0=f(0)-f(0)\ne\cos0=1\Rightarrow④\text{错}f=21cosx+hodd⇒③对;0=f(0)−f(0)=cos0=1⇒④错
16三、解答题 · 解三角形在 △ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}△ABC 中, cosA=−13\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}}cosA=−31, asinC=42\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}asinC=42. (1) 求 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}c 的值; (2) 再从条件①、条件②、条件③这三个条件中选择一个作为已知, 使得 △ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}△ABC 存在, 求 BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}BC 边上的高. 条件①: a=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6}a=6; 条件②: asinB=1023\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}}asinB=3102; 条件③: △ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}△ABC 的面积为 102\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}102.答案:(1) 6;(2) 选②或③,高为20sqrt(2)/9题目标签:解三角形解题过程(1)由正弦定理求边 c先求 sin A,再利用 a sin C 这个整体(1)求角 A 的正弦已知 cos A 且 A 是三角形内角,正弦取正根。详细展开:由 cosA=−1/3\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}cosA=−1/3,有 sin2A=1−cos2A=1−1/9=8/9\sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\cos^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{9}sin2A=1−cos2A=1−1/9=8/9。三角形内角满足 0<A<π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\pi}0<A<π,故 sinA>0\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}sinA>0,所以 sinA=22/3\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}sinA=22/3。本步核对:不能写正负号;内角 A 的正弦一定为正。sinA=1−(−13)2=223\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{3}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{3}}sinA=1−(−31)2=322(2)用正弦定理消去 a把 c/sin C=a/sin A 改写,使题设的 a sin C 整体出现。详细展开:由正弦定理 c/sinC=a/sinA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}c/sinC=a/sinA,交叉相乘得 c=asinC/sinA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}c=asinC/sinA。题设 asinC=42\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}asinC=42,代入上一部的 sinA=22/3\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}sinA=22/3,得到 c=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}c=6。本步核对:不要先尝试单独求 C;现有条件只能直接确定 a sin C。c=asinCsinA=4222/3=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{4}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{6}c=sinAasinC=22/342=6(2)选择有效条件并求 BC 边上的高选择条件②确定 b,再由面积求高(1)说明选择条件②条件①会导致不存在的三角形,条件②能够直接求出边 b。详细展开:若选①,a=c=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6}a=c=6 会推出 A=C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}A=C,但 cosA<0\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}cosA<0 表明 A 为钝角,两个内角不可能同时为钝角,所以①不可选。选择②:由正弦定理 b/sinB=a/sinA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}b/sinB=a/sinA,得 b=(asinB)/sinA=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{5}b=(asinB)/sinA=5。条件③与②等价,也会得到相同结果。本步核对:a=c 且 A 为钝角时会造成两个钝角,这是排除①的关键。b=asinBsinA=102/322/3=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{5}b=sinAasinB=22/3102/3=5(2)用余弦定理求 a 并验证存在已知 b、c 和夹角 A 后,第三边 a 唯一确定。详细展开:由余弦定理 a2=b2+c2−2bccosA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{c}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{A}a2=b2+c2−2bccosA,代入 b=5,c=6,cosA=−1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}b=5,c=6,cosA=−1/3,得 a2=25+36+20=81\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}a2=25+36+20=81,所以 a=9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{9}a=9。并且 5+6>9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{9}5+6>9,三边满足三角形不等式,因此所选条件确实使三角形存在。本步核对:求出正边长后仍应检查 5+6>9,避免得到退化或不存在的三角形。a=25+36−2⋅5⋅6(−13)=9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=20}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=26}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{6}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{3}}\right)}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{9}a=25+36−2⋅5⋅6(−31)=9(3)由面积计算 BC 边上的高同一个三角形面积分别用两边夹角和底乘高表示。详细展开:设 BC 边上的高为 h。面积一方面为 12bcsinA\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}21bcsinA,另一方面为 12ah\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{h}21ah。令两式相等,得到 h=bcsinA/a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}h=bcsinA/a。代入 b=5,c=6,a=9,sinA=22/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}b=5,c=6,a=9,sinA=22/3,可得 h=202/9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{9}h=202/9。本步核对:不能直接写 h=c sin A;那是从其他顶点向另一条边作高时的关系。h=bcsinAa=5⋅6⋅(22/3)9=2029h=\frac{bc\sin A}{a}=\frac{5\cdot6\cdot(2\sqrt{2}/3)}9=\frac{20\sqrt{2}}{9}h=abcsinA=95⋅6⋅(22/3)=9202
(1)求角 A 的正弦已知 cos A 且 A 是三角形内角,正弦取正根。详细展开:由 cosA=−1/3\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}cosA=−1/3,有 sin2A=1−cos2A=1−1/9=8/9\sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\cos^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{9}sin2A=1−cos2A=1−1/9=8/9。三角形内角满足 0<A<π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\pi}0<A<π,故 sinA>0\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}sinA>0,所以 sinA=22/3\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}sinA=22/3。本步核对:不能写正负号;内角 A 的正弦一定为正。sinA=1−(−13)2=223\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{3}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{3}}sinA=1−(−31)2=322
(2)用正弦定理消去 a把 c/sin C=a/sin A 改写,使题设的 a sin C 整体出现。详细展开:由正弦定理 c/sinC=a/sinA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}c/sinC=a/sinA,交叉相乘得 c=asinC/sinA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}c=asinC/sinA。题设 asinC=42\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}asinC=42,代入上一部的 sinA=22/3\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}sinA=22/3,得到 c=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}c=6。本步核对:不要先尝试单独求 C;现有条件只能直接确定 a sin C。c=asinCsinA=4222/3=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{4}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{6}c=sinAasinC=22/342=6
(1)说明选择条件②条件①会导致不存在的三角形,条件②能够直接求出边 b。详细展开:若选①,a=c=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6}a=c=6 会推出 A=C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}A=C,但 cosA<0\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}cosA<0 表明 A 为钝角,两个内角不可能同时为钝角,所以①不可选。选择②:由正弦定理 b/sinB=a/sinA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A}b/sinB=a/sinA,得 b=(asinB)/sinA=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{5}b=(asinB)/sinA=5。条件③与②等价,也会得到相同结果。本步核对:a=c 且 A 为钝角时会造成两个钝角,这是排除①的关键。b=asinBsinA=102/322/3=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{5}b=sinAasinB=22/3102/3=5
(2)用余弦定理求 a 并验证存在已知 b、c 和夹角 A 后,第三边 a 唯一确定。详细展开:由余弦定理 a2=b2+c2−2bccosA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{c}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{A}a2=b2+c2−2bccosA,代入 b=5,c=6,cosA=−1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}b=5,c=6,cosA=−1/3,得 a2=25+36+20=81\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}a2=25+36+20=81,所以 a=9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{9}a=9。并且 5+6>9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{9}5+6>9,三边满足三角形不等式,因此所选条件确实使三角形存在。本步核对:求出正边长后仍应检查 5+6>9,避免得到退化或不存在的三角形。a=25+36−2⋅5⋅6(−13)=9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=20}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=26}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{6}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{3}}\right)}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{9}a=25+36−2⋅5⋅6(−31)=9
(3)由面积计算 BC 边上的高同一个三角形面积分别用两边夹角和底乘高表示。详细展开:设 BC 边上的高为 h。面积一方面为 12bcsinA\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}21bcsinA,另一方面为 12ah\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{h}21ah。令两式相等,得到 h=bcsinA/a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}h=bcsinA/a。代入 b=5,c=6,a=9,sinA=22/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}b=5,c=6,a=9,sinA=22/3,可得 h=202/9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{9}h=202/9。本步核对:不能直接写 h=c sin A;那是从其他顶点向另一条边作高时的关系。h=bcsinAa=5⋅6⋅(22/3)9=2029h=\frac{bc\sin A}{a}=\frac{5\cdot6\cdot(2\sqrt{2}/3)}9=\frac{20\sqrt{2}}{9}h=abcsinA=95⋅6⋅(22/3)=9202
