返回特征解读

2025 年高考数学(北京卷)

exams_raw/普通高考/2025/2025北京.pdf · HS-MATH-1024-v2.1-solution-aware

2130 个小问/题组
1

一、选择题 · 集合

已知集合 M={x2x1>5}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=25}{\}}, N={1,2,3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=15}{\}}, 则 MN=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=7}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{N} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} ( ) (A) {1,2,3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\}} (B) {2,3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=8}{\}} (C) {3}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=5}{\}} (D) \htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=11}{\varnothing}

答案:D;空集

题目标签:集合交集

解题过程

求集合交集

先解不等式,再与有限集逐项比较

(1)
求集合 M

集合 M 用不等式描述,先把它化为区间条件。

详细展开:由 2x1>5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}2x>6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6},再除以正数 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2},不等号方向不变,所以 x>3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3},即 M=(3,+)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}

本步核对:除以正数时不等号不变;若除以负数才需要改变方向。

2x1>5x>3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=26}{\Longleftrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{3}
(2)
检查 N 中的三个元素

有限集 N 只有三个元素,逐个检查是否满足 x>3。

详细展开:1,2,3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3} 都不大于 3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3},其中 3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3} 也不满足严格不等式 x>3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}。因此没有元素同时属于 M 与 N,交集为空集,选 D。

本步核对:严格大于不包含端点 3,不能把 3 留在交集中。

MN=选 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cap }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=19}{\varnothing}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=39}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{D}}
2

一、选择题 · 复数

已知复数 z\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z} 满足 iz+2=2i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=8}{\cdot }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{z} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{i}, 则 z=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=} ( ) (A) 2\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}} (B) 22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} (C) 4 (D) 8

答案:B;2sqrt(2)

题目标签:复数方程与模

解题过程

解复数方程并求模

先孤立 z,再使用复数模公式

(1)
从方程中解出 z

把常数项移到右边,再除以虚数单位 i。

详细展开:由 iz+2=2i\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{i}}iz=2+2i\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{i}}。因为 1/i=i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{i}},所以 z=(2+2i)(i)=2+2i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{i}}。可回代检查:i(2+2i)+2=2i\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{i}}

本步核对:除以 i\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}} 等价于乘 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{i}},不要误写成乘 i\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{i}}

z=2+2ii=2+2i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}}}{\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{i}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{i}}
(2)
计算复数的模

复数 a+bi 的模是实部、虚部平方和的算术平方根。

详细展开:z=2+2i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{i}} 的实部和虚部都是 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2},故 z=22+22=8=22\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}},对应选项 B。

本步核对:模一定非负,化简根式时 8=22\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{8}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}

z=22+22=22选 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{z}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=52}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{B}}
3

一、选择题 · 双曲线

双曲线 x24y2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{4} 的离心率为 ( ) (A) 32\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}} (B) 52\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}} (C) 54\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}} (D) 5\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}}

答案:B;sqrt(5)/2

题目标签:双曲线离心率

解题过程

求双曲线离心率

化标准方程后确定 a、b、c

(1)
化为双曲线标准式

把方程两边同除以 4,读出半实轴与半虚轴参数。

详细展开:x24y2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4} 两边除以 4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4},得到 x2/4y2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}。与 x2/a2y2/b2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1} 比较,有 a2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}b2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}

本步核对:原方程右边不是 1 时不能直接把 x² 的系数当作 a²。

x24y21=1,a=2,b=1\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{1}
(2)
计算焦距参数与离心率

双曲线满足 c²=a²+b²,再用 e=c/a。

详细展开:由 c2=4+1=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}c=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}}。因此 e=c/a=5/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2},对应选项 B。离心率大于 1,也符合双曲线的基本性质。

本步核对:双曲线是 c²=a²+b²,不能误用椭圆的 a²=b²+c²。

c=5,e=ca=52选 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{c}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{5}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{2}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=70}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{B}}
4

一、选择题 · 函数

为了得到函数 y=9x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{9}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}} 的图象, 只需把函数 y=3x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}} 的图象上所有点的 ( ) (A) 横坐标变为原来的 12\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} 倍 (纵坐标不变) (B) 横坐标变为原来的 2 倍 (纵坐标不变) (C) 纵坐标变为原来的 13\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}} 倍 (横坐标不变) (D) 纵坐标变为原来的 3 倍 (横坐标不变)

答案:A

题目标签:指数函数图象变换

解题过程

判断指数函数图象伸缩

把 9^x 改写成 3 的幂

(1)
统一指数函数底数

两个函数底数不同,先利用 9=3² 化成同一个母函数。

详细展开:9x=(32)x=32x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{9}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}}。若记 f(x)=3x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}},目标函数就是 y=f(2x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}。这说明变化发生在自变量内部,而不是在函数值外乘常数。

本步核对:32x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}} 不等于 23x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=6}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}},不能解释成纵坐标放大 2 倍。

9x=32x=f(2x)(f(x)=3x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{9}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}
(2)
解释横坐标压缩

函数 y=f(2x) 的图象由 y=f(x) 横向压缩为原来的一半。

详细展开:原图上一点 (u,3u)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)} 要在新图上保持同一纵坐标,就令 2x=u\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{u},得到新横坐标 x=u/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}。因此所有点的横坐标变为原来的 1/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2},纵坐标不变,选 A。

本步核对:自变量内乘 2 对应横坐标除以 2,方向容易记反。

(u,3u)(u2,3u)选 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{u}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{u}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=16}{\mapsto}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{u}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{3}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{u}}\right)\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=66}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{A}}
5

一、选择题 · 数列

已知 {an}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=9}{\}} 是公差不为零的等差数列, a1=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}, 若 a3,a4,a6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{6}} 成等比数列, 则 a10=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} ( ) (A) 20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} (B) 18\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{8} (C) 16 (D) 18

答案:C;16

题目标签:等差与等比数列

解题过程

由等比条件求等差数列

用公差表示三项,再列中项平方关系

(1)
用公差 d 表示指定项

等差数列每一项都可由 a1+(n-1)d 表示。

详细展开:由 a1=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2},得到 a3=2+2d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{d}a4=2+3d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{d}a6=2+5d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{d}。三项按此顺序成等比数列,必须满足中项平方等于前后项乘积。

本步核对:成等比的是 a3、a4、a6,不是下标成等比。

a3=2+2d,a4=2+3d,a6=2+5d\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{d}
(2)
解公差并求 a10

列出 a4²=a3a6,解方程后用 d≠0 筛根。

详细展开:代入得 (2+3d)2=(2+2d)(2+5d)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)},展开整理为 d22d=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0},即 d(d2)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}。题设公差不为零,故 d=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{d}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}。于是 a10=2+9×2=16\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=17}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{6},选 C。

本步核对:不能保留 d=0,因为题目明确说公差不为零。

d(d2)=0,d0d=2,a10=16d(d-2)=0, d\ne0\Longrightarrow d=2,\qquad a_{10}=16
6

一、选择题 · 不等式

已知 a>0,b>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}, 则 ( ) (A) a2+b2>2ab\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{b} (B) 1a+1b1ab\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{b}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=36}{\geqslant }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{b}} (C) a+b>ab\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{b}} (D) 1a+1b2ab\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{b}} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=36}{\leqslant }\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}}{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{b}}}

答案:C

题目标签:正数不等式判断

解题过程

判断正数不等式

对严格不等式看等号,对其余命题给证明或反例

(1)
排除 A、B、D

全称命题只需一个合法反例即可否定。

详细展开:A 在 a=b\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b} 时等号成立,不满足严格大于。B 的原题右端为 1/(ab)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)};取 a=b=1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3},左端为 6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6},右端为 9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{9},故 B 错。D 取 a=1,b=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4},左端 5/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4},右端 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1},也不成立。