17三、解答题 · 立体几何如图, 在四棱锥 P−ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D}P−ABCD 中, △ADC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}△ADC 与 △BAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}△BAC 均为等腰直角三角形, ∠ADC=90∘\angle ADC = 90^\circ∠ADC=90∘, ∠BAC=90∘\angle BAC = 90^\circ∠BAC=90∘, E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}E 为 BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}BC 的中点. (1) 若 F,G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{G}F,G 分别为 PD,PE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{E}PD,PE 的中点, 求证: FG∥\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{G} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=12}{\parallel}FG∥ 平面 PAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}PAB; (2) 若 PA⊥\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\perp}PA⊥ 平面 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D}ABCD, PA=AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}PA=AC, 求直线 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}AB 与平面 PCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}PCD 所成角的正弦值.原卷图示 1原卷第 1 页 · qwen3.7-plus_layout_detection · 需复核答案:(1) 见证明;(2) sqrt(3)/3题目标签:线面平行与线面角解题过程(1)证明 FG 平行平面 PAB先用中位线得到 FG∥DE,再证 DE∥AB(1)在三角形 PDE 中使用中位线F、G 分别是 PD、PE 的中点,直接触发三角形中位线定理。详细展开:在 △PDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{E}△PDE 中,F 是 PD 的中点,G 是 PE 的中点,因此连接两中点的线段平行于第三边,即 FG∥DE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{E}FG∥DE。本步核对:第三边是 DE,不是 DP 或 EP。F,G 分别为 PD,PE 中点⟹FG∥DE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{G}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{分}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{别}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{为} }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{E}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{中}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{点}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=46}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=58}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{E}F,G 分别为 PD,PE 中点⟹FG∥DE(2)证明 DE 平行 AB 并完成线面平行把底面两个等腰直角三角形放入平面坐标可看清方向。详细展开:设 AC=AB=s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{s}AC=AB=s,在底面取 A=(0,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}A=(0,0)、C=(s,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}C=(s,0)、B=(0,s)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}B=(0,s)。因 △ADC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}△ADC 在 D 处为等腰直角三角形,D 可取 (s/2,−s/2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}(s/2,−s/2);E 是 BC 中点,所以 E=(s/2,s/2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}E=(s/2,s/2)。于是 DE 与 y 轴平行,而 AB 也与 y 轴平行,故 DE∥AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}DE∥AB。从而 FG∥AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}FG∥AB。又 AB⊂\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=9}{\subset}AB⊂ 平面 PAB 且 FG 不在该平面内,所以 FG∥\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=11}{\parallel}FG∥ 平面 PAB。本步核对:线与平面平行需要平行于平面内一条直线,并确认该线不包含在平面内。D(s2,−s2), E(s2,s2)⟹DE∥AB⟹FG∥平面 PAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{s}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{s}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=41}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{E}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{s}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{,}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{s}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{2}}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=94}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=106}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=124}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=124,tutor-end=125}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=125,tutor-end=126}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=126,tutor-end=135}{\parallel}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=141,tutor-end=142}{平}\htmlData{tutor-start=142,tutor-end=143}{面} }\htmlData{tutor-start=145,tutor-end=146}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=146,tutor-end=147}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=147,tutor-end=148}{B}D(2s,−2s), E(2s,2s)⟹DE∥AB⟹FG∥平面 PAB(2)求 AB 与平面 PCD 所成角的正弦建立空间坐标,计算方向向量与法向量夹角(1)建立坐标并写出各点利用 PA 垂直底面且 PA=AC,把三条互相垂直的方向作为坐标轴。详细展开:仍记 AC=AB=s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{s}AC=AB=s。以 A 为原点,AC、AB、AP 方向分别为 x、y、z 轴,则 C=(s,0,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}C=(s,0,0)、B=(0,s,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}B=(0,s,0)、P=(0,0,s)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}P=(0,0,s)。由上一问底面构型可取 D=(s/2,−s/2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}D=(s/2,−s/2,0)。直线 AB 的方向向量可取 d=(0,1,0)\boldsymbol d=(0,1,0)d=(0,1,0)。本步核对:坐标整体乘 s 不影响最终角度,可在计算中约去。P(0,0,s), C(s,0,0), D(s2,−s2,0),d=(0,1,0)P(0,0,s),\ C(s,0,0),\ D\left(\frac{s}{2},-\frac{s}{2},0\right),\quad \boldsymbol d=(0,1,0)P(0,0,s), C(s,0,0), D(2s,−2s,0),d=(0,1,0)(2)求平面 PCD 的法向量在平面内取 PC、PD 两个不共线向量并作叉积或解垂直方程。详细展开:除去公共因子 s,有 PC→=(1,0,−1)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{C}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}PC=(1,0,−1)、PD→=(1/2,−1/2,−1)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{D}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}PD=(1/2,−1/2,−1)。设法向量 n 同时垂直于两者,可取 n=(1,−1,1)\boldsymbol n=(1,-1,1)n=(1,−1,1);检验点积分别为 0。本步核对:只与 PC 垂直还不能保证是平面 PCD 的法向量。n=(1,−1,1),n⋅PC→=n⋅PD→=0\boldsymbol n=(1,-1,1),\qquad \boldsymbol n\cdot\overrightarrow{PC}=\boldsymbol n\cdot\overrightarrow{PD}=0n=(1,−1,1),n⋅PC=n⋅PD=0(3)用点积求线面角正弦线面角的正弦等于直线方向与平面法向量夹角余弦的绝对值。详细展开:设直线 AB 与平面 PCD 所成角为 θ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta}θ,则 sinθ=∣d⋅n∣/(∣d∣∣n∣)\sin\theta=|\boldsymbol d\cdot\boldsymbol n|/(|\boldsymbol d||\boldsymbol n|)sinθ=∣d⋅n∣/(∣d∣∣n∣)。这里点积绝对值为 1,两个模分别为 1 和 3\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}}3,所以结果为 3/3\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}3/3。本步核对:题目问正弦,不要把结果误解释为线面角余弦。sintheta=∣(0,1,0)⋅(1,−1,1)∣1⋅3=33\sin\\\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=31}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{|}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=48}{\cdot}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{3}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{=}\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{3}}sintheta=1⋅3∣(0,1,0)⋅(1,−1,1)∣=33
(1)在三角形 PDE 中使用中位线F、G 分别是 PD、PE 的中点,直接触发三角形中位线定理。详细展开:在 △PDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{E}△PDE 中,F 是 PD 的中点,G 是 PE 的中点,因此连接两中点的线段平行于第三边,即 FG∥DE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{E}FG∥DE。本步核对:第三边是 DE,不是 DP 或 EP。F,G 分别为 PD,PE 中点⟹FG∥DE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{G}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{分}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{别}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{为} }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{E}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{中}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{点}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=46}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=58}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{E}F,G 分别为 PD,PE 中点⟹FG∥DE
(2)证明 DE 平行 AB 并完成线面平行把底面两个等腰直角三角形放入平面坐标可看清方向。详细展开:设 AC=AB=s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{s}AC=AB=s,在底面取 A=(0,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}A=(0,0)、C=(s,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}C=(s,0)、B=(0,s)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}B=(0,s)。因 △ADC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}△ADC 在 D 处为等腰直角三角形,D 可取 (s/2,−s/2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}(s/2,−s/2);E 是 BC 中点,所以 E=(s/2,s/2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}E=(s/2,s/2)。于是 DE 与 y 轴平行,而 AB 也与 y 轴平行,故 DE∥AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}DE∥AB。从而 FG∥AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}FG∥AB。又 AB⊂\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=9}{\subset}AB⊂ 平面 PAB 且 FG 不在该平面内,所以 FG∥\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=11}{\parallel}FG∥ 平面 PAB。本步核对:线与平面平行需要平行于平面内一条直线,并确认该线不包含在平面内。D(s2,−s2), E(s2,s2)⟹DE∥AB⟹FG∥平面 PAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{s}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{s}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=41}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{E}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{s}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{,}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{s}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{2}}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=94}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=106}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=124}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=124,tutor-end=125}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=125,tutor-end=126}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=126,tutor-end=135}{\parallel}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=141,tutor-end=142}{平}\htmlData{tutor-start=142,tutor-end=143}{面} }\htmlData{tutor-start=145,tutor-end=146}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=146,tutor-end=147}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=147,tutor-end=148}{B}D(2s,−2s), E(2s,2s)⟹DE∥AB⟹FG∥平面 PAB