本步核对:B 的分母已按原 PDF 核对为 ab,不是 OCR 曾误写的根号 ab。

a=bA 错;a=b=136<9;(a,b)=(1,4)54>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=15}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{错}}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{;}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=58}{\Rightarrow}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{;}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=90}{\Rightarrow}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=99,tutor-end=100}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=101,tutor-end=102}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{1}
(2)
证明 C 恒成立

使用基本不等式给出严格下界。

详细展开:因为 a,b>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0},由均值不等式 a+b2ab\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{b}}。又 2ab>ab\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{>}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{b}},所以 a+b>ab\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{b}} 对所有正数 a、b 都成立,故选 C。

本步核对:即使 a=b,第一处可取等号,第二处仍严格大于。

a+b2ab>ab选 C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{b}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{>}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{b}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=46}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{C}}
7

一、选择题 · 函数

已知函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的定义域为 D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}, 则“f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的值域为 R\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}}”是“对任意 MR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=6}{\in }\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{R}}, 存在 x0D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{D}, 使得 f(x0)>M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{M}”的 ( ) (A) 充分不必要条件 (B) 必要不充分条件 (C) 充要条件 (D) 既不充分也不必要条件

答案:A;充分不必要

题目标签:充分必要条件

解题过程

判断两个函数命题的关系

分别证明正向推出并构造反例否定逆向

(1)
证明值域为 R 能推出无界条件

值域覆盖全体实数时,可以主动指定一个绝对值很大的函数值。

详细展开:若 f(D)=R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{R}},对任意实数 M:当 M0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0} 时取目标值 M+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1},由满射性存在 x0D\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=9}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{D} 使 f(x0)=M+1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1},于是 f(x0)>M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{M};当 M<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 时任取定义域中的点也有绝对值不小于 0 而大于 M。因此前一命题推出后一命题。

本步核对:M 可以是负数,完整证明需说明负数情形虽然是自动成立的。

f(D)=R(MR)(x0D):f(x0)>M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{R}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=30}{\Longrightarrow}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=39}{\forall }\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=43}{\in}\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{R}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=63}{\exists }\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=72}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=76,tutor-end=77}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=77,tutor-end=78}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=82}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=83,tutor-end=84}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=84,tutor-end=85}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=85,tutor-end=86}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=86,tutor-end=87}{M}
(2)
用反例说明逆命题不成立

找一个绝对值无界但值域不是全体实数的函数。

详细展开:取 D=R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{R}}f(x)=ex\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}}。它的值域是 (0,+)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)},不是 R\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}};但对任意 M,若 M≥0 可取足够大的 x 使 ex>M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M},若 M<0 则任意 x 都满足 ex>M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{M}。所以后一命题不能推出前一命题,前者是充分不必要条件,选 A。

本步核对:不要用有界函数作反例,否则连后一命题也不成立。

f(x)=ex:f 无界,f(R)=(0,+)R\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{:}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{|}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{无}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{界}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=36}{\quad} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{(}\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{R}}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=61}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{)}\ne\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=73,tutor-end=74}{R}}
8

一、选择题 · 三角函数

设函数 f(x)=sinωx+cosωx(ω>0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=19}{\omega }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+} \cos \htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=35}{\omega }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=45}{\omega }\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{)}, 若 f(x+π)=f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)} 恒成立, 且 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}[0,π4]\left[\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=18}{\pi}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{4}}\right] 上存在零点, 则 ω\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega} 的最小值为 ( ) (A) 8 (B) 6 (C) 4 (D) 3

答案:C;4

题目标签:三角函数周期与零点

解题过程

求满足周期与零点条件的最小频率

周期条件先离散化 omega,再用零点筛选

(1)
由恒等周期条件限制 omega

把函数合成为单一正弦,比较平移 pi 后的相位。

详细展开:f(x)=2sin(ωx+π/4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=25}{\omega }\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=30}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}。若 f(x+π)=f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)} 对所有 x 恒成立,则相位增量 ωπ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi} 必须是 2π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi} 的整数倍,所以 ω=2k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{k},其中 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 为正整数。

本步核对:相位增加奇数个 pi 会使函数变号,不满足恒等相等。

ωπ=2kπω=2k(kN)\omega\pi=2k\pi\Longrightarrow\omega=2k\quad(k\in\mathbf{N}^*)
(2)
检查区间内是否有零点

求最靠近区间的零点并与右端点比较。

详细展开:零点满足 ωx+π/4=nπ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\omega }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=12}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=19}{\pi}。在 x0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0} 中第一个零点取 n=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1},即 x=3π/(4ω)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=15}{\omega}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}。要使它不超过 π/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=3}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4},需 ω3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}。结合 ω\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\omega} 必须为正偶数,最小只能是 4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4};此时零点 3π/16\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6} 确在区间内,故选 C。

本步核对:不能直接取 omega=3,因为它不满足上一部得到的偶整数条件。

3π4ωπ4ω3,ωmin=4\frac{3\pi}{4\omega}\le\frac\pi4\Longleftrightarrow\omega\ge3,\qquad \omega_{\min}=4
9

一、选择题 · 函数应用

在一定条件下, 某人工智能大语言模型训练 N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N} 个单位的数据量所需要的时间 T=klog2N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{k} \log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{N} (单位: h), 其中 k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k} 为常数. 在此条件下, 已知训练数据量 N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}106\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6}} 个单位增加到 1.024×109\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{9}} 个单位时, 训练时间增加 20 h; 当训练数据量 N\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}1.024×109\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{9}} 个单位增加到 4.096×109\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=13}{\times }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{9}} 个单位时, 训练时间增加 ( ) (A) 2 h (B) 4 h (C) 20 h (D) 40 h

答案:B;4 h

题目标签:对数增长模型

解题过程

计算对数模型中的时间增量

对数差化为数据量倍数的对数

(1)
由第一次增长确定 k

训练时间差只取决于新旧数据量的比值。

详细展开:第一次数据量倍数为 (1.024×109)/106=1024=210\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{9}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{0}},所以时间增加 klog21024=10k\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{k}。题设该增量为 20 小时,故 k=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}

本步核对:1.024×10^9 除以 10^6 是 1024,不是 1.024。

20=klog2(1024)=10kk=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{k}\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=38}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{k}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}
(2)
计算第二次时间增加量

第二次数据量扩大 4 倍,直接代入同一个 k。

详细展开:4.096×109\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{9}}1.024×109\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{9}}4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4} 倍,因此时间增加 klog24=2×2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{k}\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=19}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4} 小时,对应选项 B。

本步核对:第二次不能继续使用第一次的 1024 倍,应重新计算为 4 倍。

ΔT=2log24=4 h选 B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\log_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=24}{\ }\mathrm{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{h}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=54}{\Longrightarrow}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{选} \htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{B}}
10

一、选择题 · 平面向量

在平面直角坐标系 xOy\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y} 中, OA=OB=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{|}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{=} \sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{2}}, AB=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}, 设 C(3,4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}, 则 2CA+AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{A}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{|} 的取值范围是 ( ) (A) [6,14]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{]} (B) [6,12]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{]} (C) [8,14]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{]} (D) [8,12]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{]}

答案:D;[8,12]

题目标签:向量模长范围

解题过程

求向量模长的变化范围

先化简向量式,再转为两个定长向量的距离

(1)
由三边关系得到 OA 垂直 OB

利用向量差模长公式求两向量夹角。

详细展开:记 a=OA\boldsymbol a=\overrightarrow{OA}b=OB\boldsymbol b=\overrightarrow{OB}。由 ab2=a2+b22ab|\boldsymbol a-\boldsymbol b|^{2}=|\boldsymbol a|^{2}+|\boldsymbol b|^{2}-2\boldsymbol a\cdot\boldsymbol b,代入 4=2+22ab4=2+2-2\boldsymbol a\cdot\boldsymbol b,得点积为 0。因此 a、b 垂直,且 a+b=2|\boldsymbol a+\boldsymbol b|=2