(1)建立坐标并写出各点利用 PA 垂直底面且 PA=AC,把三条互相垂直的方向作为坐标轴。详细展开:仍记 AC=AB=s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{s}AC=AB=s。以 A 为原点,AC、AB、AP 方向分别为 x、y、z 轴,则 C=(s,0,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}C=(s,0,0)、B=(0,s,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}B=(0,s,0)、P=(0,0,s)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}P=(0,0,s)。由上一问底面构型可取 D=(s/2,−s/2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}D=(s/2,−s/2,0)。直线 AB 的方向向量可取 d=(0,1,0)\boldsymbol d=(0,1,0)d=(0,1,0)。本步核对:坐标整体乘 s 不影响最终角度,可在计算中约去。P(0,0,s), C(s,0,0), D(s2,−s2,0),d=(0,1,0)P(0,0,s),\ C(s,0,0),\ D\left(\frac{s}{2},-\frac{s}{2},0\right),\quad \boldsymbol d=(0,1,0)P(0,0,s), C(s,0,0), D(2s,−2s,0),d=(0,1,0)
(2)求平面 PCD 的法向量在平面内取 PC、PD 两个不共线向量并作叉积或解垂直方程。详细展开:除去公共因子 s,有 PC→=(1,0,−1)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{C}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}PC=(1,0,−1)、PD→=(1/2,−1/2,−1)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{D}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}PD=(1/2,−1/2,−1)。设法向量 n 同时垂直于两者,可取 n=(1,−1,1)\boldsymbol n=(1,-1,1)n=(1,−1,1);检验点积分别为 0。本步核对:只与 PC 垂直还不能保证是平面 PCD 的法向量。n=(1,−1,1),n⋅PC→=n⋅PD→=0\boldsymbol n=(1,-1,1),\qquad \boldsymbol n\cdot\overrightarrow{PC}=\boldsymbol n\cdot\overrightarrow{PD}=0n=(1,−1,1),n⋅PC=n⋅PD=0
(3)用点积求线面角正弦线面角的正弦等于直线方向与平面法向量夹角余弦的绝对值。详细展开:设直线 AB 与平面 PCD 所成角为 θ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta}θ,则 sinθ=∣d⋅n∣/(∣d∣∣n∣)\sin\theta=|\boldsymbol d\cdot\boldsymbol n|/(|\boldsymbol d||\boldsymbol n|)sinθ=∣d⋅n∣/(∣d∣∣n∣)。这里点积绝对值为 1,两个模分别为 1 和 3\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}}3,所以结果为 3/3\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}3/3。本步核对:题目问正弦,不要把结果误解释为线面角余弦。sintheta=∣(0,1,0)⋅(1,−1,1)∣1⋅3=33\sin\\\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=31}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{|}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=48}{\cdot}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{3}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{=}\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{3}}sintheta=1⋅3∣(0,1,0)⋅(1,−1,1)∣=33
18三、解答题 · 概率统计某次考试中, 只有一道单项选择题考查了某个知识点, 甲、乙两校的高一年级学生都参加了这次考试. 为了解学生对该知识点的掌握情况, 随机抽查了甲、乙两校高一年级各 100 名学生该题的答题数据, 其中甲校学生选择正确的人数为 80, 乙校学生选择正确的人数为 75. 假设学生之间答题相互独立. 用频率估计概率. (1) 估计甲校高一年级学生该题选择正确的概率 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}p; (2) 从甲、乙两校高一年级学生中各随机抽取 1 名. 设 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}X 为这 2 名学生中该题选择正确的人数, 估计 X=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}X=1 的概率及 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}X 的数学期望; (3) 假设: 如果没有掌握该知识点, 学生就从题目给出的四个选项中随机选择一个作为答案; 如果掌握该知识点, 甲校学生选择正确的概率为 100%, 乙校学生选择正确的概率为 85%. 设甲、乙两校高一年级学生掌握该知识点的概率估计值分别为 p1,p2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}p1,p2, 判断 p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}p1 与 p2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}p2 的大小. (结论不要求证明)答案:(1) 0.8;(2) 0.35,1.55;(3) p1<p2题目标签:频率估计与条件概率解题过程(1)估计甲校答对概率用样本频率估计总体概率(1)写出频率抽查 100 人中有 80 人答对,频率就是人数之比。详细展开:样本容量为 100,答对人数为 80,所以答对频率为 80/100=0.8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{8}80/100=0.8。题目明确要求用频率估计概率,因此将它作为甲校学生答对概率 p 的估计值。本步核对:不要把错误人数 20 除以 100 当作 p。p^=80100=0.8\widehat p=\frac{80}{100}=0.8p=10080=0.8(2)说明估计结论估计值不是证明总体中恰好有 80% 答对,而是基于样本的点估计。详细展开:因此本问写作 p≈0.8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=8}{\approx}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{8}p≈0.8 或“p 的估计值为 0.8”。后续计算按题意使用该估计值,而不额外引入抽样误差区间。本步核对:不要把样本频率写成总体概率的绝对恒等式。p≈0.8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=8}{\approx}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{8}p≈0.8(2)求恰有一人答对的概率与期望列出两种互斥情形,并利用指示变量期望可加(1)计算 X=1 的概率恰有一人答对包括甲对乙错、甲错乙对两种互斥情形。详细展开:甲校答对概率估计为 0.8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{8}0.8,乙校为 0.75\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}0.75。由独立性,甲对乙错概率为 0.8×0.25=0.20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}0.8×0.25=0.20,甲错乙对概率为 0.2×0.75=0.15\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{5}0.2×0.75=0.15。两种情形不能同时发生,所以相加得到 0.35\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}0.35。本步核对:不能只算 0.8×0.25;那会漏掉乙对甲错。P(X=1)=0.8(1−0.75)+(1−0.8)0.75=0.35\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{5}P(X=1)=0.8(1−0.75)+(1−0.8)0.75=0.35(2)计算 X 的数学期望X 是两名学生答对指示变量之和,期望可直接相加。详细展开:令 I1,I2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{I}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}I1,I2 分别表示甲、乙学生是否答对,则 X=I1+I2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{I}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{I}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}X=I1+I2。因此 E(X)=E(I1)+E(I2)=0.8+0.75=1.55\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{I}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{I}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{5}E(X)=E(I1)+E(I2)=0.8+0.75=1.55。期望可加不要求独立,但本题本身也给出了独立性。本步核对:期望 1.55 可以不是整数,它表示大量重复抽样的平均答对人数。E(X)=0.8+0.75=1.55\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{5}E(X)=0.8+0.75=1.55(3)比较两校知识点掌握概率分别建立全概率方程(1)求甲校掌握概率 p1按“掌握”和“未掌握”两类分解答对概率。详细展开:甲校掌握后答对概率为 1,未掌握时四选一答对概率为 1/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}1/4。所以 0.8=p1⋅1+(1−p1)⋅1/4=1/4+3p1/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=14}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=30}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{4}0.8=p1⋅1+(1−p1)⋅1/4=1/4+3p1/4,解得 p1=11/15\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}p1=11/15。本步核对:未掌握不等于必错,随机猜测仍有 1/4 概率答对。14+34p1=0.8⟹p1=1115\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=48}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{5}}41+43p1=0.8⟹p1=1511(2)求乙校掌握概率 p2 并比较乙校掌握后也并非必然答对,要使用题设的 85%。详细展开:乙校满足 0.75=0.85p2+0.25(1−p2)=0.25+0.60p2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}}0.75=0.85p2+0.25(1−p2)=0.25+0.60p2,所以 p2=5/6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6}p2=5/6。比较 11/15=22/30\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}11/15=22/30 与 5/6=25/30\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}5/6=25/30,得到 p1<p2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}p1<p2。这说明答对率较低不必然意味着掌握率较低,因为掌握后的答对机制不同。本步核对:乙校掌握者答对概率是 0.85,不是 1。p2=0.75−0.250.85−0.25=56,p1<p2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{2}}p2=0.85−0.250.75−0.25=65,p1<p2
(1)写出频率抽查 100 人中有 80 人答对,频率就是人数之比。详细展开:样本容量为 100,答对人数为 80,所以答对频率为 80/100=0.8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{8}80/100=0.8。题目明确要求用频率估计概率,因此将它作为甲校学生答对概率 p 的估计值。本步核对:不要把错误人数 20 除以 100 当作 p。p^=80100=0.8\widehat p=\frac{80}{100}=0.8p=10080=0.8
(2)说明估计结论估计值不是证明总体中恰好有 80% 答对,而是基于样本的点估计。详细展开:因此本问写作 p≈0.8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=8}{\approx}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{8}p≈0.8 或“p 的估计值为 0.8”。后续计算按题意使用该估计值,而不额外引入抽样误差区间。本步核对:不要把样本频率写成总体概率的绝对恒等式。p≈0.8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=8}{\approx}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{8}p≈0.8
(1)计算 X=1 的概率恰有一人答对包括甲对乙错、甲错乙对两种互斥情形。详细展开:甲校答对概率估计为 0.8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{8}0.8,乙校为 0.75\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}0.75。由独立性,甲对乙错概率为 0.8×0.25=0.20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}0.8×0.25=0.20,甲错乙对概率为 0.2×0.75=0.15\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{5}0.2×0.75=0.15。两种情形不能同时发生,所以相加得到 0.35\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}0.35。本步核对:不能只算 0.8×0.25;那会漏掉乙对甲错。P(X=1)=0.8(1−0.75)+(1−0.8)0.75=0.35\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{5}P(X=1)=0.8(1−0.75)+(1−0.8)0.75=0.35