本步核对:AB 对应向量 b-a,不能误写成 a+b。

ab=0,a+b=2+2=2\boldsymbol a\cdot\boldsymbol b=0,\qquad |\boldsymbol a+\boldsymbol b|=\sqrt{2+2}=2
(2)
化简目标并用三角不等式

把 C 的位置向量代入,目标成为长度 2 的动向量与长度 10 的定向量之差。

详细展开:2CA+AB=2(ac)+(ba)=a+b2c2\overrightarrow{CA}+\overrightarrow{AB}=2(\boldsymbol a-\boldsymbol c)+(\boldsymbol b-\boldsymbol a)=\boldsymbol a+\boldsymbol b-2\boldsymbol c。其中 a+b=2|\boldsymbol a+\boldsymbol b|=2,而 2c=232+42=10|2\boldsymbol c|=2\sqrt{3^{2}+4^{2}}=10。随着垂直向量组转动,a+b 可取任意方向,故差的模从 102=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{8}10+2=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2},两端均能取得,选 D。

本步核对:下界是两长度之差的绝对值,不是 10-4 或 10-√2。

8=102a+b2c10+2=128=10-2\le|\boldsymbol a+\boldsymbol b-2\boldsymbol c|\le10+2=12
11

二、填空题 · 抛物线

已知抛物线 y2=2px(p>0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)} 的顶点到焦点的距离为 3, 则 p=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} ______.

答案:6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6}

题目标签:抛物线焦点参数

解题过程

由焦距求抛物线参数

把题设方程与 y²=4ax 对照

(1)
识别标准参数

标准抛物线 y²=4ax 的顶点到焦点距离是 a。

详细展开:题目给的是 y2=2px\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x},与 y2=4ax\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x} 比较,有 4a=2p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p},所以 a=p/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}。焦点为 (p/2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)},顶点为原点。

本步核对:不要套用 y²=2px 时焦点为 (p,0) 的错误记忆。

a=p2,F(p2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{p}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{F}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{p}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{0}\right)
(2)
代入距离求 p

顶点到焦点的距离就是焦点横坐标的绝对值。

详细展开:因为 p>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0},顶点 O 到焦点 F 的距离为 p/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}。题设该距离等于 3,所以 p/2=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3},解得 p=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}

本步核对:最后应填写 p 而不是中间参数 a=3。

p2=3p=6\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{p}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=29}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{6}
12

二、填空题 · 二项式定理

已知 (12x)4=a02a1x+4a2x28a3x3+16a4x4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{4}}, 则 a0=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} ______; a1+a2+a3+a4=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{4}} \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=} ______.

答案:1;15

题目标签:二项式系数

解题过程

比较二项式系数

逐项对应组合数,再求和

(1)
展开并识别 ai

按二项式定理写出一般项,注意题目已把 (-2x)^i 的幂因子分离。

详细展开:(12x)4=i=04(4i)(2x)i(1-2x)^{4}=\sum_{i=0}^{4}\binom4i(-2x)^{i},所以各项依次为 12(41)x+4(42)x28(43)x3+16(44)x41-2\binom41x+4\binom42x^{2}-8\binom43x^{3}+16\binom44x^{4}。与题设逐项比较可得 ai=(4i)a_{i}=\binom4i

本步核对:不能把 a1 误认成实际 x 项系数 -8;实际系数是 -2a1。

(a0,a1,a2,a3,a4)=(1,4,6,4,1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)}
(2)
计算两个空

从识别出的组合数直接取值和求和。

详细展开:常数项给出 a0=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}。其余四项之和为 4+6+4+1=15\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}。也可用全部组合数之和 24=16\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{6} 再减去 a0=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1},得到 15。

本步核对:第二个空不包含 a0,使用 2⁴ 后必须减 1。

a0=1,a1+a2+a3+a4=15\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{a}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{5}
13

二、填空题 · 三角函数

已知 α,β[0,2π]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=14}{\beta }\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=18}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=26}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{]}, 且 sin(α+β)=sin(αβ)\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=12}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=} \sin\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=35}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=42}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{)}, cos(α+β)cos(αβ)\cos(\alpha + \beta) \neq \cos(\alpha - \beta). 写出满足条件的一组 α,β\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=13}{\beta} 的值 α=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=7}{\alpha }\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} ______, β=\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\beta }\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} ______.

答案:一组为 pi/2,pi/2

题目标签:三角恒等条件构造

解题过程

构造满足和差条件的角

先把两个条件化成乘积,再给出一组特解

(1)
化简正弦相等条件

把两边移到一起,使用正弦差公式。

详细展开:sin(α+β)sin(αβ)=2cosαsinβ\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=17}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=30}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=36}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=49}{\alpha}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=58}{\beta},所以第一个条件等价于 cosαsinβ=0\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\alpha}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=19}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}。另一方面,余弦不等要求 2sinαsinβ0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{2}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\alpha}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=21}{\beta}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0},即 sinα0\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\alpha}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}sinβ0\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\beta}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}。于是只能令 cosα=0\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=10}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}

本步核对:只满足正弦相等还不够,必须同时检查两个余弦不相等。

cosαsinβ=0,sinαsinβ0cosα=0\cos\alpha\sin\beta=0,\quad \sin\alpha\sin\beta\ne0\Longrightarrow\cos\alpha=0
(2)
选择并验证一组角

在给定区间内取最简单的特殊角即可。

详细展开:取 α=π/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=10}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}β=π/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=5}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=9}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}。则 sin(α+β)=sinπ=0\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=17}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=26}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0}sin(αβ)=sin0=0\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\alpha}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=17}{\beta}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\sin\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0};同时 cosπ=11=cos0\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{0}。两角都在 [0,2π]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\pi}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{]} 内,因此这是一组合法答案。

本步核对:构造后要逐条代回两个原条件,不能只检查化简后的部分条件。

α=π2,β=π2\alpha=\frac\pi2,\qquad\beta=\frac\pi2
14

二、填空题 · 立体几何

某科技兴趣小组用 3D 打印机制作的一个零件可以抽象为如图所示的多面体, 其中 ABCDEF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{F} 是一个平面多边形, 平面 AFR\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{R} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\perp} 平面 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}, 平面 CDT\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=9}{\perp} 平面 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}, ABBC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\perp }\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{C}, ABEFRSCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=26}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{S} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=39}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{D}, BCDESTAF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=26}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{T} \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=39}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{F}. 若 AB=BC=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{8}, AF=CD=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}, RA=RF=TC=TD=52\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{F} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{D} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}}, 则该多面体的体积为______.