(2)计算 X 的数学期望X 是两名学生答对指示变量之和,期望可直接相加。详细展开:令 I1,I2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{I}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}I1,I2 分别表示甲、乙学生是否答对,则 X=I1+I2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{I}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{I}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}X=I1+I2。因此 E(X)=E(I1)+E(I2)=0.8+0.75=1.55\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{I}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{I}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{5}E(X)=E(I1)+E(I2)=0.8+0.75=1.55。期望可加不要求独立,但本题本身也给出了独立性。本步核对:期望 1.55 可以不是整数,它表示大量重复抽样的平均答对人数。E(X)=0.8+0.75=1.55\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{5}E(X)=0.8+0.75=1.55
(1)求甲校掌握概率 p1按“掌握”和“未掌握”两类分解答对概率。详细展开:甲校掌握后答对概率为 1,未掌握时四选一答对概率为 1/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}1/4。所以 0.8=p1⋅1+(1−p1)⋅1/4=1/4+3p1/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=14}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=30}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{4}0.8=p1⋅1+(1−p1)⋅1/4=1/4+3p1/4,解得 p1=11/15\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}p1=11/15。本步核对:未掌握不等于必错,随机猜测仍有 1/4 概率答对。14+34p1=0.8⟹p1=1115\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=48}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{5}}41+43p1=0.8⟹p1=1511
(2)求乙校掌握概率 p2 并比较乙校掌握后也并非必然答对,要使用题设的 85%。详细展开:乙校满足 0.75=0.85p2+0.25(1−p2)=0.25+0.60p2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}}0.75=0.85p2+0.25(1−p2)=0.25+0.60p2,所以 p2=5/6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6}p2=5/6。比较 11/15=22/30\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}11/15=22/30 与 5/6=25/30\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}5/6=25/30,得到 p1<p2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}p1<p2。这说明答对率较低不必然意味着掌握率较低,因为掌握后的答对机制不同。本步核对:乙校掌握者答对概率是 0.85,不是 1。p2=0.75−0.250.85−0.25=56,p1<p2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{2}}p2=0.85−0.250.75−0.25=65,p1<p2
19三、解答题 · 解析几何已知椭圆 E:x2a2+y2b2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{:} \dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1}E:a2x2+b2y2=1 (a>b>0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}(a>b>0) 的离心率为 22\dfrac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}22,椭圆 E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}E 上的点到两焦点的距离之和为 4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}4. (1) 求椭圆 E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}E 的方程; (2) 设 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O}O 为坐标原点,点 M(x0,y0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}M(x0,y0) (x0≠0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}(x0=0) 在椭圆 E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}E 上,直线 x0x+2y0y−4=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0}x0x+2y0y−4=0 与直线 y=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}y=2,y=−2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}y=−2 分别交于点 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}A,B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}B. 设 △OAM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{M}△OAM 和 △OBM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{M}△OBM 的面积分别为 S1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}S1,S2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}S2,比较 S1S2\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}}S2S1 与 ∣OA∣∣OB∣\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|}}∣OB∣∣OA∣ 的大小.答案:(1) x^2/4+y^2/2=1;(2) 两比值相等题目标签:椭圆与面积距离比解题过程(1)求椭圆标准方程由距离和求 a,由离心率求 c、b(1)由焦点距离和确定 a椭圆定义规定任一点到两焦点距离之和恒为 2a。详细展开:题设距离之和为 4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}4,所以 2a=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}2a=4,由 a>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}a>0 得 a=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}a=2,即 a2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}a2=4。这里的 4 是完整长轴长度,不能直接当作半长轴 a。本步核对:a 是半长轴,题给的两焦点距离和是 2a。2a=4⟹a=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=20}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}2a=4⟹a=2(2)利用离心率求 b离心率 e=c/a,椭圆参数满足 a²=b²+c²。详细展开:由 c/a=2/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}c/a=2/2 与 a=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}a=2,得 c=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}c=2。所以 b2=a2−c2=4−2=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}b2=a2−c2=4−2=2,代入标准式得到 x2/4+y2/2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}x2/4+y2/2=1。本步核对:椭圆使用 a²=b²+c²,不能误用双曲线的加法关系。c=2,b2=2,E:x24+y22=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{:}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{1}c=2,b2=2,E:4x2+2y2=1(2)比较面积比与向量长度比先求 A、B 坐标,再分别化简两个比值(1)求直线与 y=±2 的交点把两条水平直线的纵坐标代入给定直线方程。详细展开:当 y=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}y=2 时,x0x+4y0−4=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}x0x+4y0−4=0,故 A=(4(1−y0)/x0,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}A=(4(1−y0)/x0,2);当 y=−2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}y=−2 时,x0x−4y0−4=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}x0x−4y0−4=0,故 B=(4(1+y0)/x0,−2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}B=(4(1+y0)/x0,−2)。题设 x0≠0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}x0=0 保证这些横坐标有意义。又因 M 在椭圆上,有 x02+2y02=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}x02+2y02=4。本步核对:代入 y=-2 时第二项是 -4y0,移项后分子变为 4(1+y0)。A(4(1−y0)x0,2),B(4(1+y0)x0,−2),x02+2y02=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{B}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{0}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{2}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{4}A(x04(1−y0),2),B(x04(1+y0),−2),x02+2y02=4(2)化简两个三角形面积之比原点为一个顶点时,用二维行列式计算面积。详细展开:S1=12∣xAy0−2x0∣\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{|}S1=21∣xAy0−2x0∣。代入 xA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}}xA 并用 x02=4−2y02\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}x02=4−2y02,分子化为 4(y0−2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}4(y0−2),故 S1=2(2−y0)/∣x0∣\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{|}S1=2(2−y0)/∣x0∣。同理 S2=12∣xBy0+2x0∣=2(2+y0)/∣x0∣\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{|}S2=21∣xBy0+2x0∣=2(2+y0)/∣x0∣。由于 ∣y0∣≤2<2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=10}{\le}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}∣y0∣≤2<2,两个括号都为正。本步核对:绝对值不能直接删;先用 |y0|<2 判断 2±y0 为正。S1S2=2−y02+y0\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{0}}}S2S1=2+y02−y0(3)化简 OA 与 OB 的长度比分别平方长度,仍用同一个椭圆约束配成完全平方。详细展开:∣OA∣2=16(1−y0)2/x02+4=[8(2−y0)2]/x02\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{2}}∣OA∣2=16(1−y0)2/x02+4=[8(2−y0)2]/x02;同理 ∣OB∣2=[8(2+y0)2]/x02\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}}∣OB∣2=[8(2+y0)2]/x02。取算术平方根并利用 2±y0>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\pm }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}2±y0>0,得到 ∣OA∣/∣OB∣=(2−y0)/(2+y0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}∣OA∣/∣OB∣=(2−y0)/(2+y0)。它与上一部面积比完全相同。本步核对:长度必须取非负平方根,括号符号要由 y0 范围确认。∣OA∣∣OB∣=2−y02+y0=S1S2\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{0}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{2}}}∣OB∣∣OA∣=2+y02−y0=S2S1
(1)由焦点距离和确定 a椭圆定义规定任一点到两焦点距离之和恒为 2a。详细展开:题设距离之和为 4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}4,所以 2a=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}2a=4,由 a>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}a>0 得 a=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}a=2,即 a2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}a2=4。这里的 4 是完整长轴长度,不能直接当作半长轴 a。本步核对:a 是半长轴,题给的两焦点距离和是 2a。2a=4⟹a=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=20}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}2a=4⟹a=2
(2)利用离心率求 b离心率 e=c/a,椭圆参数满足 a²=b²+c²。详细展开:由 c/a=2/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}c/a=2/2 与 a=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}a=2,得 c=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}c=2。所以 b2=a2−c2=4−2=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}b2=a2−c2=4−2=2,代入标准式得到 x2/4+y2/2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}x2/4+y2/2=1。本步核对:椭圆使用 a²=b²+c²,不能误用双曲线的加法关系。c=2,b2=2,E:x24+y22=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{:}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{1}c=2,b2=2,E:4x2+2y2=1