原卷图示 1
原卷图示 1原卷第 1 页 · qwen3.7-plus_layout_detection · 需复核

答案:60\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}

题目标签:多面体体积

解题过程

分割多面体求体积

先求共同高,再把半个多面体拆成棱柱和棱锥

(1)
求两个等腰三角形的高

RA=RF 与 AF=4 给出三角形 RAF 的底边中点和高,另一端同理。

详细展开:在等腰三角形 RAF\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{F} 中,底边 AF=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4},腰 RA=RF=5/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}。顶点 R 到 AF 中点的距离为 (5/2)222=3/2\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}。因平面 RAF 垂直底面,这个距离就是 R 到底面的高;同理 T 到底面的高也为 3/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}。由平行关系,R、S、T 位于同一高度。

本步核对:2 是底边 AF 的一半,不是整条 AF=4。

h=(52)222=32\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{2}}
(2)
构造分割并确定关键长度

延长 AB 交 ED 于 M,再过 B 作 BK 平行 CT 交 ST 于 K。

详细展开:由平行关系和 AB=BC=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{8}AF=CD=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4},可得 BM=ME=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}BC=8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{8}。三角形 CTD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}BKM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{M} 全等,底均为 4,高均为 3/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2},面积都是 3;同时 SK=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}。三角形 BME\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{E} 为直角三角形,两直角边均为 4,面积为 8。

本步核对:各体积使用的“高”对应不同底面,不能把 3/2、2、8 混用。

SCTD=SBKM=12432=3,SBME=8,SK=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=13}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{D}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=31}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{M}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=52}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=58}{\cdot}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=81,tutor-end=91}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=91,tutor-end=92}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=92,tutor-end=93}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=93,tutor-end=94}{E}}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=97}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=97,tutor-end=98}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{2}
(3)
计算半体积并加倍

半个多面体 CDEBST 可拆成一个三棱柱和两个三棱锥。

详细展开:三棱柱 CTDBKM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{T}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{M} 的体积为 3×8=24\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=7}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4};棱锥 SBKM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{K}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{M} 的体积为 13×3×2=2\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=17}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=24}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2};棱锥 SBME\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{E} 的体积为 13×8×32=4\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=17}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=24}{\times}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{4}。故半个多面体体积为 30。另一半与它全等,所以总体积为 2×30=60\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=7}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}

本步核对:最后必须乘 2;括号内只计算了由 C、D、E、B、S、T 围成的一半。

V=2(24+2+4)=60\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{V}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}
15

二、填空题 · 函数

关于定义域为 R\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}} 的函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}, 给出下列四个结论: ①存在在 R\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}} 上单调递增的函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 使得 f(x)+f(2x)=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x} 恒成立; ②存在在 R\mathbf{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{R}} 上单调递减的函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 使得 f(x)f(2x)=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x} 恒成立; ③使得 f(x)+f(x)=cosx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \cos \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x} 恒成立的函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 存在且有无穷多个; ④使得 f(x)f(x)=cosx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=} \cos \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x} 恒成立的函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 存在且有无穷多个. 其中正确结论的序号是______.

答案:②③\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{②}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{③}

题目标签:抽象函数存在性

解题过程

判断函数方程的存在性

构造法与奇偶性约束逐项判断

(1)
判断结论 ①、②

单调性与函数方程右端的增减方向可直接比较,也可构造线性函数。

详细展开:若 f 单调递增,则 f(x)+f(2x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} 也是单调递增函数,不可能恒等于严格递减的 x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x},故①错。对②,取 f(x)=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x},它在实数上单调递减,且 f(x)f(2x)=x(2x)=x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x},所以②正确。

本步核对:② 的方程是相减,不能误看成①中的相加。

①错;f(x)=xf(x)f(2x)=x, ②对\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{①}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{错}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{;}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=40}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=55}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{②}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{对}}
(2)
判断结论 ③、④

把 f 分解成偶部和奇部,观察等式左右的奇偶性。

详细展开:③ 中令 f(x)=12cosx+h(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)},其中 h 是任意奇函数,则 f(x)+f(x)=cosx\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{=}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x};奇函数 h 有无穷多个,所以③正确。④ 的左边 f(x)f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} 必为奇函数,而且在 x=0 时恒为 0;右边 cosx\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x} 是偶函数且 cos0=1\cos\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1},因此连一个解都没有,④错误。

本步核对:④ 只需代入 x=0 就产生矛盾,不必尝试构造函数。

f=12cosx+hodd③对;0=f(0)f(0)cos0=1④错f=\frac{1}{2}\cos x+h_{\rm odd}\Rightarrow③\text{对};\qquad 0=f(0)-f(0)\ne\cos0=1\Rightarrow④\text{错}
16

三、解答题 · 解三角形

ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C} 中, cosA=13\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}}, asinC=42\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{4}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}. (1) 求 c\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c} 的值; (2) 再从条件①、条件②、条件③这三个条件中选择一个作为已知, 使得 ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C} 存在, 求 BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 边上的高. 条件①: a=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6}; 条件②: asinB=1023\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \sin \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=} \frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{0}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3}}; 条件③: ABC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C} 的面积为 102\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}.

答案:(1) 6;(2) 选②或③,高为20sqrt(2)/9

题目标签:解三角形

解题过程

(1)由正弦定理求边 c

先求 sin A,再利用 a sin C 这个整体

(1)
求角 A 的正弦

已知 cos A 且 A 是三角形内角,正弦取正根。

详细展开:由 cosA=1/3\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3},有 sin2A=1cos2A=11/9=8/9\sin^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\cos^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{9}。三角形内角满足 0<A<π\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\pi},故 sinA>0\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0},所以 sinA=22/3\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3}

本步核对:不能写正负号;内角 A 的正弦一定为正。

sinA=1(13)2=223\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{3}}\right)^{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{3}}
(2)
用正弦定理消去 a

把 c/sin C=a/sin A 改写,使题设的 a sin C 整体出现。

详细展开:由正弦定理 c/sinC=a/sinA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A},交叉相乘得 c=asinC/sinA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{A}。题设 asinC=42\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{4}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}},代入上一部的 sinA=22/3\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{3},得到 c=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}

本步核对:不要先尝试单独求 C;现有条件只能直接确定 a sin C。

c=asinCsinA=4222/3=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{C}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{4}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{6}

(2)选择有效条件并求 BC 边上的高

选择条件②确定 b,再由面积求高

(1)
说明选择条件②

条件①会导致不存在的三角形,条件②能够直接求出边 b。

详细展开:若选①,a=c=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{6} 会推出 A=C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C},但 cosA<0\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0} 表明 A 为钝角,两个内角不可能同时为钝角,所以①不可选。选择②:由正弦定理 b/sinB=a/sinA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{A},得 b=(asinB)/sinA=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{5}。条件③与②等价,也会得到相同结果。

本步核对:a=c 且 A 为钝角时会造成两个钝角,这是排除①的关键。

b=asinBsinA=102/322/3=5\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B}}{\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{0}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{5}
(2)
用余弦定理求 a 并验证存在

已知 b、c 和夹角 A 后,第三边 a 唯一确定。

详细展开:由余弦定理 a2=b2+c22bccosA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{c}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{A},代入 b=5,c=6,cosA=1/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\cos \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3},得 a2=25+36+20=81\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1},所以 a=9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{9}。并且 5+6>9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{9},三边满足三角形不等式,因此所选条件确实使三角形存在。

本步核对:求出正边长后仍应检查 5+6>9,避免得到退化或不存在的三角形。

a=25+36256(13)=9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=20}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=26}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{6}\left(\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{3}}\right)}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{9}
(3)
由面积计算 BC 边上的高

同一个三角形面积分别用两边夹角和底乘高表示。

详细展开:设 BC 边上的高为 h。面积一方面为 12bcsinA\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{A},另一方面为 12ah\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{h}。令两式相等,得到 h=bcsinA/a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{c}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}。代入 b=5,c=6,a=9,sinA=22/3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{9}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\sin \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{3},可得 h=202/9\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{9}

本步核对:不能直接写 h=c sin A;那是从其他顶点向另一条边作高时的关系。

h=bcsinAa=56(22/3)9=2029h=\frac{bc\sin A}{a}=\frac{5\cdot6\cdot(2\sqrt{2}/3)}9=\frac{20\sqrt{2}}{9}
17

三、解答题 · 立体几何

如图, 在四棱锥 PABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{D} 中, ADC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C}BAC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C} 均为等腰直角三角形, ADC=90\angle ADC = 90^\circ, BAC=90\angle BAC = 90^\circ, E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}BC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C} 的中点. (1) 若 F,G\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{G} 分别为 PD,PE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{E} 的中点, 求证: FG\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{G} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=12}{\parallel} 平面 PAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}; (2) 若 PA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=8}{\perp} 平面 ABCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{D}, PA=AC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{C}, 求直线 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B} 与平面 PCD\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{D} 所成角的正弦值.