(1)求直线与 y=±2 的交点把两条水平直线的纵坐标代入给定直线方程。详细展开:当 y=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}y=2 时,x0x+4y0−4=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}x0x+4y0−4=0,故 A=(4(1−y0)/x0,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}A=(4(1−y0)/x0,2);当 y=−2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}y=−2 时,x0x−4y0−4=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}x0x−4y0−4=0,故 B=(4(1+y0)/x0,−2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}B=(4(1+y0)/x0,−2)。题设 x0≠0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}x0=0 保证这些横坐标有意义。又因 M 在椭圆上,有 x02+2y02=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}x02+2y02=4。本步核对:代入 y=-2 时第二项是 -4y0,移项后分子变为 4(1+y0)。A(4(1−y0)x0,2),B(4(1+y0)x0,−2),x02+2y02=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{B}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{0}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{2}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{4}A(x04(1−y0),2),B(x04(1+y0),−2),x02+2y02=4
(2)化简两个三角形面积之比原点为一个顶点时,用二维行列式计算面积。详细展开:S1=12∣xAy0−2x0∣\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{|}S1=21∣xAy0−2x0∣。代入 xA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}}xA 并用 x02=4−2y02\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}x02=4−2y02,分子化为 4(y0−2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}4(y0−2),故 S1=2(2−y0)/∣x0∣\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{|}S1=2(2−y0)/∣x0∣。同理 S2=12∣xBy0+2x0∣=2(2+y0)/∣x0∣\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{|}S2=21∣xBy0+2x0∣=2(2+y0)/∣x0∣。由于 ∣y0∣≤2<2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=10}{\le}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}∣y0∣≤2<2,两个括号都为正。本步核对:绝对值不能直接删;先用 |y0|<2 判断 2±y0 为正。S1S2=2−y02+y0\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{0}}}S2S1=2+y02−y0
(3)化简 OA 与 OB 的长度比分别平方长度,仍用同一个椭圆约束配成完全平方。详细展开:∣OA∣2=16(1−y0)2/x02+4=[8(2−y0)2]/x02\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{2}}∣OA∣2=16(1−y0)2/x02+4=[8(2−y0)2]/x02;同理 ∣OB∣2=[8(2+y0)2]/x02\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}}∣OB∣2=[8(2+y0)2]/x02。取算术平方根并利用 2±y0>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\pm }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}2±y0>0,得到 ∣OA∣/∣OB∣=(2−y0)/(2+y0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}∣OA∣/∣OB∣=(2−y0)/(2+y0)。它与上一部面积比完全相同。本步核对:长度必须取非负平方根,括号符号要由 y0 范围确认。∣OA∣∣OB∣=2−y02+y0=S1S2\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{0}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{2}}}∣OB∣∣OA∣=2+y02−y0=S2S1
20三、解答题 · 函数与导数已知函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}f(x) 的定义域是 (−1,+∞)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}(−1,+∞),f(0)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}f(0)=0,导函数 f′(x)=ln(1+x)1+x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \dfrac{\ln\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{x}}f′(x)=1+xln(1+x). 设 l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}l1 是曲线 y=f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}y=f(x) 在点 A(a,f(a))\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}A(a,f(a)) (a≠0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}(a=0) 处的切线. (1) 求 f′(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}f′(x) 的最大值; (2) 当 −1<a<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}−1<a<0 时,证明:除切点 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}A 外,曲线 y=f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}y=f(x) 在直线 l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}l1 的上方; (3) 设过点 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}A 的直线 l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}l2 与直线 l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}l1 垂直,l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}l1,l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}l2 与 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}x 轴交点的横坐标分别是 x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}x1,x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}x2. 若 a>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}a>0,求 2a−x2−x1x2−x1\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}}}x2−x12a−x2−x1 的取值范围.答案:(1) 1/e;(2) 见证明;(3) [(e^2-1)/(e^2+1),1)题目标签:导数、切线与值域解题过程(1)求导函数 f' 的最大值令 t=1+x,研究 ln t/t(1)把定义域换成正变量分母与对数中都出现 1+x,令 t=1+x 可统一结构。详细展开:因为 x>−1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}x>−1,令 t=1+x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}t=1+x 后有 t>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}t>0,且 f′(x)=lnt/t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{t}f′(x)=lnt/t。记 h(t)=lnt/t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{t}h(t)=lnt/t,则问题转化为求 h 在正半轴上的最大值。本步核对:t 的范围是 (0,+∞),不能只研究 t>1。t=1+x>0,h(t)=lntt\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\frac{\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{t}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{t}}t=1+x>0,h(t)=tlnt(2)求 h 的单调性和最大值对商求导,导数符号只由 1-ln t 决定。详细展开:h′(t)=(1−lnt)/t2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}h′(t)=(1−lnt)/t2。当 0<t<e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}0<t<e 时导数为正,当 t>e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{e}t>e 时导数为负,所以 h 先增后减,在 t=e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{e}t=e 处取得唯一最大值 h(e)=1/e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{e}h(e)=1/e。对应 x=e−1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}x=e−1。本步核对:最大值是 1/e,不是取到最大值时的 x=e-1。h′(t)=1−lntt2,maxf′(x)=h(e)=1e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{t}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,}\qquad \max \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{e}}h′(t)=t21−lnt,maxf′(x)=h(e)=e1(2)证明曲线在切线上方构造曲线纵坐标减切线纵坐标的差函数(1)先求 f 的显式表达式已知导数可以直接识别为平方对数的导数。详细展开:因为 [12ln2(1+x)]′=ln(1+x)/(1+x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\ln^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{]}'\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\ln\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)}[21ln2(1+x)]′=ln(1+x)/(1+x),所以 f(x)=12ln2(1+x)+C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\ln^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{C}f(x)=21ln2(1+x)+C。代入 f(0)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}f(0)=0 得 C=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}C=0。这个表达式也保证 f 在整个定义域连续可导。本步核对:积分常数必须用 f(0)=0 确定。f(x)=12ln2(1+x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\ln^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}f(x)=21ln2(1+x)(2)建立差函数并求导令曲线值减切线值,目标转化为证明差函数除 a 外恒正。详细展开:切线为 l1(x)=f(a)+f′(a)(x−a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}l1(x)=f(a)+f′(a)(x−a)。设 H(x)=f(x)−l1(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}H(x)=f(x)−l1(x),则 H(a)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}H(a)=0,且 H′(x)=f′(x)−f′(a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}H′(x)=f′(x)−f′(a)。记 g(x)=f′(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}g(x)=f′(x)。由上一问的导数计算,g 在 (−1,e−1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}(−1,e−1) 上严格递增。特别地,当 −1<a<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}−1<a<0 时,g(a)<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}g(a)<0。本步核对:H 的导数不是 f'',而是 f'(x)-f'(a)。H′(x)=g(x)−g(a),g(x)=ln(1+x)1+x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\frac{\ln\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{x}}H′(x)=g(x)−g(a),g(x)=1+xln(1+x)(3)判断 H 在切点两侧的单调性分别比较 x<a 与 x>a 时 g(x) 和负数 g(a) 的大小。详细展开:若 −1<x<a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}−1<x<a,g 在 (−1,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}(−1,0) 递增,所以 g(x)<g(a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}g(x)<g(a),即 H′(x)<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}H′(x)<0。若 a<x<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}a<x<0,则 g(x)>g(a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}g(x)>g(a);若 x≥0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}x≥0,则 g(x)≥0>g(a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}g(x)≥0>g(a),仍有 H′(x)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}H′(x)>0。因此 H 在 a 左侧递减、右侧递增,在 x=a 处取得唯一最小值 0。本步核对:不能声称 g 在整个 (-1,+∞) 上递增;它在 e-1 后会递减,但始终为正。x<a⇒H′(x)<0,x>a⇒H′(x)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=15}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{H}'\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=45}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{H}'\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{0}x<a⇒H′(x)<0,x>a⇒H′(x)>0(4)得出严格的曲线位置结论唯一最小值为 0 意味着除切点外差值都为正。详细展开:由单调性,H(x)≥H(a)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}H(x)≥H(a)=0,且等号只在 x=a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}x=a 成立。