原卷图示 1
原卷图示 1原卷第 1 页 · qwen3.7-plus_layout_detection · 需复核

答案:(1) 见证明;(2) sqrt(3)/3

题目标签:线面平行与线面角

解题过程

(1)证明 FG 平行平面 PAB

先用中位线得到 FG∥DE,再证 DE∥AB

(1)
在三角形 PDE 中使用中位线

F、G 分别是 PD、PE 的中点,直接触发三角形中位线定理。

详细展开:在 PDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{E} 中,F 是 PD 的中点,G 是 PE 的中点,因此连接两中点的线段平行于第三边,即 FGDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{E}

本步核对:第三边是 DE,不是 DP 或 EP。

F,G 分别为 PD,PE 中点FGDE\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{G}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{分}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{别}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{为} }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{E}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{中}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{点}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=46}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=58}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{E}
(2)
证明 DE 平行 AB 并完成线面平行

把底面两个等腰直角三角形放入平面坐标可看清方向。

详细展开:设 AC=AB=s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{s},在底面取 A=(0,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}C=(s,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}B=(0,s)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}。因 ADC\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{C} 在 D 处为等腰直角三角形,D 可取 (s/2,s/2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)};E 是 BC 中点,所以 E=(s/2,s/2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}。于是 DE 与 y 轴平行,而 AB 也与 y 轴平行,故 DEAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}。从而 FGAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=12}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{B}。又 AB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=9}{\subset} 平面 PAB 且 FG 不在该平面内,所以 FG\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=11}{\parallel} 平面 PAB。

本步核对:线与平面平行需要平行于平面内一条直线,并确认该线不包含在平面内。

D(s2,s2), E(s2,s2)DEABFG平面 PAB\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{s}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{s}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=41}{\ }\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{E}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{s}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{,}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{s}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{2}}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=94}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=94,tutor-end=95}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=96,tutor-end=106}{\parallel }\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=107,tutor-end=108}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=108,tutor-end=124}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=124,tutor-end=125}{F}\htmlData{tutor-start=125,tutor-end=126}{G}\htmlData{tutor-start=126,tutor-end=135}{\parallel}\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=141,tutor-end=142}{平}\htmlData{tutor-start=142,tutor-end=143}{面} }\htmlData{tutor-start=145,tutor-end=146}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=146,tutor-end=147}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=147,tutor-end=148}{B}

(2)求 AB 与平面 PCD 所成角的正弦

建立空间坐标,计算方向向量与法向量夹角

(1)
建立坐标并写出各点

利用 PA 垂直底面且 PA=AC,把三条互相垂直的方向作为坐标轴。

详细展开:仍记 AC=AB=s\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{s}。以 A 为原点,AC、AB、AP 方向分别为 x、y、z 轴,则 C=(s,0,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}B=(0,s,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}P=(0,0,s)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}。由上一问底面构型可取 D=(s/2,s/2,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{D}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{s}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}。直线 AB 的方向向量可取 d=(0,1,0)\boldsymbol d=(0,1,0)

本步核对:坐标整体乘 s 不影响最终角度,可在计算中约去。

P(0,0,s), C(s,0,0), D(s2,s2,0),d=(0,1,0)P(0,0,s),\ C(s,0,0),\ D\left(\frac{s}{2},-\frac{s}{2},0\right),\quad \boldsymbol d=(0,1,0)
(2)
求平面 PCD 的法向量

在平面内取 PC、PD 两个不共线向量并作叉积或解垂直方程。

详细展开:除去公共因子 s,有 PC=(1,0,1)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{C}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}PD=(1/2,1/2,1)\overrightarrow{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{D}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{)}。设法向量 n 同时垂直于两者,可取 n=(1,1,1)\boldsymbol n=(1,-1,1);检验点积分别为 0。

本步核对:只与 PC 垂直还不能保证是平面 PCD 的法向量。

n=(1,1,1),nPC=nPD=0\boldsymbol n=(1,-1,1),\qquad \boldsymbol n\cdot\overrightarrow{PC}=\boldsymbol n\cdot\overrightarrow{PD}=0
(3)
用点积求线面角正弦

线面角的正弦等于直线方向与平面法向量夹角余弦的绝对值。

详细展开:设直线 AB 与平面 PCD 所成角为 θ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\theta},则 sinθ=dn/(dn)\sin\theta=|\boldsymbol d\cdot\boldsymbol n|/(|\boldsymbol d||\boldsymbol n|)。这里点积绝对值为 1,两个模分别为 1 和 3\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}},所以结果为 3/3\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}

本步核对:题目问正弦,不要把结果误解释为线面角余弦。

sintheta=(0,1,0)(1,1,1)13=33\sin\\\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=31}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{|}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=48}{\cdot}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{3}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{=}\frac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=74,tutor-end=75}{3}}
18

三、解答题 · 概率统计

某次考试中, 只有一道单项选择题考查了某个知识点, 甲、乙两校的高一年级学生都参加了这次考试. 为了解学生对该知识点的掌握情况, 随机抽查了甲、乙两校高一年级各 100 名学生该题的答题数据, 其中甲校学生选择正确的人数为 80, 乙校学生选择正确的人数为 75. 假设学生之间答题相互独立. 用频率估计概率. (1) 估计甲校高一年级学生该题选择正确的概率 p\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}; (2) 从甲、乙两校高一年级学生中各随机抽取 1 名. 设 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X} 为这 2 名学生中该题选择正确的人数, 估计 X=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1} 的概率及 X\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X} 的数学期望; (3) 假设: 如果没有掌握该知识点, 学生就从题目给出的四个选项中随机选择一个作为答案; 如果掌握该知识点, 甲校学生选择正确的概率为 100%, 乙校学生选择正确的概率为 85%. 设甲、乙两校高一年级学生掌握该知识点的概率估计值分别为 p1,p2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}, 判断 p1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}p2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 的大小. (结论不要求证明)

答案:(1) 0.8;(2) 0.35,1.55;(3) p1<p2

题目标签:频率估计与条件概率

解题过程

(1)估计甲校答对概率

用样本频率估计总体概率

(1)
写出频率

抽查 100 人中有 80 人答对,频率就是人数之比。

详细展开:样本容量为 100,答对人数为 80,所以答对频率为 80/100=0.8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{8}。题目明确要求用频率估计概率,因此将它作为甲校学生答对概率 p 的估计值。

本步核对:不要把错误人数 20 除以 100 当作 p。

p^=80100=0.8\widehat p=\frac{80}{100}=0.8
(2)
说明估计结论

估计值不是证明总体中恰好有 80% 答对,而是基于样本的点估计。

详细展开:因此本问写作 p0.8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=8}{\approx}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{8} 或“p 的估计值为 0.8”。后续计算按题意使用该估计值,而不额外引入抽样误差区间。

本步核对:不要把样本频率写成总体概率的绝对恒等式。

p0.8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=8}{\approx}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{8}

(2)求恰有一人答对的概率与期望

列出两种互斥情形,并利用指示变量期望可加

(1)
计算 X=1 的概率

恰有一人答对包括甲对乙错、甲错乙对两种互斥情形。

详细展开:甲校答对概率估计为 0.8\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{8},乙校为 0.75\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}。由独立性,甲对乙错概率为 0.8×0.25=0.20\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0},甲错乙对概率为 0.2×0.75=0.15\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=9}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{5}。两种情形不能同时发生,所以相加得到 0.35\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}

本步核对:不能只算 0.8×0.25;那会漏掉乙对甲错。

P(X=1)=0.8(10.75)+(10.8)0.75=0.35\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{P}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{5}
(2)
计算 X 的数学期望