因此对定义域内任意 x≠a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\ne \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}x=a,都有 f(x)>f(a)+f′(a)(x−a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}f(x)>f(a)+f′(a)(x−a),即曲线 y=f(x) 除切点 A 外都在直线 l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}l1 上方。本步核对:只证明 H≥0 不足以体现除切点外严格在上方。x≠a⟹f(x)>f(a)+f′(a)(x−a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\ne \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=22}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}x=a⟹f(x)>f(a)+f′(a)(x−a)(3)求两个截距组合的范围用 L=ln(1+a) 表示截距,再化为 f'(a) 的函数(1)求两条直线的横截距分别把切线和垂线方程中的 y 置为 0。详细展开:令 L=ln(1+a)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\ln\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}L=ln(1+a)>0、m=f′(a)=L/(1+a)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}m=f′(a)=L/(1+a)>0,则 f(a)=L2/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{L}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}f(a)=L2/2。切线 l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}l1 给出 x1=a−f(a)/m=a−(1+a)L/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}x1=a−f(a)/m=a−(1+a)L/2。垂线斜率为 −1/m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}−1/m,由 0−f(a)=−(x2−a)/m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{m}0−f(a)=−(x2−a)/m 得 x2=a+mf(a)=a+L3/[2(1+a)]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{L}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{]}x2=a+mf(a)=a+L3/[2(1+a)]。本步核对:垂线斜率为 -1/m,解 x2 时两个负号会抵消。x1=a−(1+a)L2,x2=a+L32(1+a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{L}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{L}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{)}}x1=a−2(1+a)L,x2=a+2(1+a)L3(2)化简题设分式把分子、分母都改写成 x1、x2 相对 a 的偏移量。详细展开:代入两截距后,分子为 (a−x2)+(a−x1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}(a−x2)+(a−x1),分母为 (x2−a)+(a−x1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}(x2−a)+(a−x1)。约去公共正因子 L/[2(1+a)]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{]}L/[2(1+a)],得到 [(1+a)2−L2]/[(1+a)2+L2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{L}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{L}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{]}[(1+a)2−L2]/[(1+a)2+L2]。由于 m=L/(1+a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}m=L/(1+a),还可写成 (1−m2)/(1+m2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}(1−m2)/(1+m2)。本步核对:分母 x2-x1 为正,约分时不改变范围方向。2a−x2−x1x2−x1=1−m21+m2,m=f′(a)\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{)}x2−x12a−x2−x1=1+m21−m2,m=f′(a)(3)利用 m 的范围确定最终区间a>0 时 m=ln(1+a)/(1+a) 的取值是 (0,1/e]。详细展开:由第一问,正半轴上 0<m≤1/e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{e}0<m≤1/e;当 a→0+a\to0^+a→0+ 或 a→+∞\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\to}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\infty}a→+∞ 时 m 趋于 0 但不取 0。函数 R(m)=(1−m2)/(1+m2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}R(m)=(1−m2)/(1+m2) 在 m>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}m>0 上严格递减,因此最小值在 m=1/e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}m=1/e 处取得,为 (e2−1)/(e2+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}(e2−1)/(e2+1);上确界 1 不取得。本步核对:右端 1 必须使用圆括号;a>0 时 m 始终大于 0。2a−x2−x1x2−x1∈[e2−1e2+1,1)\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=37}{\in}\left[\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{1}\right)x2−x12a−x2−x1∈[e2+1e2−1,1)
(1)把定义域换成正变量分母与对数中都出现 1+x,令 t=1+x 可统一结构。详细展开:因为 x>−1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}x>−1,令 t=1+x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}t=1+x 后有 t>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}t>0,且 f′(x)=lnt/t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{t}f′(x)=lnt/t。记 h(t)=lnt/t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{t}h(t)=lnt/t,则问题转化为求 h 在正半轴上的最大值。本步核对:t 的范围是 (0,+∞),不能只研究 t>1。t=1+x>0,h(t)=lntt\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\frac{\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{t}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{t}}t=1+x>0,h(t)=tlnt
(2)求 h 的单调性和最大值对商求导,导数符号只由 1-ln t 决定。详细展开:h′(t)=(1−lnt)/t2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}h′(t)=(1−lnt)/t2。当 0<t<e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}0<t<e 时导数为正,当 t>e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{e}t>e 时导数为负,所以 h 先增后减,在 t=e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{e}t=e 处取得唯一最大值 h(e)=1/e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{e}h(e)=1/e。对应 x=e−1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}x=e−1。本步核对:最大值是 1/e,不是取到最大值时的 x=e-1。h′(t)=1−lntt2,maxf′(x)=h(e)=1e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{t}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,}\qquad \max \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{e}}h′(t)=t21−lnt,maxf′(x)=h(e)=e1
(1)先求 f 的显式表达式已知导数可以直接识别为平方对数的导数。详细展开:因为 [12ln2(1+x)]′=ln(1+x)/(1+x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\ln^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{]}'\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\ln\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)}[21ln2(1+x)]′=ln(1+x)/(1+x),所以 f(x)=12ln2(1+x)+C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\ln^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{C}f(x)=21ln2(1+x)+C。代入 f(0)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}f(0)=0 得 C=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}C=0。这个表达式也保证 f 在整个定义域连续可导。本步核对:积分常数必须用 f(0)=0 确定。f(x)=12ln2(1+x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\ln^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}f(x)=21ln2(1+x)
(2)建立差函数并求导令曲线值减切线值,目标转化为证明差函数除 a 外恒正。详细展开:切线为 l1(x)=f(a)+f′(a)(x−a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}l1(x)=f(a)+f′(a)(x−a)。设 H(x)=f(x)−l1(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}H(x)=f(x)−l1(x),则 H(a)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}H(a)=0,且 H′(x)=f′(x)−f′(a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}H′(x)=f′(x)−f′(a)。记 g(x)=f′(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}g(x)=f′(x)。由上一问的导数计算,g 在 (−1,e−1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}(−1,e−1) 上严格递增。特别地,当 −1<a<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}−1<a<0 时,g(a)<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}g(a)<0。本步核对:H 的导数不是 f'',而是 f'(x)-f'(a)。H′(x)=g(x)−g(a),g(x)=ln(1+x)1+x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\frac{\ln\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{x}}H′(x)=g(x)−g(a),g(x)=1+xln(1+x)
(3)判断 H 在切点两侧的单调性分别比较 x<a 与 x>a 时 g(x) 和负数 g(a) 的大小。详细展开:若 −1<x<a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}−1<x<a,g 在 (−1,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}(−1,0) 递增,所以 g(x)<g(a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}g(x)<g(a),即 H′(x)<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}H′(x)<0。若 a<x<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}a<x<0,则 g(x)>g(a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}g(x)>g(a);若 x≥0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}x≥0,则 g(x)≥0>g(a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}g(x)≥0>g(a),仍有 H′(x)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}H′(x)>0。因此 H 在 a 左侧递减、右侧递增,在 x=a 处取得唯一最小值 0。本步核对:不能声称 g 在整个 (-1,+∞) 上递增;它在 e-1 后会递减,但始终为正。x<a⇒H′(x)<0,x>a⇒H′(x)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=15}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{H}'\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=45}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{H}'\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{0}x<a⇒H′(x)<0,x>a⇒H′(x)>0
(4)得出严格的曲线位置结论唯一最小值为 0 意味着除切点外差值都为正。详细展开:由单调性,H(x)≥H(a)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}H(x)≥H(a)=0,且等号只在 x=a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}x=a 成立。因此对定义域内任意 x≠a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\ne \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}x=a,都有 f(x)>f(a)+f′(a)(x−a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}f(x)>f(a)+f′(a)(x−a),即曲线 y=f(x) 除切点 A 外都在直线 l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}l1 上方。本步核对:只证明 H≥0 不足以体现除切点外严格在上方。x≠a⟹f(x)>f(a)+f′(a)(x−a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\ne \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=22}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}x=a⟹f(x)>f(a)+f′(a)(x−a)