X 是两名学生答对指示变量之和,期望可直接相加。

详细展开:令 I1,I2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{I}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{I}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}} 分别表示甲、乙学生是否答对,则 X=I1+I2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{I}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{I}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}。因此 E(X)=E(I1)+E(I2)=0.8+0.75=1.55\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{I}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{I}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{5}。期望可加不要求独立,但本题本身也给出了独立性。

本步核对:期望 1.55 可以不是整数,它表示大量重复抽样的平均答对人数。

E(X)=0.8+0.75=1.55\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{X}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{5}

(3)比较两校知识点掌握概率

分别建立全概率方程

(1)
求甲校掌握概率 p1

按“掌握”和“未掌握”两类分解答对概率。

详细展开:甲校掌握后答对概率为 1,未掌握时四选一答对概率为 1/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{4}。所以 0.8=p11+(1p1)1/4=1/4+3p1/4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=14}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=30}{\cdot}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{4},解得 p1=11/15\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{5}

本步核对:未掌握不等于必错,随机猜测仍有 1/4 概率答对。

14+34p1=0.8p1=1115\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{3}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=48}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{5}}
(2)
求乙校掌握概率 p2 并比较

乙校掌握后也并非必然答对,要使用题设的 85%。

详细展开:乙校满足 0.75=0.85p2+0.25(1p2)=0.25+0.60p2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{2}},所以 p2=5/6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6}。比较 11/15=22/30\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}5/6=25/30\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0},得到 p1<p2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}。这说明答对率较低不必然意味着掌握率较低,因为掌握后的答对机制不同。

本步核对:乙校掌握者答对概率是 0.85,不是 1。

p2=0.750.250.850.25=56,p1<p2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{.}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{5}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{5}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{6}}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{p}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{2}}
19

三、解答题 · 解析几何

已知椭圆 E:x2a2+y2b2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{:} \dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+} \dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}}} \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{1} (a>b>0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{b} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)} 的离心率为 22\dfrac{\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}},椭圆 E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E} 上的点到两焦点的距离之和为 4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}. (1) 求椭圆 E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E} 的方程; (2) 设 O\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{O} 为坐标原点,点 M(x0,y0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)} (x00)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)} 在椭圆 E\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{E} 上,直线 x0x+2y0y4=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}} \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{0} 与直线 y=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}y=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{2} 分别交于点 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}B\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}. 设 OAM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{M}OBM\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=10}{\triangle }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{M} 的面积分别为 S1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}S2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}},比较 S1S2\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}}OAOB\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{|}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{|}} 的大小.

答案:(1) x^2/4+y^2/2=1;(2) 两比值相等

题目标签:椭圆与面积距离比

解题过程

(1)求椭圆标准方程

由距离和求 a,由离心率求 c、b

(1)
由焦点距离和确定 a

椭圆定义规定任一点到两焦点距离之和恒为 2a。

详细展开:题设距离之和为 4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4},所以 2a=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4},由 a>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}a=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2},即 a2=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}。这里的 4 是完整长轴长度,不能直接当作半长轴 a。

本步核对:a 是半长轴,题给的两焦点距离和是 2a。

2a=4a=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=20}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}
(2)
利用离心率求 b

离心率 e=c/a,椭圆参数满足 a²=b²+c²。

详细展开:由 c/a=2/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{2}a=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2},得 c=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}。所以 b2=a2c2=42=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{c}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2},代入标准式得到 x2/4+y2/2=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}

本步核对:椭圆使用 a²=b²+c²,不能误用双曲线的加法关系。

c=2,b2=2,E:x24+y22=1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{c}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{b}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{E}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{:}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{x}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{4}}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{y}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=59,tutor-end=60}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=65,tutor-end=66}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{1}

(2)比较面积比与向量长度比

先求 A、B 坐标,再分别化简两个比值

(1)
求直线与 y=±2 的交点

把两条水平直线的纵坐标代入给定直线方程。

详细展开:当 y=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{2} 时,x0x+4y04=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0},故 A=(4(1y0)/x0,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)};当 y=2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2} 时,x0x4y04=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0},故 B=(4(1+y0)/x0,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}。题设 x00\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}\ne\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0} 保证这些横坐标有意义。又因 M 在椭圆上,有 x02+2y02=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{4}

本步核对:代入 y=-2 时第二项是 -4y0,移项后分子变为 4(1+y0)。

A(4(1y0)x0,2),B(4(1+y0)x0,2),x02+2y02=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{B}\left(\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=62,tutor-end=63}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=75,tutor-end=76}{0}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{2}\right)\htmlData{tutor-start=88,tutor-end=89}{,}\quad \htmlData{tutor-start=95,tutor-end=96}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=98,tutor-end=99}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=102,tutor-end=103}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=104,tutor-end=105}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=105,tutor-end=106}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=106,tutor-end=107}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=109,tutor-end=110}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=113,tutor-end=114}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=115,tutor-end=116}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=116,tutor-end=117}{4}
(2)
化简两个三角形面积之比

原点为一个顶点时,用二维行列式计算面积。

详细展开:S1=12xAy02x0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{A}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{|}。代入 xA\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{A}} 并用 x02=42y02\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}},分子化为 4(y02)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)},故 S1=2(2y0)/x0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{|}。同理 S2=12xBy0+2x0=2(2+y0)/x0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{B}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{|}。由于 y02<2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=10}{\le}\sqrt{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2},两个括号都为正。

本步核对:绝对值不能直接删;先用 |y0|<2 判断 2±y0 为正。

S1S2=2y02+y0\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{0}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{0}}}
(3)
化简 OA 与 OB 的长度比

分别平方长度,仍用同一个椭圆约束配成完全平方。

详细展开:OA2=16(1y0)2/x02+4=[8(2y0)2]/x02\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{2}};同理 OB2=[8(2+y0)2]/x02\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}}。取算术平方根并利用 2±y0>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=5}{\pm }\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0},得到 OA/OB=(2y0)/(2+y0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{0}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}。它与上一部面积比完全相同。

本步核对:长度必须取非负平方根,括号符号要由 y0 范围确认。

OAOB=2y02+y0=S1S2\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{O}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{B}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{0}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{0}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{S}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{2}}}
20

三、解答题 · 函数与导数

已知函数 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} 的定义域是 (1,+)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=12}{\infty}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}f(0)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0},导函数 f(x)=ln(1+x)1+x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=} \dfrac{\ln\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{x}}. 设 l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 是曲线 y=f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 在点 A(a,f(a))\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} (a0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a} \neq \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)} 处的切线. (1) 求 f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 的最大值; (2) 当 1<a<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{<} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{0} 时,证明:除切点 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 外,曲线 y=f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 在直线 l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 的上方; (3) 设过点 A\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} 的直线 l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}} 与直线 l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 垂直,l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}l2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x} 轴交点的横坐标分别是 x1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}x2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}. 若 a>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{>} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0},求 2ax2x1x2x1\dfrac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}} \htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}}} 的取值范围.