(1)求两条直线的横截距分别把切线和垂线方程中的 y 置为 0。详细展开:令 L=ln(1+a)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\ln\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}L=ln(1+a)>0、m=f′(a)=L/(1+a)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}m=f′(a)=L/(1+a)>0,则 f(a)=L2/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{L}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}f(a)=L2/2。切线 l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}l1 给出 x1=a−f(a)/m=a−(1+a)L/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}x1=a−f(a)/m=a−(1+a)L/2。垂线斜率为 −1/m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}−1/m,由 0−f(a)=−(x2−a)/m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{m}0−f(a)=−(x2−a)/m 得 x2=a+mf(a)=a+L3/[2(1+a)]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{L}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{]}x2=a+mf(a)=a+L3/[2(1+a)]。本步核对:垂线斜率为 -1/m,解 x2 时两个负号会抵消。x1=a−(1+a)L2,x2=a+L32(1+a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{L}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{L}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{)}}x1=a−2(1+a)L,x2=a+2(1+a)L3
(2)化简题设分式把分子、分母都改写成 x1、x2 相对 a 的偏移量。详细展开:代入两截距后,分子为 (a−x2)+(a−x1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}(a−x2)+(a−x1),分母为 (x2−a)+(a−x1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}(x2−a)+(a−x1)。约去公共正因子 L/[2(1+a)]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{]}L/[2(1+a)],得到 [(1+a)2−L2]/[(1+a)2+L2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{L}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{L}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{]}[(1+a)2−L2]/[(1+a)2+L2]。由于 m=L/(1+a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}m=L/(1+a),还可写成 (1−m2)/(1+m2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}(1−m2)/(1+m2)。本步核对:分母 x2-x1 为正,约分时不改变范围方向。2a−x2−x1x2−x1=1−m21+m2,m=f′(a)\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{)}x2−x12a−x2−x1=1+m21−m2,m=f′(a)
(3)利用 m 的范围确定最终区间a>0 时 m=ln(1+a)/(1+a) 的取值是 (0,1/e]。详细展开:由第一问,正半轴上 0<m≤1/e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{e}0<m≤1/e;当 a→0+a\to0^+a→0+ 或 a→+∞\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\to}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\infty}a→+∞ 时 m 趋于 0 但不取 0。函数 R(m)=(1−m2)/(1+m2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}R(m)=(1−m2)/(1+m2) 在 m>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}m>0 上严格递减,因此最小值在 m=1/e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}m=1/e 处取得,为 (e2−1)/(e2+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}(e2−1)/(e2+1);上确界 1 不取得。本步核对:右端 1 必须使用圆括号;a>0 时 m 始终大于 0。2a−x2−x1x2−x1∈[e2−1e2+1,1)\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=37}{\in}\left[\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{1}\right)x2−x12a−x2−x1∈[e2+1e2−1,1)
21三、解答题 · 新定义与组合已知集合 A={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=30}{\}}A={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8},M={(x,y)∣x∈A, y∈A}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=18}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=24}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,}\, \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=35}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=38}{\}}M={(x,y)∣x∈A,y∈A}. 从 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}M 中选取 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}n 个不同的元素组成一个序列:(x1,y1),(x2,y2),⋯,(xn,yn)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{)}(x1,y1),(x2,y2),⋯,(xn,yn),其中 (xi,yi)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}(xi,yi) 称为该序列的第 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}i 项 (i=1,2,⋯,n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}(i=1,2,⋯,n),若该序列的相邻项 (xi,yi),(xi+1,yi+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)}(xi,yi),(xi+1,yi+1) 满足 {∣xi+1−xi∣=3,∣yi+1−yi∣=4\begin{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{,} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{4} \end{cases}{∣xi+1−xi∣=3,∣yi+1−yi∣=4 或 {∣xi+1−xi∣=4,∣yi+1−yi∣=3\begin{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{,} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{3} \end{cases}{∣xi+1−xi∣=4,∣yi+1−yi∣=3 (i=1,2,⋯,n−1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}(i=1,2,⋯,n−1),则称该序列为 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}K 列. (1) 对于第 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}1 项为 (3,3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}(3,3) 的 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}K 列,写出它的第 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}2 项; (2) 设 Γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}Γ 为 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}K 列,且 Γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}Γ 中的项 (xi,yi)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}(xi,yi) (i=1,2,⋯,n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}(i=1,2,⋯,n) 满足:当 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}i 为奇数时,xi∈{1,2,7,8}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=12}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=24}{\}}xi∈{1,2,7,8};当 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}i 为偶数时,xi∈{3,4,5,6}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=12}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=24}{\}}xi∈{3,4,5,6},判断 (3,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}(3,2),(4,4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}(4,4) 能否同时为 Γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}Γ 中的项,并说明理由; (3) 证明:由 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}M 的全部元素组成的序列都不是 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K}K 列.答案:(1) (6,7)或(7,6);(2) 不能;(3) 见证明题目标签:K列与网格路径解题过程(1)写出 K 列的第二项枚举两种坐标差的合法符号(1)列出第一种坐标变化先令横坐标差 3、纵坐标差 4,并要求新坐标仍在 1 到 8。详细展开:从 (3,3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}(3,3) 出发,若 ∣x2−3∣=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}∣x2−3∣=3,则 x2=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6}x2=6 或 0,只保留 6;若 ∣y2−3∣=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}∣y2−3∣=4,则 y2=7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{7}y2=7 或 -1,只保留 7。因此得到一个合法第二项 (6,7)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}(6,7)。本步核对:0 和 -1 不属于 A,必须舍去。∣x2−3∣=3,∣y2−3∣=4⟹(x2,y2)=(6,7)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=39}{\Longrightarrow}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{)}∣x2−3∣=3,∣y2−3∣=4⟹(x2,y2)=(6,7)(2)交换 3 与 4 得到另一项第二种规则把两个坐标的变化量互换。详细展开:若 ∣x2−3∣=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}∣x2−3∣=4、∣y2−3∣=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}∣y2−3∣=3,同理只有 x2=7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{7}x2=7、y2=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6}y2=6 合法,得到 (7,6)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}(7,6)。所以第二项可以写 (6,7)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}(6,7) 或 (7,6)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}(7,6)。本步核对:“写出”允许写任一合法项,但完整答案列出全部两种更清楚。(x2,y2)=(6,7)或(7,6)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{或}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}(x2,y2)=(6,7)或(7,6)(2)判断两个指定点能否同时出现同时利用序号奇偶与坐标和奇偶(1)确定两个点的序号奇偶性题设按序号奇偶限制横坐标所属集合。详细展开:点 (3,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}(3,2) 与 (4,4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}(4,4) 的横坐标 3、4 都属于 {3,4,5,6}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\}}{3,4,5,6},所以如果它们出现在 Γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}Γ 中,它们的序号都必须是偶数。两个偶数序号之差为偶数,故从一个点走到另一个点要经过偶数次相邻移动。本步核对:点的第二坐标不决定序号奇偶,本步只看 x 坐标。x=3,4∈{3,4,5,6}⟹i,j 均为偶数⟹∣i−j∣ 为偶数\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=8}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=10}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=19}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=35}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{j}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{均}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{为}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{偶}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{数}}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=66}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{|}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{为}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{偶}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{数}}x=3,4∈{3,4,5,6}⟹i,j 均为偶数⟹∣i−j∣ 为偶数(2)用坐标和奇偶性导出矛盾每次移动的两个绝对变化量之和为 7,因此坐标和奇偶性每步翻转。