答案:(1) 1/e;(2) 见证明;(3) [(e^2-1)/(e^2+1),1)

题目标签:导数、切线与值域

解题过程

(1)求导函数 f' 的最大值

令 t=1+x,研究 ln t/t

(1)
把定义域换成正变量

分母与对数中都出现 1+x,令 t=1+x 可统一结构。

详细展开:因为 x>1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1},令 t=1+x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x} 后有 t>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0},且 f(x)=lnt/t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{t}。记 h(t)=lnt/t\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{t},则问题转化为求 h 在正半轴上的最大值。

本步核对:t 的范围是 (0,+∞),不能只研究 t>1。

t=1+x>0,h(t)=lntt\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{=}\frac{\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{t}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{t}}
(2)
求 h 的单调性和最大值

对商求导,导数符号只由 1-ln t 决定。

详细展开:h(t)=(1lnt)/t2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{2}}。当 0<t<e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e} 时导数为正,当 t>e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{e} 时导数为负,所以 h 先增后减,在 t=e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{e} 处取得唯一最大值 h(e)=1/e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{e}。对应 x=e1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}

本步核对:最大值是 1/e,不是取到最大值时的 x=e-1。

h(t)=1lntt2,maxf(x)=h(e)=1e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{h}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{t}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{-}\ln \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{t}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{t}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{,}\qquad \max \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{h}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{e}}

(2)证明曲线在切线上方

构造曲线纵坐标减切线纵坐标的差函数

(1)
先求 f 的显式表达式

已知导数可以直接识别为平方对数的导数。

详细展开:因为 [12ln2(1+x)]=ln(1+x)/(1+x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\ln^{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{]}'\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{=}\ln\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{)},所以 f(x)=12ln2(1+x)+C\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\ln^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{C}。代入 f(0)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}C=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{C}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0}。这个表达式也保证 f 在整个定义域连续可导。

本步核对:积分常数必须用 f(0)=0 确定。

f(x)=12ln2(1+x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\ln^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{)}
(2)
建立差函数并求导

令曲线值减切线值,目标转化为证明差函数除 a 外恒正。

详细展开:切线为 l1(x)=f(a)+f(a)(xa)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}。设 H(x)=f(x)l1(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{)},则 H(a)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0},且 H(x)=f(x)f(a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}。记 g(x)=f(x)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}。由上一问的导数计算,g 在 (1,e1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{)} 上严格递增。特别地,当 1<a<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0} 时,g(a)<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{0}

本步核对:H 的导数不是 f'',而是 f'(x)-f'(a)。

H(x)=g(x)g(a),g(x)=ln(1+x)1+x\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{=}\frac{\ln\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{x}}
(3)
判断 H 在切点两侧的单调性

分别比较 x<a 与 x>a 时 g(x) 和负数 g(a) 的大小。

详细展开:若 1<x<a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a},g 在 (1,0)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 递增,所以 g(x)<g(a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)},即 H(x)<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}。若 a<x<0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0},则 g(x)>g(a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)};若 x0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{0},则 g(x)0>g(a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=7}{\ge}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{g}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)},仍有 H(x)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}'\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{0}。因此 H 在 a 左侧递减、右侧递增,在 x=a 处取得唯一最小值 0。

本步核对:不能声称 g 在整个 (-1,+∞) 上递增;它在 e-1 后会递减,但始终为正。

x<aH(x)<0,x>aH(x)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=15}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{H}'\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=45}{\Rightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{H}'\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{0}
(4)
得出严格的曲线位置结论

唯一最小值为 0 意味着除切点外差值都为正。

详细展开:由单调性,H(x)H(a)=0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=8}{\ge }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{H}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{0},且等号只在 x=a\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a} 成立。因此对定义域内任意 xa\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\ne \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a},都有 f(x)>f(a)+f(a)(xa)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)},即曲线 y=f(x) 除切点 A 外都在直线 l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 上方。

本步核对:只证明 H≥0 不足以体现除切点外严格在上方。

xaf(x)>f(a)+f(a)(xa)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\ne \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=22}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}

(3)求两个截距组合的范围

用 L=ln(1+a) 表示截距,再化为 f'(a) 的函数

(1)
求两条直线的横截距

分别把切线和垂线方程中的 y 置为 0。

详细展开:令 L=ln(1+a)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\ln\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{0}m=f(a)=L/(1+a)>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{0},则 f(a)=L2/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{L}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}。切线 l1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{l}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}} 给出 x1=af(a)/m=a(1+a)L/2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{2}。垂线斜率为 1/m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m},由 0f(a)=(x2a)/m\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{m}x2=a+mf(a)=a+L3/[2(1+a)]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{f}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{L}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{3}}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{]}

本步核对:垂线斜率为 -1/m,解 x2 时两个负号会抵消。

x1=a(1+a)L2,x2=a+L32(1+a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{L}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{+}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{L}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{3}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{)}}
(2)
化简题设分式

把分子、分母都改写成 x1、x2 相对 a 的偏移量。

详细展开:代入两截距后,分子为 (ax2)+(ax1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)},分母为 (x2a)+(ax1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}。约去公共正因子 L/[2(1+a)]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{]},得到 [(1+a)2L2]/[(1+a)2+L2]\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{L}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{]}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{[}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{L}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{]}。由于 m=L/(1+a)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{L}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)},还可写成 (1m2)/(1+m2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}

本步核对:分母 x2-x1 为正,约分时不改变范围方向。

2ax2x1x2x1=1m21+m2,m=f(a)\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{=}\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=42,tutor-end=43}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{2}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{2}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{f}'\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=71,tutor-end=72}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=72,tutor-end=73}{)}
(3)
利用 m 的范围确定最终区间

a>0 时 m=ln(1+a)/(1+a) 的取值是 (0,1/e]。

详细展开:由第一问,正半轴上 0<m1/e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{0}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{<}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=6}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{e};当 a0+a\to0^+a+\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=4}{\to}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=11}{\infty} 时 m 趋于 0 但不取 0。函数 R(m)=(1m2)/(1+m2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{R}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{m}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{)}m>0\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{>}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{0} 上严格递减,因此最小值在 m=1/e\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{m}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{e} 处取得,为 (e21)/(e2+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{/}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)};上确界 1 不取得。

本步核对:右端 1 必须使用圆括号;a>0 时 m 始终大于 0。

2ax2x1x2x1[e21e2+1,1)\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{a}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{1}}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=37}{\in}\left[\frac{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{1}}{\htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{e}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=61,tutor-end=62}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=63,tutor-end=64}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=64,tutor-end=65}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{1}\right)
21

三、解答题 · 新定义与组合

已知集合 A={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{A} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=30}{\}}M={(x,y)xA,yA}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} \htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=6}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{)} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=18}{\mid }\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{x} \htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=24}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{,}\, \htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{y} \htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=35}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{A}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=38}{\}}. 从 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} 中选取 n\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{n} 个不同的元素组成一个序列:(x1,y1),(x2,y2),,(xn,yn)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=27,tutor-end=28}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{n}}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{)},其中 (xi,yi)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)} 称为该序列的第 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i}(i=1,2,,n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)},若该序列的相邻项 (xi,yi),(xi+1,yi+1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=27}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{)} 满足 {xi+1xi=3,yi+1yi=4\begin{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{,} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{4} \end{cases}{xi+1xi=4,yi+1yi=3\begin{cases} \htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{,} \\ \htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=44,tutor-end=45}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{1}} \htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{-} \htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{|} \htmlData{tutor-start=58,tutor-end=59}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{3} \end{cases} (i=1,2,,n1)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)},则称该序列为 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 列. (1) 对于第 1\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1} 项为 (3,3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 列,写出它的第 2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{2} 项; (2) 设 Γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma}K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 列,且 Γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma} 中的项 (xi,yi)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)} (i=1,2,,n)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{i} \htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{=} \htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{,} \cdots\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{n}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{)} 满足:当 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} 为奇数时,xi{1,2,7,8}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=12}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=24}{\}};当 i\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{i} 为偶数时,xi{3,4,5,6}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{i}} \htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=10}{\in }\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=12}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=24}{\}},判断 (3,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)}(4,4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{)} 能否同时为 Γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma} 中的项,并说明理由; (3) 证明:由 M\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{M} 的全部元素组成的序列都不是 K\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{K} 列.

答案:(1) (6,7)或(7,6);(2) 不能;(3) 见证明

题目标签:K列与网格路径

解题过程

(1)写出 K 列的第二项

枚举两种坐标差的合法符号

(1)
列出第一种坐标变化

先令横坐标差 3、纵坐标差 4,并要求新坐标仍在 1 到 8。

详细展开:从 (3,3)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 出发,若 x23=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3},则 x2=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6} 或 0,只保留 6;若 y23=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4},则 y2=7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{7} 或 -1,只保留 7。因此得到一个合法第二项 (6,7)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}

本步核对:0 和 -1 不属于 A,必须舍去。

x23=3,y23=4(x2,y2)=(6,7)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,} \htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=39}{\Longrightarrow}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=43,tutor-end=44}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=57}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=57,tutor-end=58}{)}
(2)
交换 3 与 4 得到另一项

第二种规则把两个坐标的变化量互换。

详细展开:若 x23=4\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{4}y23=3\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3},同理只有 x2=7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{7}y2=6\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{6} 合法,得到 (7,6)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}。所以第二项可以写 (6,7)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}(7,6)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}

本步核对:“写出”允许写任一合法项,但完整答案列出全部两种更清楚。

(x2,y2)=(6,7)(7,6)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{2}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{或}}\quad\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=39,tutor-end=40}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=40,tutor-end=41}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=41,tutor-end=42}{)}

(2)判断两个指定点能否同时出现

同时利用序号奇偶与坐标和奇偶

(1)
确定两个点的序号奇偶性

题设按序号奇偶限制横坐标所属集合。

详细展开:点 (3,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}(4,4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 的横坐标 3、4 都属于 {3,4,5,6}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\}},所以如果它们出现在 Γ\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=6}{\Gamma} 中,它们的序号都必须是偶数。两个偶数序号之差为偶数,故从一个点走到另一个点要经过偶数次相邻移动。

本步核对:点的第二坐标不决定序号奇偶,本步只看 x 坐标。

x=3,4{3,4,5,6}i,j 均为偶数ij 为偶数\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=8}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=10}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=19}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=35}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=36,tutor-end=37}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{j}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=45,tutor-end=46}{均}\htmlData{tutor-start=46,tutor-end=47}{为}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=48}{偶}\htmlData{tutor-start=48,tutor-end=49}{数}}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=66}{\Longrightarrow }\htmlData{tutor-start=66,tutor-end=67}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=67,tutor-end=68}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=68,tutor-end=69}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=69,tutor-end=70}{j}\htmlData{tutor-start=70,tutor-end=71}{|}\text{ \htmlData{tutor-start=78,tutor-end=79}{为}\htmlData{tutor-start=79,tutor-end=80}{偶}\htmlData{tutor-start=80,tutor-end=81}{数}}
(2)
用坐标和奇偶性导出矛盾

每次移动的两个绝对变化量之和为 7,因此坐标和奇偶性每步翻转。

详细展开:对相邻两项,(xi+1+yi+1)(xi+yi)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{i}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{x}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{y}_{\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{i}}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{)}Δx+Δy=7\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=8}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{+}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=19}{\Delta }\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{7} 同为奇数,所以坐标和的奇偶性每移动一次改变一次。经过偶数步后奇偶性应相同。但 (3,2)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 的坐标和为 5,是奇数;(4,4)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)} 的坐标和为 8,是偶数,二者不同,产生矛盾。因此不能同时出现。

本步核对:必须把“偶数步后奇偶性相同”与两个具体坐标和对照。

3+21(mod2),qquad4+40(mod2)不能同时出现3+2\equiv1\pmod2,qquad4+4\equiv0\pmod2\Longrightarrow\text{不能同时出现}

(3)证明 64 个点不能组成 K 列

找出 16 个角落点及其最多 12 个可能后继

(1)
选取 16 个角落点

令两个坐标都属于外层集合 B={1,2,7,8}。

详细展开:设 S={(x,y):x,y{1,2,7,8}}\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{S}}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=14}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{:}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{x}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{y}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=26}{\in}\htmlData{tutor-start=26,tutor-end=28}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=28,tutor-end=29}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=29,tutor-end=30}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=30,tutor-end=31}{2}\htmlData{tutor-start=31,tutor-end=32}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=32,tutor-end=33}{7}\htmlData{tutor-start=33,tutor-end=34}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=34,tutor-end=35}{8}\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=37}{\}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=39}{\}},共有 4×4=16\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=7}{\times}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{6} 个点。若从 S 中任一点按 K 规则走一步,两个坐标分别改变 3 和 4;由于原坐标位于外层,新坐标必落入中央集合 {3,4,5,6}\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=2}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=11}{\}}

本步核对:这里要求 x、y 都在外层,所以是 16 个点,不是只限制一个坐标得到的 32 个点。

S=16,N(S){3,4,5,6}2\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{S}}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{,}\qquad \htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{(}\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=35,tutor-end=36}{S}}\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=47}{\subseteq}\htmlData{tutor-start=47,tutor-end=49}{\{}\htmlData{tutor-start=49,tutor-end=50}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=50,tutor-end=51}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=51,tutor-end=52}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=52,tutor-end=53}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=53,tutor-end=54}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=54,tutor-end=55}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=55,tutor-end=56}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=56,tutor-end=58}{\}}^{\htmlData{tutor-start=60,tutor-end=61}{2}}
(2)
证明实际可达中央点至多 12 个

中央 4×4 方格的四个角点无法由外层点一步到达。

详细展开:若目标坐标是 3,它从外层数中只能由 7 改变 4 得到;若目标坐标是 6,它只能由 2 改变 4 得到。因此目标点 (3,3),(3,6),(6,3),(6,6)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=8,tutor-end=9}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=9,tutor-end=10}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=10,tutor-end=11}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{3}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=17}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=18,tutor-end=19}{(}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{,}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{)} 的两个坐标都要求变化量为 4,而 K 规则要求一个坐标变 3、另一个变 4,所以这四点都不可达。中央共有 16 点,故 S 的可能后继至多只有 164=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=3,tutor-end=4}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=4,tutor-end=5}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{2} 个。

本步核对:K 规则不允许两个坐标同时相差 4。

N(S)164=12\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=3}{(}\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=12,tutor-end=13}{S}}\htmlData{tutor-start=14,tutor-end=15}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=15,tutor-end=16}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=16,tutor-end=19}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{6}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=22}{-}\htmlData{tutor-start=22,tutor-end=23}{4}\htmlData{tutor-start=23,tutor-end=24}{=}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}
(3)
用后继数不足反证 Hamilton 路径

假设 64 个不同点全按某个顺序组成 K 列,观察 16 个 S 点的下一项。

详细展开:在一个包含全部 64 点且不重复的序列中,S 的 16 个点中至多只有一个是最后一项,所以至少 15 个 S 点必须各有一个下一项。不同位置的下一项也互不相同,并且都必须属于 N(S)\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{(}\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=11,tutor-end=12}{S}}\htmlData{tutor-start=13,tutor-end=14}{)}。这要求至少 15 个不同后继,但上一部证明可能后继至多 12 个,矛盾。因此 M 的全部元素不可能组成 K 列。

本步核对:需允许一个 S 点恰好位于序列末尾,因此下界写 15 已足够,而不是武断写 16。

15N(S)12矛盾\htmlData{tutor-start=0,tutor-end=1}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=1,tutor-end=2}{5}\htmlData{tutor-start=2,tutor-end=5}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=5,tutor-end=6}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=6,tutor-end=7}{N}\htmlData{tutor-start=7,tutor-end=8}{(}\mathcal{\htmlData{tutor-start=17,tutor-end=18}{S}}\htmlData{tutor-start=19,tutor-end=20}{)}\htmlData{tutor-start=20,tutor-end=21}{|}\htmlData{tutor-start=21,tutor-end=24}{\le}\htmlData{tutor-start=24,tutor-end=25}{1}\htmlData{tutor-start=25,tutor-end=26}{2}\quad\text{\htmlData{tutor-start=37,tutor-end=38}{矛}\htmlData{tutor-start=38,tutor-end=39}{盾}}