详细展开:对相邻两项,(xi+1+yi+1)−(xi+yi)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}(xi+1+yi+1)−(xi+yi) 与 ∣Δx∣+∣Δy∣=7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=8}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=19}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{7}∣Δx∣+∣Δy∣=7 同为奇数,所以坐标和的奇偶性每移动一次改变一次。经过偶数步后奇偶性应相同。但 (3,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}(3,2) 的坐标和为 5,是奇数;(4,4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}(4,4) 的坐标和为 8,是偶数,二者不同,产生矛盾。因此不能同时出现。本步核对:必须把“偶数步后奇偶性相同”与两个具体坐标和对照。3+2≡1(mod2),qquad4+4≡0(mod2)⟹不能同时出现3+2\equiv1\pmod2,qquad4+4\equiv0\pmod2\Longrightarrow\text{不能同时出现}3+2≡1(mod2),qquad4+4≡0(mod2)⟹不能同时出现(3)证明 64 个点不能组成 K 列找出 16 个角落点及其最多 12 个可能后继(1)选取 16 个角落点令两个坐标都属于外层集合 B={1,2,7,8}。详细展开:设 S={(x,y):x,y∈{1,2,7,8}}\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=14}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=26}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=28}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=37}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=39}{\}}S={(x,y):x,y∈{1,2,7,8}},共有 4×4=16\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=7}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}4×4=16 个点。若从 S 中任一点按 K 规则走一步,两个坐标分别改变 3 和 4;由于原坐标位于外层,新坐标必落入中央集合 {3,4,5,6}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\}}{3,4,5,6}。本步核对:这里要求 x、y 都在外层,所以是 16 个点,不是只限制一个坐标得到的 32 个点。∣S∣=16,N(S)⊆{3,4,5,6}2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{S}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{S}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=47}{\subseteq}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=49}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=58}{\}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{2}}∣S∣=16,N(S)⊆{3,4,5,6}2(2)证明实际可达中央点至多 12 个中央 4×4 方格的四个角点无法由外层点一步到达。详细展开:若目标坐标是 3,它从外层数中只能由 7 改变 4 得到;若目标坐标是 6,它只能由 2 改变 4 得到。因此目标点 (3,3),(3,6),(6,3),(6,6)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}(3,3),(3,6),(6,3),(6,6) 的两个坐标都要求变化量为 4,而 K 规则要求一个坐标变 3、另一个变 4,所以这四点都不可达。中央共有 16 点,故 S 的可能后继至多只有 16−4=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}16−4=12 个。本步核对:K 规则不允许两个坐标同时相差 4。∣N(S)∣≤16−4=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=19}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}∣N(S)∣≤16−4=12(3)用后继数不足反证 Hamilton 路径假设 64 个不同点全按某个顺序组成 K 列,观察 16 个 S 点的下一项。详细展开:在一个包含全部 64 点且不重复的序列中,S 的 16 个点中至多只有一个是最后一项,所以至少 15 个 S 点必须各有一个下一项。不同位置的下一项也互不相同,并且都必须属于 N(S)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{S}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}N(S)。这要求至少 15 个不同后继,但上一部证明可能后继至多 12 个,矛盾。因此 M 的全部元素不可能组成 K 列。本步核对:需允许一个 S 点恰好位于序列末尾,因此下界写 15 已足够,而不是武断写 16。15≤∣N(S)∣≤12矛盾\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{S}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=24}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{矛}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{盾}}15≤∣N(S)∣≤12矛盾
(1)列出第一种坐标变化先令横坐标差 3、纵坐标差 4,并要求新坐标仍在 1 到 8。详细展开:从 (3,3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}(3,3) 出发,若 ∣x2−3∣=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}∣x2−3∣=3,则 x2=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6}x2=6 或 0,只保留 6;若 ∣y2−3∣=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}∣y2−3∣=4,则 y2=7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{7}y2=7 或 -1,只保留 7。因此得到一个合法第二项 (6,7)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}(6,7)。本步核对:0 和 -1 不属于 A,必须舍去。∣x2−3∣=3,∣y2−3∣=4⟹(x2,y2)=(6,7)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=39}{\Longrightarrow}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{)}∣x2−3∣=3,∣y2−3∣=4⟹(x2,y2)=(6,7)
(2)交换 3 与 4 得到另一项第二种规则把两个坐标的变化量互换。详细展开:若 ∣x2−3∣=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}∣x2−3∣=4、∣y2−3∣=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}∣y2−3∣=3,同理只有 x2=7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{7}x2=7、y2=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6}y2=6 合法,得到 (7,6)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}(7,6)。所以第二项可以写 (6,7)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}(6,7) 或 (7,6)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}(7,6)。本步核对:“写出”允许写任一合法项,但完整答案列出全部两种更清楚。(x2,y2)=(6,7)或(7,6)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{或}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}(x2,y2)=(6,7)或(7,6)
(1)确定两个点的序号奇偶性题设按序号奇偶限制横坐标所属集合。详细展开:点 (3,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}(3,2) 与 (4,4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}(4,4) 的横坐标 3、4 都属于 {3,4,5,6}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\}}{3,4,5,6},所以如果它们出现在 Γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}Γ 中,它们的序号都必须是偶数。两个偶数序号之差为偶数,故从一个点走到另一个点要经过偶数次相邻移动。本步核对:点的第二坐标不决定序号奇偶,本步只看 x 坐标。x=3,4∈{3,4,5,6}⟹i,j 均为偶数⟹∣i−j∣ 为偶数\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=8}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=10}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=19}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=35}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{j}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{均}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{为}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{偶}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{数}}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=66}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{|}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{为}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{偶}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{数}}x=3,4∈{3,4,5,6}⟹i,j 均为偶数⟹∣i−j∣ 为偶数
(2)用坐标和奇偶性导出矛盾每次移动的两个绝对变化量之和为 7,因此坐标和奇偶性每步翻转。详细展开:对相邻两项,(xi+1+yi+1)−(xi+yi)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}(xi+1+yi+1)−(xi+yi) 与 ∣Δx∣+∣Δy∣=7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=8}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=19}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{7}∣Δx∣+∣Δy∣=7 同为奇数,所以坐标和的奇偶性每移动一次改变一次。经过偶数步后奇偶性应相同。但 (3,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}(3,2) 的坐标和为 5,是奇数;(4,4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}(4,4) 的坐标和为 8,是偶数,二者不同,产生矛盾。因此不能同时出现。本步核对:必须把“偶数步后奇偶性相同”与两个具体坐标和对照。3+2≡1(mod2),qquad4+4≡0(mod2)⟹不能同时出现3+2\equiv1\pmod2,qquad4+4\equiv0\pmod2\Longrightarrow\text{不能同时出现}3+2≡1(mod2),qquad4+4≡0(mod2)⟹不能同时出现
(1)选取 16 个角落点令两个坐标都属于外层集合 B={1,2,7,8}。详细展开:设 S={(x,y):x,y∈{1,2,7,8}}\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=14}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=26}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=28}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=37}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=39}{\}}S={(x,y):x,y∈{1,2,7,8}},共有 4×4=16\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=7}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}4×4=16 个点。若从 S 中任一点按 K 规则走一步,两个坐标分别改变 3 和 4;由于原坐标位于外层,新坐标必落入中央集合 {3,4,5,6}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\}}{3,4,5,6}。本步核对:这里要求 x、y 都在外层,所以是 16 个点,不是只限制一个坐标得到的 32 个点。∣S∣=16,N(S)⊆{3,4,5,6}2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{S}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{S}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=47}{\subseteq}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=49}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=58}{\}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{2}}∣S∣=16,N(S)⊆{3,4,5,6}2
(2)证明实际可达中央点至多 12 个中央 4×4 方格的四个角点无法由外层点一步到达。详细展开:若目标坐标是 3,它从外层数中只能由 7 改变 4 得到;若目标坐标是 6,它只能由 2 改变 4 得到。因此目标点 (3,3),(3,6),(6,3),(6,6)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}(3,3),(3,6),(6,3),(6,6) 的两个坐标都要求变化量为 4,而 K 规则要求一个坐标变 3、另一个变 4,所以这四点都不可达。中央共有 16 点,故 S 的可能后继至多只有 16−4=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}16−4=12 个。本步核对:K 规则不允许两个坐标同时相差 4。∣N(S)∣≤16−4=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=19}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}∣N(S)∣≤16−4=12
(3)用后继数不足反证 Hamilton 路径假设 64 个不同点全按某个顺序组成 K 列,观察 16 个 S 点的下一项。详细展开:在一个包含全部 64 点且不重复的序列中,S 的 16 个点中至多只有一个是最后一项,所以至少 15 个 S 点必须各有一个下一项。不同位置的下一项也互不相同,并且都必须属于 N(S)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{S}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}N(S)。这要求至少 15 个不同后继,但上一部证明可能后继至多 12 个,矛盾。因此 M 的全部元素不可能组成 K 列。本步核对:需允许一个 S 点恰好位于序列末尾,因此下界写 15 已足够,而不是武断写 16。15≤∣N(S)∣≤12矛盾\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{S}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=24}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{矛}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{盾}}15≤∣N(S)∣≤12矛盾